Composite Guidelines for the Environmental Assessment of Coastal Aquaculture Development ...

149 Pages·2000·0.64 MB·English

Preparedf ort heS ecretariatf orE asternA fricaC oastalA rea
Management( SEACAM)
Composite GuCiodmeploisnietse fGouri delinest he forE nvironmtehnet alEnvironmental
AssessmeAnsts eosfs mCeonats toafl CAoqausatcaull tAuqruea cDuelvteulroep mDeenvtelopment
Volume Volume 1: 1: GuidGeuliidneelsines
John HambreJyo*h,n MHiacmhbareely *P,h iMlilcihpase*l* ,Phillips**,
M. A. Kabir ChowdhuMr.y * A.a ndK abRiarg unCahtohw dhBu.r y* Sahnidv apRpaag*unath B. Shivappa*
,ygolonhce Tf oetutitsn Inais A,margor Ptnemegana Msecruose Rcitauq Adn aerutlucauqA*
dnali a,hkTokgnaB
dnaliah T,kokgna B,ais An isretne Cerutlucauq Af okrowteN**
October 1999
1
AcknowledgementAscknowledgements
ylhguoroh tgniwollo feh T.tnemuco dsih tf onoitaraper peh tn idetsiss aeva helpoe pynaM
enihpeso J:noisre vlani feh tro fsnoitseggu selbaula vdedivor pdn asenilediu gtfar deh tdeweiver
ayu srMewo l,F)racsagad a,MtnemennorivnE 'rl ussehcrehc e eRldanoit aeNrtne Cn(osovianaR
;)acirfA htuoS ,ytisrevinU sedohR( thceH moT ;)ainaznaT ,rabiznaZ ,secneicS eniraM fo etutitsnI(
,emmargo rtPnempolev edD nnaoitavresn oeCn olZatsa oaCgna Tn(eg nnI aivdurT ,)ainaznaT
lanoitaN (ojosmaw Mevoldo G,)etutitsn Ihcraese Rseirehsi Fdn aenira MayneK (lluda RnhoJ
latsao Cy(eb omT idJ nsaw aaHir a,M)ainazn a fTloicnu otCnemegan alMatnemnorivnE
.)A S,Udnal seIdo hfyRotisrevi n,Uretn esCecruoseR
-o cs adevre sdn astnemmo celbaula veda m)maala Ss Era Df oytisrevinU (ayag Msunu YrD
evold o rG yMybllac odlezinag rso ahwci h,wesru ogCninia rmTaal a sSrE aeD h ttraeniart
n istnapicitra peh tll A.ainazna Tf olicnuo Ctnemegana Mlatnemnorivn Elanoita Neh tf oojosmawM
eh tn iyltceri ddes unee bsa hlaireta msih tf oemo sdn a,snoitubirtno clacitcar peda mesruo ceht
d neanir aaMyne Ka(yerihca wiM lnAabaa hdS neatohsa wnMimajn e:Ber eywe h.Tsecidneppa
;)krowte Nnoitc Apmirh SlanoitanretnI (akoiz Nidnitu Maicirta P;)etutitsn Ihcraese rseirehsiF
acir ftAsa Eh(cit ohRaimeh e;N)ytiroht utAnempolev elDatsa oaCyne Ki(nuga waMtt udMeeaS
;)racsagad a,Mtnemnoriv nfyEortsini Ma(osirahalal aeRem deEnitsir h;C)yteic oeSf idLliW
ovorah anMa e;J)racsagad a,Msecruos ecRitueil ad Hnsaeirehs ifyFortsini Mn(osidif ahRanigoR
rof noitanidrooC rof yrtsiniM ,AIE fo tnemtrapeD( iotiS anitsirC izieD ;)racsagadaM ,IOC/ERP(
en olZatsao Ce(luc asPeuqirn esHemr e;H)euqibmaz o,Motup a,Msriaf flAatnemnorivnE
erutlucir g fAyortsini Mo(hlirr a.CF .oZmr a oCadir a;M)euqibmaz o,MAOC I,Mti ntUnemeganaM
,arieuqs eoPacagitsev n eIodtutitsn Il(eaf alReug ilMeahp a;R)euqibmaz o,Mseirehs idFna
nodr owGerd n;A)sellehcy e,Sytiroht ugAnihs isFellehcye Sy(ddureem uzAa i;R)euqibmazoM
erut alNataN-ul uaZw Kr(oly ayTkc i;R)acir fhAtu o,Setutits nhIcraes ecRihpargonaecO(
htuoS ,epaC nretseW eht fo ytisrevinU ,repraH asilleM ;)acirfA htuoS ,ecivreS noitavresnoC
laruta Nf oyrtsiniM (obo S. S. Aamta F;)ainazna T,dt Lynapmo CinuyuB (egneha Msoria J;)acirfA
latnemnoriv nlEanoita Nk(cil anPosl edNrofn aoDpopia w;M)ainazn a,Tmsiru odT nsaecruoseR
dn asecruose Rlaruta Nf oyrtsiniM (oaunaw Mleb Awehta M;)ainazna T,licnuo CtnemeganaM
agnaT( irebuZ ozaguL ;)ainaznaT ,dtL natnwarP( ehagnalaK J akaraB ;)ainaznaT ,msiruoT
ainazna Ta(nakel ueKcy o;J)ainazn a,Temmargo rtPnempolev edd nnaoitavresn oeCn olZatsaoC
,tnemnorivn Edn asdna Lro fnoissimmoC (ram Odemmaho Mamta F;)etutitsn Ihcraese RseirehsiF
ilaz Nsiwe L;)ainazna T,secruose Rlaruta Nro fnoissimmoC (amu Jmuh Cdemmaho M;)ainaznaT
,seirehs i fFyortsini Mo(odi aaNwijnari h;C)ainazn a,Tlicnu otCnemegan atMnemnoriv nlEarutaN(
anino jhAitoo wnNodr odG n;a)suitiru a,Mseirehs i fFyortsini Mh(gn ihSanro o;P)suitiruaM
.)yteicoS noitavresnoC efildliW nooremaC(
.sseco rep httuohguor httnemm odc neacnadi ulgufe shuc udmedivo rMpACA E fStoaff odMivaD
2
Document GDuoicduement Guide
PuPrupropsoese
ot si ,evitaitini gniniart detaicossa eht dna ,senilediug eseht fo evitcejbo llarevo ehT
a ni stnempoleved erutluciram rof yticapac tnemssessa latnemnorivne eht evorpmi
lacinhcet detaicossa dna senilediug ehT .acirfA nretsaE ni spuorg redlohekats fo yteirav
etagiti mdn aecude ro tnoitamrofn ilacinhce tdn alacitcar pdeliate dedivor psecidneppa
nrets aee hgtno lsatnempolev eedrutlucir a fmsotcap mliaic ods nlaatnemnoriv neeht
esop ot ylekil ytivitca fo smrof esoht no si senilediug eht ni sisahpme ehT .tsaoc nacirfA
thregarte.atest the
rof ,tsissa lliw taht launam lacinhcet ”no-sdnah“ a sa evres dluohs senilediug ehT
example:
• latsaoc ot snoitacifidom dnemmocer dna ssessa ot seicnega yrotaluger tnemnrevog
;stnempol eevreudtlucauqa
• latnemnorivne eht rof serudecorp eht evorpmi ot srennalp dna srekam ycilop
eht dna ,stcejorp erutlucauqa latsaoc laudividni fo tnemeganam dna tnemssessa
;elohw a sa rotces erutlucauqa latsaoc
• desoporp morf stcapmi evitagen ezingocer ot srepoleved erutlucauqa latsaoc
ecud eosrterusa eemvitcef ftes od cnlaacitca rhpt imwe hetdivo rd pnsatnempoleved
andimpacts, the
• latnemnorivne dna laicos eht ssessa retteb ot snoitazinagro ytinummoc dna s’OGN
AIE tnemnrevog fo ycaciffe eht dna ,stnempoleved erutlucauqa latsaoc fo stcapmi
y.tr ionsvtiiichtetcsa
no ylivaeh sward ti ,acirfA nretsaE si tnemucod siht fo sucof lanoiger eht elihW
latsa oecre h,wai s EArSalucitr a npdi n,adlr oew h ftsotr arpeh tmoo refcneirepxe
odtetal esreus sliatnemnoriv neere hdw n,adepolev eedr orm a sfeirutlucauqa
tnavel e erebrofere hltl itwnemuc oed h.Ttnacifing iesmoc eybdaer leav aehrutlucauqa
elbaniatsus erom ni tseretni na htiw dlrow eht tuohguorht morf elpoep ot lufesu dna
.tnempoleved erutlucauqa latsaoc
ScSocpoepe
ni snoitalipmoc )AE( tnemssessa latnemnorivne suoiverp dnoyeb og senilediug esehT
trap sa yllaedi( AE rotces rof deen eht ezisahpme ylgnorts yehT .tcepser tnatropmi eno
tnacifingis a emoceb ot ylekil si ti reverehw erutlucauqa rof )AE detargetni lanoiger fo
yllaudividn ihti wdetaicoss asmelbor peh tsserdd ao tredr on iyrassece ns isih T.yrtsudni
gniylppa fo stsoc elbatpeccanu eht dna ,stcapmi evitalumuc tub elacs llams
tnempoleve derutlucauq allam sf osrebmu negra lo ttnemssess alatnemnorivne
ekatrednu ot woh no ecivda deliated dna cificeps tneserp senilediug esehT .slasoporp
assessments.broader these
MajoMra jors ourscoeusrces
These etisopmoc ,ralucitrap nI .secruoser gnitsixe fo egnar ediw a no ward senilediug
eht no ylesolc desab si tnetnoc dna erutcurts lareneg erom eht fo hcum AIE PENU
lau neacMruo sgenRiniarT ,seus s:IA IkEo ogbniynapmoc ce ahd tn)a69 9P1EN U,(
3
DocDuomceunmteG nutiG dueide
eht fo etats“ eht fo weiver hguoroht a edivorp esehT .)6991 tessiB( ecitcarP dna sdnerT
,ssecorp AIE eht fo erutan eht no susnesnoc lanoitanretni daorb tneserper dna ,”tra AIE
yltnacifingis sward nrut ni tnemucod sihT .ecitcarp erutuf desoporp dna tnerruc tseb dna
International the of findings the on latnemnorivnE fo ssenevitceffE eht fo ydutS
tnemssessA e hetr eswecru oys erkeh t.O)69 9r1elda S( latnemnorivnE knaB dlroW
k oeocBr utonSemssessA )2991( s’DCEO dna , latnemnorivnE rof secitcarP dooG
stcejorP tnempoleveD fo tnemssessA tcapmI dn astxe treht of oegna redi w.A
.senilediu geseh tf oliate deh to tdetubirtno cdn adeweive rere wsenilediug
)7891( BDA ehT .detimil erom si erutlucauqa ot AIE fo noitacilppa eht no erutaretil ehT
secruose Rlaruta Ndn alarutlucirg Adetcele Sro Fsenilediu GlatnemnorivnE
stcejorP tnempoleveD )0991( PENU eht , gnimraF hsiF rof senilediuG latnemnorivnE e h,t
)29 9D1A(RON erutlucauqa fo tnemssessa latnemnorivne laitini rof senilediuG aand ,
tnemssessa tcapmi latnemnorivne na gniraperp no )6991( leV yb yduts tnecer erom
erom eht gnitpada rof stniop gnitrats lufesu sa devres ,aidnI ni erutlucauqa rof tnemetats
.erutlucauqa fo sdeen cificeps eht ot senilediug AE lareneg
era erutlucauqa ot yllacificeps detaler sloot lacitylana dna tnemssessa deliated erom ehT
dna erutlucauqa fo scitsiretcarahc ecruoser eht no erutaretil fo egnar ediw a morf nward
e reacnavel erralucitr a fp.Otnemnoriv nee hhtt inwoitcaret nsiti eht rof senilediuG
tnempoleve derutlucauq alatsao cf otnemegana mlatnemnorivn ef onoitomorp graB (
eht gnidulcni ,sraey tnecer ni PMASEG yb decudorp stnemucod suoirav eht dna ,)2991
theon 31 Group Working GESAMP from reports draft and papers working current
.erutlucauqA fo stcapmI latnemnorivnE
forpractice of codes and guidelines of range a on heavily draws document The
yb trap ni detalumits ,sraey tnecer ni dehsilbup neeb evah hcihw erutlucauqa elbaniatsus
)599 1O( AeF hetdulc neise hgTnimr apfmir h fstonempolev eddip aerht fo edoC
seirehsiF elbisnopseR rof tcudnoC detaicossa eht dna , rof senilediuG lacinhceT
tnempoleved erutlucauqa :seirehsif elbisnopser troper knaB dlroW tfard eht ;7991 OAF(
on tnemnorivnE eht dna gnimraF pmirhS OAF eht ;)7991 rehtniW dna lepmeH(
erutluC pmirhS elbaniatsuS rof seiciloP no noitatlusnoC lacinhceT eht ;)8991 OAF(
erutlucauqA elbisnopseR rof ecitcarP fo sedoC ecnaillA erutlucauqA labolG d n;a
ezileB ni erutlucauqa fo tnempoleved elbaniatsus eht rof senilediuG d nnaotgnitnu H(
1997).Dixon,
e h.Tdetim ielr o smaicir fnArets a nEeirutlucau q oAytllacifice pgsnital elrairetaM
:etivitcA – elatnemnorivnE noitaulavE ne noitamroF ed MACAES emmargorP
erutluciraM n iyllaiceps e,noige reh tro fecruose rtnatropm in as i)999 1,ovaraha M (
eht ot gnitaler stnemucoD .erutluc pmirhs ot noitaler yllatnemnorivne na rof AIE
ainazn a,Tatl eiDjif ueR h ntticejo rgpnimr anfwa replbisnopser 7991 la te obmidN( ) d n,a
tnatropmi erew )5991 TIA( oyomagaB raen mraf pmirhs a fo AIE na ot gnitaler esoht
tnemeganaM latsaoC ainaznaT eht morf stnemucod tnecer erew sa ,secruos
eht yllaicepse ,pihsrentraP 8991 PMCT( eliforP seussI erutluciraM no troper tnecer A .)
acirfA htuoS ni erutluciraM enirautsE latsaoC rof krowteN nacirfA htuoS eht rof decudorp
te yelwoC( tnempoleveD dna hcraeseR rof noitadnuoF eht dna ,hcraeseR cinaecO dna
erutlucau qlaatsa orc otfxetn oec h ntnooitamrof ntinatrop msiedivo r)p89 9l1a
.acirfA htuoS ni tnempoleved
4
DocDuomceunmteG nutiG dueide
TerTmeirnmoilnooglyogy
sroht ueam orsalucitr a np.Ismr e fteo seu h nteirutaret iel h ntnioitair aevm o sseirehT
esu srehto elihw )AE( tnemssessa latnemnorivne mret eht esu snoitazinagro dna
tnemucod siht nI .seitivitca ralimis yllaitnesse rof )AIE( tnemssessa tcapmi latnemnorivne
desu evah ew AE assessment. of forms all for term generic a as AIE yllacificeps desu si
.tnemssess aleve lmra fr otcejor prof ArEotceS latnemnoriv noretef eodrte ssui
ro )erutlucauqa ro seirehsif sa hcus( rotces ralucitrap a fo stceffe eht fo tnemssessa
.tcejorp cificeps a fo stceffe eht ot naht rehtar ,nalp tnempoleved rotces detargetnI or
rEeAgional dn alatnemnorivn eevitalumu clanoige reh tgninimrete df ossecor peh ts i
denife danihti wstnempoleve dlarotces-itlu mf osnoitacilpm icimonoce-oicos
.emit fo doirep denifed a revo ,aera lacihpargoeg AcEigetartS fo ssecorp eht si
dlnaai cdoestaico sds nasae(cneuqes nloactnemnori vgnneisser d ddgnanaiyfitnedi
fo tes lluf A .serudecorp dna snalp ,seicilop desiver ro ,wen ,gnitsixe fo )stceffe cimonoce
.yrass o eldnhGeittnes essrmipyno r dcsnanaoitinifed
DocDuomceunmtse tnrtsu tcrtuucrteure
)6991( PENU yb desu taht ot ralimis si )tnemucod niam( senilediug eht fo erutcurts ehT
fo yrammus a htiw snepo noitces hcaE .AE no senilediug dradnats rehto ynam dna
dna snossel cificeps thgilhgih ot tnemucod eht tuohguorht desu era sexob txeT .tnetnoc
a sulp ,secnerefeR .seuqinhcet ro seussi yek ezirammus ot ro ,ecneirepxe
.tnemucod niam eht ot dexenna era ,yhpargoilbib evisneherpmoc
lanoitutitsn idn alage lf oseirammu s;seidut sesa clareve sniatno csecidnepp AehT
lacinhcet fo klub eht ;seirtnuoc suoirav ni tnempoleved erutlucauqa rof skrowemarf
fo stceffe latnemnorivne eht fo noitagitim dna tnemssessa eht ot gnitaler lairetam
erutlucauqA labolG eht dna ,tcudnoC fo edoC OAF eht fo txet lluf eht dna ;erutlucauqa
.ecitc aefr doPeocCnaillA
UsiUnsgti hnegts hege usiegd ueildienleisnes
latsa o ocgtnital eyrtilibisnops e rrtoseret neim ohst iswlaicif f rosorek aymcil otpsoM
eht no desab( yrammus llarevo eht esu ot hsiw lliw tnemnorivne dna tnempoleved
rof yrassecen erehw ylno tnemucod niam eht ot refer dna )seirammus noitces laudividni
ot gnitaler seiduts AE gninoissimmoc esohT .gnidnatsrednu rehtruf ro noitacifiralc
daer dluohs ,snoitanimaxe latnemnorivne laitini ro gnineercs gnikatrednu ro ,erutlucauqa
scimedaca ro stsilaiceps lacinhcet dna srenoititcarp AE .senilediug niam eht fo klub eht
.secidneppa eht ni lairetam lacinhcet eht fo esu tnacifingis ekam ot ylekil era
AbAobuotSu EtSA ECAACMAM
tnemeganaM aerA latsaoC nacirfA nretsaE rof tairaterceS eht ,7991 tsuguA nI
yrtnu o fcpouo reGcneref eeR h.Teuqibmaz o,Motup a nMdiehcnu asl a)wMACAES
ni tairaterceS eht denepo yllaiciffo seirtnuoc nacirfA nretsaE net eht morf sevitatneserper
ot seirtnuoc nacirfA nretsaE eht fo erised eht morf sgnirps tairaterceS ehT .7991 rebotcO
noig eer h nt)iMZC It(nemegan aemn olzatsa odcetarget n finooitatnemelp meitarelecca
.MZCI no )6991( tnemetatS sellehcyeS dna )3991( noituloseR ahsurA eht ni htrof tup sa
:seirtnuo cne thti wskro whcih w,noitazinagr olanoige rylur t as itairaterce SehT
Comoros , aertirE , ayneK , racsagadaM , suitiruaM , euqibmazoM , ).r Fn(oinuéR ,
sellehcyeS , acirfA htuoS d n,a ainaznaT yn aem httsis s oadtengis e sdMiACA E.S
latsa o fctonemegan aem hetvorp m oigtnivir tnsoig eer h ntsiredloheka ttsnereffid
5
DocDuomceunmteG nutiG dueide
:gnid u,lscenciruoser ,scimedaca ,sronod ,sOGN lanoitanretni dna lacol ,stnemnrevoG
.rotces etavirp eht dna seitinummoc
fo sriaffA latnemnorivnE fo noitanidrooC rof yrtsiniM eht yb detsoh si tairaterceS ehT
ycn engoAitarep otonCempole vleaDnoitanre thnsIid e ew.hS)TAOC IeMu(qibmazoM
.MACAES fo retroppus lanoitanretni rojam eht si )CERAS/adiS(
6
DocDuomceunmteG nutiG dueide
ConteCnotnstents
DD TNE MTUNCEOMUCO GG UIDUEIDE ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 33
P URPOSE ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .............. 3
S EPOC ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 3
M AJOSRO URCES ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 3
T ERMINOLOGY ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 5
D OCUMENSTT RUCTURE ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 5
U SINTGH ESGEU IDELINES ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 5
A BOUT MACAES ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ . 5
SUMMARYSUMMARY ................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................................ ............................................ 1133
11 NDONIAOTCU DNDOONRIAOTTNCIUDORTNI WEIVREVWEIVREV ................................................................ ................................................................ .......................... 1177
1.1 G LOBAL PERSPECTIVE ON COASTAL AQUACULTURE ................................ ................................ ..... 17
1.2 C OASTAL AQUACULTURE IN E ASTERN A ACIRF ................................ ................................ ............ 19
1.3 W HAT IS ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT ?)AE( ................................ ................................ ........... 21
1.4 H ISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF EA ................................ ................................ ................................ 21
1.5 R ELEVANCE AND IMPORTANCE FOR AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT ................................ .............. 23
1.6 I NTERNATIONAL COMMITMENTS TO EA ................................ ................................ ....................... 23
1.7 C OSTS AND BENEFITS ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 25
1.8 EA PRACTICE AND EXPERIENCE IN E ASTERN A FRICA ................................ ................................ ... 26
1.9 I NTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE OF THE APPLICATION OF EA TAOQ UACULTURE ............................... 27
22 PICN IP DRISNPCEANU IL DRASNPVEAULAV LESLES ................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................ 3300
2.1 C EROSEULAV ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................. 30
2.2 G UIDINPGR INCIPLES ................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 30
2.3 O PERATING PRINCIPLES ................................ ................................ ................................ .............. 30
2.4 K ERYE QUIREMENTS ................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 31
2.5 C OMMENT ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 32
33 DYNCAI L,O L PDAYNGCAEI LL,OLPAGEL KROWE MLAKARRNFOOWIET MULATARINFTOSINTIUTITSNI ................................................................ .................................. 3344
3.1 T HE NEED FOR A FRAMEWORK ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 34
I NTERNATIONAL RECOGNITION OF THE NEED FOR A LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR EA OF AQUACULTURE ...... 35
3.3 F RAMEWORKISPN R ACTICE ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 36
1.3.3 krowem alrafedI s................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 63
2.3.3 tnemsses slAatnemnoriv nrEotceS ................................ ................................ ............................... 73
3.4 E NVIRONMENTAL AGENCY ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 37
44 P DMGNINAI PP DMOGNILNAEIVPEODLEVED SMETS YTSNSEMMESTSSE YSTS SNLAEAMTSNSEEMSN SOLARAITVN NEGEMNNIOTRNIEVM NEGELNITNEMEL .................. 4411
4.1 B UILDING ON EXISTING PROCEDURES ................................ ................................ .......................... 41
4.2 M INIMIZINBGU REAUCRACY , DUPLICATION AND COST OF EA ................................ ....................... 42
4.3 S ECTOR EA AS A STARTING POINT ................................ ................................ ............................... 43
4.4 T HE NEED FOR AGREED ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY STANDARDS ................................ ................... 44
4.5 L EARNINFGR OEMX PERIENCE : MONITORING AND ADAPTATION ................................ .................... 45
4.6 O VERVIEOWTF H REE LATIOBNE TWEEDNI FFERENETN VIRONMENTAMLA NAGEMENITN ITIATIVES . 45
4.7 C OSTS AND FINANCING ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 46
55 NEE H FTWOEI NVEER HE FTVWOOEIVREVO SSE CTONREPSMSSES C ETOLSNRASEPTAMNSESM ENLSOASRTAINVEMNORIV ................................................................ ..4499
5.1 S ECTOR EA ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ 49
1.1.5 esopruP ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 94
2.1.5 corP sse ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 94
3.1.5 stuptuO ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 15
7
DocDuomceunmteG nutiG dueide
5.2 P ROJECT EIA ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................. 52
1.2.5 esopruP ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 25
2.2.5 ssecorP ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 25
3.2.5 stuptuO ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 55
5.3 I NTEGRATING EA WITH ECONOMIC APPRAISAL AND THE PROJECT CYCLE ................................ ...... 56
5.4 R OLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 57
1.4.5 ArEotceS ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 75
2.4.5 A ItEcejorP ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... 75
3.4.5 ma e AteEhT ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 75
5.5 T ERMS OF REFERENCE )ROT( ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 58
5.6 T IMING ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 58
66 T NCEIMLEBVULPOVNIT NCEIMLEBVULPOVNI ................................................................ ................................................................ ........................................................ 6611
6.1 T HE RATIONALE FOR PUBLIC I NVOLVEMENT ................................ ................................ ................ 61
6.2 P UBLIC INVOLVEMENT IN PRACTICE ................................ ................................ ............................ 62
6.3 C ONSTRAINTTSPO U BLIICN VOLVEMENT ................................ ................................ ..................... 64
6.4 W HO ARE THE STAKEHOLDERS ? ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 64
6.5 T ECHNIQUESF ORC OMMUNICATINGA NDI NFORMATIONE XCHANGE ................................ .............. 65
6.6 C ONFLICT MINIMIZATION AND RESOLUTION ................................ ................................ ................. 65
6.7 D ESIGNING A PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT PROGRAMME ................................ ................................ ....... 68
77 SCREENISNCGREENING ................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................................ .......................... 7722
7.1 O BJECTIVE ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ . 72
7.2 C RITERIFAO TRH SEE CTOR ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 72
C RITERIA FOR ASSESSING INDIVIDUAL COASTAL AQUACULTURE PROJECTS ................................ ............ 73
7.4 S CREENING PROCEDURES AND METHODS ................................ ................................ ..................... 73
1.4.7 airetir cdradnat sdn astsi ltcejorP ................................ ................................ ................................ . 47
2.4.7 E)EnIoitaula vnEo(itanim alxaEtnemnori vlnaEitinI ................................ ................................ 67
3.4.7 EtIn(emsse slsaAtnemnori vlnaEitinI )A ................................ ................................ ..................... 77
7.5 C LARITY OF PROCEDURE ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 77
88 SCOPINSGCOPING ................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................................ .................................. 7799
8.1 O BJECTIVES ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................... 79
8.2 I SSUES TO BE ADDRESSED ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 79
P ROCESS ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 80
8.4 R ESPONSIBILITY AND ADMINISTRATION ................................ ................................ ....................... 81
8.5 T ERMS OF REFERENCE )ROT( ANCDO NSULTANBTR IEF ................................ ................................ 81
99 ASSESSINGASSESSING ................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................................ ............................ 8833
9.1 O BJECTIVES ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................... 83
9.2 I MPACITD ENTIFICATION ................................ ................................ ................................ ............. 83
1.2.9 noitacifitn etdcia p rmsoilfooT ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 48
9.3 I MPACTS ASSOCIATED WITH COASTAL AQUACULTURE ................................ ................................ .. 88
1.3.9 tcapmI secruos elrarut ad nnganinoitcn umfetsyso c,eytisrevido insbo ................................ .... 88
2.3.9 stcapmi laicoS ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................... 98
stcap mhitlaeH ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 19
stcapm ilacsi fdn acimonocE ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 19
9.4 I MPACT ANALYSIS ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 92
1.4.9 weivrevO ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 29
2.4.9 scitsiretcar athccapmI ................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 29
3.4.9 noitcider pdn anoitacifitnauQ ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 59
4.4.9 ifingiS ecnac ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 79
9.5 S UMMARY AND PRESENTATION ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 100
9.6 T OWARDS CONSISTENCY IN ASSESSMENT ................................ ................................ .................... 100
1100 NDONMIAITAG I NTDOINMIMAITAGITIM TNEME GTACNAATPMNEME GTACNAAPM ................................................................ .......................................................... 101303
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10.1 O VERVIEW OF MITIGATION NEEDS FOR COASTAL AQUACULTURE ................................ ............. 103
10.2 M ITIGATION AT THE SECTOR OR STRATEGIC LEVEL ................................ ................................ .104
1.2.01 gninoZ ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 401
2.2.01 yticap alcatnemnoriv nfteonemeganaM ................................ ................................ ............... 501
3.2.01 ecitcar pdn atcudno cf osedoC ................................ ................................ ............................... 701
4.2.01 slocotor ptnemevo mkcot sdn aegnahcx eesaesiD ................................ ............................... 901
5.2.01 noitalugeR ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................... 011
6.2.01 onocE sevitne clnaiicna n dicnfiam ................................ ................................ ........................ 111
7.2.01 sevitnecni tekraM ................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 211
8.2.01 seussi lanoitutitsnI ................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 211
10.3 M ITIGATION OF IMPACTS FROM I NDIVIDUAL FARMS ................................ ................................ 112
1.3.01 gniti sdn anoitacoL ................................ ................................ ................................ ................. 211
2.3.01 ngise ddn anoitcurtsnoC ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 411
tnemegana mdn anoitarep O ................................ ................................ ................................ ................... 411
1111 CDGENNDAIW E CDIGENVNDAEIRWEIVER NOISGINIKAM NOISGINIKAM ................................................................ ................................................................ .......... 121121
11.1 R EVIEWING ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................... 121
1.1.11 sevitcejbO ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................... 121
2.1.11 ArEotceS ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ 121
3.1.11 A ItEcejorP ................................ ................................ ................................ ............................. 221
11.2 D ECISION - MAKING ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 123
1.2.11 srek anmoisic eedhT ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 321
2.2.11 sffo-eda r:tgnik anmoisic efedorut aenhT ................................ ................................ ............ 421
3.2.11 A fEyotilartu eenhT ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 421
4.2.11 semoctuO ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ 421
5.2.11 A Erotce sn ignika mnoisiceD ................................ ................................ ............................... 521
gnik anmoisic enydicnerapsna rd tnyatilibatnu oc cA ................................ ................................ .......... 521
7.2.11 gnik anmoisic enndioitapicitraP ................................ ................................ ........................... 621
1122 NIROTINONMIROTINOM GG ................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................................ .................. 121828
12.1 O BJECTIVEOSMF O NITORING ................................ ................................ ................................ .128
12.2 L EGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORKS ................................ ................................ ......................... 129
12.3 S EPOC ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 129
12.4 R ESPONSIBILITIES AND PROCEDURES ................................ ................................ ...................... 130
12.5 E NVIRONMENTAL MONITORING ACTIVITIES ................................ ................................ ............ 130
12.6 E NVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS MONITORING ................................ ................................ ................ 131
12.7 E NVIRONMENTAL AUDIT ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 132
12.8 S OCIAL AND ECONOMIC MONITORING ................................ ................................ ..................... 133
12.9 F EEDBACK AND ADAPTATION ................................ ................................ ................................ .134
12.10 E NVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT ................................ ................................ ....... 134
1133 BIBLIOGRAPHYBIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................................ .......... 131636
13.1 R EFERENCES ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... 136
13.2 G ENERAL B IBLIOGRAPHY ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 138
1.2.31 sweive rdn asenilediu g:tnemssess alatnemnorivnE ................................ ........................... 831
2.2.31 erutlucau q fasotnemsses slaatnemnoriv n fesoelpmaxE ................................ ..................... 041
3.2.31 erutlucauq adn atnemegan a lmatnemnorivn edn alatsaoC ................................ .................. 041
4.2.31 ycil odp nlaageL ................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 241
5.2.31 erutlucauq alatsao cf ostceff elatnemnorivn edn alaicoS ................................ ..................... 241
6.2.31 sdoht ecmimonoce-oicoS ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 341
7.2.31 yticap alcatnemnorivnE ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 441
8.2.31 erutlucauq an iesaesi ddn ahtlaeH ................................ ................................ ......................... 441
9.2.31 enfhootitalu g dennroaitagitiM erutlucau qlaatsa ofscotcef fleatnemnoriv ne ................. 541
01.2.31 ytilibaniatsus dna scimonocE ................................ ................................ ................................ 641
1144 GLOSSARYGLOSSARY ................................................................ ................................................................ ................................................................ ........................ 141848
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BoxBeosxes
1.1 xoB rEotc eds nlaanoig e freocnavel eerhT erutlucau qoAat
1.3 xoB ainaznaT ni mraf pmirhs a rof AIE laitinI
2.3 xoB gn ogKn o fHeos aec h:terutlucau q f aAorEotceS
1x.o4B acirf Ahtuo Sn iAI Ero fsisa byrotutat sehT
2x.o4B feos aec h:ttnempolev eydcil orP otfni ogpnitra tes h st AarEotceS ainaznaT
1x.o5B A Erotce serutlucauq an ideredisno ce bya mhcih wnoitagiti mf osepyT
2x .o5B AI Etcejo r eprutlucauq an ideredisno ce bya mhcih wnoitagiti mf osepyT
1x.o6B tnemevlovni cilbup fo sevitcejbO
2x.o6B ve dmra fpmirh sdn atcilfno claicoS aidnI fo esac eht :tnempole
3x.o6B nedewS ni erutluc lessum ni tnemevlovni cilbuP
4x.o6B tnemevlovni cilbup rof seuqinhceT
5.6 xoB ,ynapmo Cgnihsi Fnacirf Aeh tf oesa ceh t:A Eerutlucauq an itnemevlovn icilbuP
ainaznaT
1x.o7B AdEluo hws odh nnaehW erutlucauq alatsao co tdeilpp ae b
2x.o7B )EEI (noitanimax elatnemnorivn elaitin in aro ferudecor placipyT
1x.o8B gnipoc sn iderolpx ee bo tsevitanretlA
2x.o8B gnipo cnssipe tlsacipyT
3x.o8B A ItEcejo r fapRo OrT oefnilt udoaorB
1x.o9B selpmaxE stcapm iredr orehgi hevitage ndn aevitiso pf o
2x.o9B erutlucau qlaatsa ohct idwetaicos ssaks ihrtla eehlbiss ofspoelpmaxE
3.9 xoB stcapmi cimonoce dna lacsif gnitceffa srotcaF
4x.o9B mor fnegorti ndn asurohpsoh pf otuptu o:ledo mevitatitnau qelpmiS evisnetni na
dn orpetaw-hsikcarb
5x.o9B aireti reccnacifing isdsae sen ubatca hstdradna tystila urqet afswoelpmaxE
6x.o9B airet iyrtcilibaniat sduasorB
1 .x0o1B statib aehvitisn er sosfdradna tystila ulqatnemnoriv nfeeolpmaxE
2 .x0o1B noitagitiM gnin ohzguor httnemhcir nteneirt ufno
3 .x0o1B skrowemar flage lo tnoitale rst idn agnino zf oelpmax en a:ainamsaT
4 .x0o1B ecitca rfspoed ofncooitpo de ahhtt idwetaicos ssatifeneB
xoB 5 .x0o1B 5.01 smra fpmirh srso mfyrta ifplmaiu rqrh esrto a fywttnielualu fqrf eerto a fswttniemui lldfef seroo pfsotriPmi ldesoporP racsaga rdnaaicMsaga dnaiM
65. 0x1oB enitnarauq rof slocotorP
7 .x0o1B dnaliahT ni gnimraf pmirhs evisnetni ot deilppa snoitalugeR
8 .x0o1B noitagitim latnemnorivne rof loot a sa erutcurtsarfnI
9 .x0o1B gniti shguorh tnoitagiti melbisso pf oselpmaxE
01. 0x1oB lpmaxE noitcurtsno cdn angise dhguorh tnoitagiti melbisso pf ose
11. 0x1oB leve lmra ft atnemegana mdn anoitarep ohguorh tnoitagiti melbisso pf oselpmaxE
21. 0x1oB sets acwinag r fogoniltteS
1 .x1o1B sseco rwpeiv eercitca rtpseB
2 .x1o1B erlbiss ofepolpmaxE aireti rwceive
3x.o1IB1 ssecorp AE eht gnirud edam noisiced tnatropmI
4 .x1o1B gnika mnoisice dA En isffo-edarT
5 .x1o1B tnempoleved erutlucauqa latsaoc ni eulav fo sdnik tnereffid neewteb sffo-edarT
6 .x1o1B gnitrop enroisic efedolpma xneA
1 .x2o1B seitivit craeh td onganirotin onmeewt enboitaleR
2 .x2o1B gnirotinom ni sredlohekats rof selor elbissoP
3 .x2o1B gnirotin osmtcef fleatnemnoriv n ne fatonempolev eed h ntsiega tnsiaM
emmargorp
4 .x2o1B tnemegana mdn anoitcello cata devitceffE
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