Composite Solutions for Ballistics

384 Pages·2021·19.357 MB·English

by  Yasir Nawab (editor), S.M. Sapuan Sapuan (editor), Khubab Shaker (editor)

Composite Solutions for Ballistics
Woodhead Publishing Series in Composites
Science and Engineering
Composite Solutions for
Ballistics
Edited by
Yasir Nawab
S.M. Sapuan
Khubab Shaker
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Contents
Listofcontributors xiii
Abouttheeditors xvii
Preface xix
Acknowledgment xxi
Part A Overview of ballistics 1
1 State-of-the-artreview onrecentadvancesandperspectivesof
ballisticcompositematerials 3
M.N.Mohammed,SalahAl-Zubaidi,SitiHumairahKamarulBahrain
andS.M.Sapuan
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Historyofballistics 4
1.3 Kindsofballisticprotectivematerialsandequipment 6
1.4 Applicationsofballisticstudy 8
1.4.1 Evolutionofmaterials 8
1.4.2 Mechanicsofballistics 17
1.4.3 Clinicalandforensicstudy 28
1.5 Conclusions 37
Acknowledgments 37
References 38
2 Materialsselectionforballistics 55
ValliyappanDavidNatarajan
2.1 Background 55
2.2 Ballisticfabrics 55
2.2.1 Energydissipationmechanism 56
2.2.2 Fabricfeaturesaffectingballisticperformance 56
2.2.3 Quantificationofballisticfabricperformance 57
2.2.4 Propertydeteriorationduetotemperatureandultraviolet
radiation 58
2.2.5 Enhancementofballisticperformance 59
2.2.6 Three-dimensionalwovenarchitecture 60
2.2.7 Innovativefabricsystems 61
2.3 Laminatedcompositesandintegralarmor 62
2.3.1 Integralarmor 62
vi Contents
2.3.2 Flexiblecompositearmor 64
2.3.3 Nanomaterialsystemsandfuturisticdesignconceptsfor
ballistics 65
2.4 Anassessmentofcompositeandhybridarmorsystems 70
2.5 Digestandremarks 70
References 73
3 Levelsofballisticprotectionandtesting 77
R.Yahaya,N.Hidayah,Z.Norhayaty,M.J.NorHafizah,
S.M.SapuanandR.A.Ilyas
3.1 Generalintroduction 77
3.2 Ballisticprotectivematerials 78
3.3 Ballisticbehaviorofpersonalprotectiveequipment 81
3.4 Levelsofpersonalballisticprotection 83
3.4.1 NIJStandard-0101.04—BallisticResistanceofPersonal
BodyArmor(2001) 83
3.4.2 NIJStandard-0101.06—BallisticResistanceofBody
Armor(2008) 84
3.4.3 NIJStandard-0101.07—BallisticResistanceofBody
Armor 84
3.4.4 UKHomeOfficeScientificDevelopmentBranch
(HOSDB)standard 85
3.4.5 VPAMBSW2006—BallisticProtectiveVest 85
3.4.6 GOSTR50744-95ArmoredClothing,Classificationand
GeneralTechnicalRequirementsstandard 86
3.4.7 NATOSTANAG2920AEPEd.3Standards 86
3.4.8 NIJStandard-0106.01—BallisticHelmets(1981) 86
3.4.9 VPAMHVN2009Bullet-resistanthelmetwithvisorand
neckguard 87
3.4.10 NIJStandard-0108.01—BallisticResistantProtective
Materials(1985) 88
3.4.11 VPAMAPR2006—Generalbasisforballisticmaterial,
constructionandproducttestingthreat/protectionlevels 88
3.4.12 AS/NZS2343:1997Standard—Australianand
NewZealandstandards 88
3.4.13 GermanSchutzklasseStandardEdition2008 89
3.5 Ballistictestingonpersonalprotectiveequipment 89
3.5.1 Bodyarmorsystem 89
3.5.2 Ballistichelmets 91
3.6 MeasurementofV50performanceofpersonalballisticarmor 97
3.6.1 MIL-STD-662F—V50BallisticTestforArmor 98
3.7 AmmunitionforPPEballistictesting 100
3.7.1 Ammunitioncomponent 100
3.7.2 Projectile 104
3.8 Summary 104
Contents vii
Acknowledgments 105
References 105
Furtherreading 108
4 Personalandstructuralprotection 109
MuhammadUmair,YasirNawabandZeeshanUlHasan
4.1 Background 109
4.2 Personalprotection 110
4.2.1 Bodyarmor 110
4.2.2 Combathelmet 116
4.2.3 Ballisticboots 123
4.2.4 Shields 126
4.2.5 Bombblanket 128
4.3 Structural protection 129
4.3.1 Ballisticpanels 129
4.3.2 Ballisticdoorsandwindows 129
4.3.3 Vehicularprotection 130
4.4 Propertiesrequiredforanarmor 135
References 135
Part B Composite solutions 137
5 Polymercomposites 139
AyeshaAfzalandYasirNawab
5.1 Introduction 139
5.2 Matrixinpolymercomposite 139
5.3 Reinforcementinpolymercomposite 140
5.3.1 Typesofreinforcements(material) 141
5.3.2 Commonphysicalformsofreinforcement 141
5.4 Polymercompositeasadvancesolutionsforballisticapplications 142
5.4.1 Workingprinciples 142
5.4.2 Typesofmaterialsinballisticapplications 143
5.4.3 Ballisticperformanceofcompositematerials 145
5.4.4 Compositesolutionsforballisticprotection 146
5.4.5 Thermoplasticcompositesforballisticapplications 148
5.5 Limitations 149
References 149
6 Ceramiccomposites 153
AsraTariqandM.FayzanShakir
6.1 Introduction 153
6.1.1 Ceramicasmatrix 155
6.1.2 Ceramicasreinforcement 161
6.2 Alumina-basedcompositearmors 163
6.3 Siliconcarbide(cid:1)basedcompositestructures 165
viii Contents
6.4 Boroncarbide(cid:1)basedcompositestructures 166
6.5 Nanocomposite-basedceramiccoatings 167
6.6 Transparentceramicsystems 168
6.7 Fractureanalysisofceramic-basedcompositematerials 169
6.8 Globalmarketofceramiccompositeinballistics 170
6.9 Limitationsinballisticefficiencyofceramiccompositearmor 171
6.10 Conclusion 172
References 172
7 Compositefabricationandjoining 177
MadehaJabbarandAdeelaNasreen
7.1 Introduction 177
7.2 Compositefabricationtechniques 177
7.2.1 Handlayup 177
7.2.2 Vacuumresininfusion 178
7.2.3 Resintransfermolding 181
7.2.4 Prepregs 182
7.2.5 Compressionmolding 183
7.2.6 Autoclave 183
7.2.7 Selectionoffabricationtechniques 184
7.2.8 Postprocessingofballisticcomposites 185
7.3 Material/structurewisefabricationtechniques 185
7.3.1 Para-aramidcomposite 185
7.3.2 Self-reinforcedcomposite 186
7.3.3 3Dwovencomposites 186
7.3.4 Hybridcomposites 186
7.4 Joiningtechniquesforballisticprotection 187
7.4.1 Ceramic(cid:1)polymercompositejoining 188
7.4.2 Ceramic(cid:1)metaljoining 192
References 195
8 Useofauxeticmaterialforimpact/ballisticapplications 199
MuhammadImranKhan,MuhammadUmairandYasirNawab
8.1 Auxeticmaterials 199
8.2 Typesofauxeticmaterials 200
8.2.1 Naturallyoccurringauxeticbiomaterials 202
8.2.2 Auxeticpolymers 202
8.3 Commonlyusedauxeticstructuresinimpactapplications 206
8.3.1 Textileauxeticstructures 207
8.4 Shearthickeningfluid(STF) 214
8.4.1 Mechanismofformation 214
8.4.2 CompositionandfabricationmethodsofSTF 216
8.4.3 Characterizationofshearthickeningfluids 218
8.4.4 ApplicationsofSTFsinimpact/bulletproofapplications 220
References 223
Contents ix
9 Naturalfiber(cid:1)reinforcedcompositesforballisticprotection 229
HarisAmeer,SherazAhmad,YasirNawab,ZulfiqarAliand
TehseenUllah
9.1 Introduction 229
9.1.1 Naturalfibersusedinballisticapplications 230
9.2 Naturalfiber(cid:1)reinforcedcomposites 231
9.3 Ballistics 234
9.3.1 Ballisticarmor 235
9.3.2 Typesofballisticvest 235
9.4 Naturalfibercompositesinballisticarmors 235
9.5 Advancedresearchinnaturalfiber(cid:1)reinforcedcompositesin
ballisticapplications 236
9.6 Thermoplasticmatrixmaterial 239
9.6.1 Powderimpregnation 239
9.7 Techniques forthemanufacturingofthermoplasticcomposites 240
9.7.1 Vacuumformingofthermoplasticcomposites 241
9.7.2 Reactive thermoplasticRTM 242
9.7.3 Compressionmolding 243
References 244
10 Compositesolutions:existingandnextgeneration 249
MuhammadImranKhan
10.1 Introductionandbackground 249
10.2 Ballisticthreats 250
10.2.1 Whatisbodyarmor 250
10.3 Recentresearchtrendsinballisticprotection 252
10.3.1 Hardbodyarmor 253
10.3.2 Softbodyarmor 254
10.4 Modelingandsimulation 256
10.4.1 Materialsforballisticprotection 256
10.5 Thefuturetrends 261
References 262
Part C Characterization and modeling 267
11 Mechanicalcharacterization 269
KhubabShaker
11.1 Introduction 269
11.1.1 Impactdamagemechanics 270
11.1.2 Characterizationlevels 271
11.2 Reinforcementcharacterization 273
11.2.1 Tensileproperties 274
11.2.2 Frictionalproperties 276
11.2.3 Yarnpull-out 278
x Contents
11.2.4 Fabricpunctureresistance 280
11.3 Matrixcharacterization 280
11.3.1 High-speedpuncture 280
11.3.2 Shearstrength 282
11.3.3 Hardnesstesting 283
11.4 Fiber(cid:1)matrixadhesion 284
11.4.1 Fiberpush-outtesting 284
11.4.2 Peelstrength 286
11.4.3 Fracturetoughness 288
11.5 Compositecharacterization 289
11.5.1 Tensiletesting 289
11.5.2 Flexuraltesting 291
11.5.3 Impacttesting 291
11.5.4 Penetrationresistance 292
11.5.5 Compressiontesting 293
References 295
12 Simulationofballisticcomposites 299
MehmetKarahanandHassanIftekharAhmed
12.1 Introduction 299
12.2 Modelingmotivation 299
12.3 Commercialsoftwareandsolvers 300
12.4 Casestudy1:simulationofhigh-velocityballisticimpact 300
12.4.1 Depthofpenetration(DOP)methodology 303
12.4.2 UHMWPEmodeling 305
12.4.3 Resultsanddiscussion 306
12.5 Casestudy2(effectofdeflectorcompositegeometryonblast
protection) 308
12.5.1 Introductiontoproblem 309
12.5.2 Design 310
12.5.3 Methodology 313
12.5.4 Resultsandsummary 317
12.5.5 Conclusion 321
12.6 Casestudy3(personalprotectivebootagainstmineblasts) 322
12.6.1 Introduction 322
12.6.2 Experimentalstudy 323
12.6.3 Numericalanalysis 324
12.6.4 Resultandanalysis 334
12.7 Conclusion 336
12.8 Summary 336
References 337
13 Life-cycleassessmentofballisticvest 341
MuhammadWaqasIqbalandKhubabShaker
13.1 Introduction 341