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Composing Questions −1 0 +1 LinguisticInquiryMonographs SamuelJayKeyser,generaleditor AcompletelistofbookspublishedintheLinguisticInquiryMonographsseries appearsatthebackofthisbook. −1 0 +1 Composing Questions HadasKotek TheMITPress −1 Cambridge,Massachusetts London,England 0 +1 (cid:13)c 2018MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereproducedinanyformbyanyelec- tronicormechanicalmeans(includingphotocopying,recording,orinformationstorage andretrieval)withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher. ThisbookwassetinNimbusbyWestchesterPublishingServices.Printedandboundin theUnitedStatesofAmerica. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataisavailable. Names:Kotek,Hadas,author. Title:Composingquestions/HadasKotek. Description:Cambridge,MA:TheMITPress[2019]|Series:Linguistic InquiryMonographs;#80|Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. Identifiers:LCCN2018019331|ISBN9780262039291(hardcover:alk.paper)| ISBN9780262536547(pbk.:alk.paper) Subjects:LCSH:Grammar,Comparativeandgeneral--Interrogative.|Grammar, Comparativeandgeneral--Wordorder. Classification:LCCP299.I57K682019|DDC415--dc23LCrecordavailableat https://lccn.loc.gov/2018019331 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 −1 0 +1 Contents SeriesForeword vii Acknowledgments ix Notation xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 QuestionsandTheirInterpretation 2 1.2 InterventionEffectsandCovertMovement 4 1.3 CovertWh-Scrambling 7 I ATHEORYOFWH-QUESTIONS 9 2 Background:Wh-Questions 11 2.1 TwoTypesofSemanticsforQuestions 12 2.2 TwoApproachestoWh-in-Situ 14 2.3 SuperiorityEffects 17 2.4 PresuppositionsandtheReadingsofMultipleWh-Questions 20 2.5 Appendix:Wh-in-SituandAntecedent-ContainedDeletion 25 3 TheSyntaxandSemanticsofWh-Questions 29 3.1 TheDesiderata 29 3.2 TheProposal 30 3.3 SimplexWh-Questions 32 3.4 Superiority-ObeyingMultipleWh-Questions 34 3.5 Superiority-ViolatingMultipleWh-Questions 39 3.6 Quiz-MasterQuestionsandNestedWhich-Phrases 43 3.7 Appendix1:ALTSHIFTandDeclarativeSentences 44 3.8 Appendix2:Wiltschko’sObservation 46 4 CrosslinguisticVariationinInterrogativeSyntax 51 4.1 Wh-FrontingLanguageswithoutCovertMovement 51 4.2 MultipleWh-FrontingLanguages 54 4.3 Wh-in-SituLanguages 60 −1 4.4 CombinedStrategiesforQuestionFormation 66 0 4.5 Pied-Piping 69 +1 vi Contents II WH-INTERVENTIONEFFECTS 77 5 InterventionEffects:TheStateoftheArt 79 5.1 SomeBasicData 79 5.2 Intervention:AnInformalDescription 84 5.3 Beck’s(2006)TheoryofInterventionEffects 86 5.4 OntheSurvivingSingle-PairReadingof“Intervened”Questions 90 6 InterventionCorrelateswithMovementPossibilitiesForWh-in-Situ 93 6.1 InterventioninSuperiority-ObeyingQuestions 94 6.2 MissingInterventionEffectsinSuperiority-ViolatingQuestions 99 6.3 InterventionIsanLFPhenomenon 104 III COVERTWH-SCRAMBLING 107 7 CovertWh-MovementasCovertScrambling 109 7.1 InterventionEffectsinMultipleWh-QuestionswithIslands 110 7.2 CovertMovementandtheNatureofSyntacticDerivations 116 7.3 EvidenceforCovertWh-Scrambling 123 7.4 SomeConsequences 126 8 ProcessingEvidenceforCovertScrambling 129 8.1 ThreeApproachestoCovertMovement 129 8.2 ExperimentalBackground 131 8.3 ExperimentalEvidenceforCovertScrambling 142 8.4 AHamblinSemanticswithCovertScrambling 163 8.5 Appendix:MaterialsforExperiments1–3 165 9 Epilogue 169 Notes 173 References 191 Index 207 −1 0 +1 Series Foreword WearepleasedtopresenttheeightiethvolumeintheseriesLinguisticInquiry Monographs. These monographs present new and original research beyond the scope of the article. We hope they will benefit our field by bringing to it perspectivesthatwillstimulatefurtherresearchandinsight. Originallypublishedinlimitededition, theLinguisticInquiryMonographs arenowmorewidelyavailable.Thischangeisduetothegreatinterestengen- deredbytheseriesandbytheneedsofagrowingreadership.Theeditorsthank thereadersfortheirsupportandwelcomesuggestionsaboutfuturedirections fortheseries. SamuelJayKeyser fortheEditorialBoard −1 0 +1 −1 0 +1 Acknowledgments Thisbookhasbenefitedfromthecontinuedsupportandinputofmanyfriends and colleagues over several years. Some made passing observations; others provideddetailedcommentary.Manyhadtotoleraterepeatedqueriesforcom- plex data and judgments. During its five-year development, from early drafts ofmydissertationtoitscurrentbookform,thisworkhasgonethroughseveral versionsandundergonequiteafewrevisions.Ifitisanyclosertocorrectnow thanitwasatthebeginning,nodoubtthefollowingpeopledeservethecredit: myMITdissertationcommittee—DavidPesetsky, MartinHackl, DannyFox, and Irene Heim; senior colleagues at Yale and NYU—especially Bob Frank, RaffaellaZanuttini,LucasChampollion,ChrisCollins,StephanieHarves,and AnnaSzabolsci;andmymanyMITfriendsandcolleagueswhosupportedme throughout graduate school. Special thanks go to Chris Tancredi for detailed commentsonanearlierdraftofthebook,andtoMichaelYoshitakaErlewine forallkindsofsupportandadvice,aswellasfordetailedcomments. Parts of the dissertation and book manuscript were taught in seminars at McGill University (Fall 2014), Yale University (Fall 2016), and NYU (Fall 2017). Participants in all of these classes made invaluable contributions to my thinking and to the development of this work from dissertation-form to book-form.Partsofthisworkwerealsopresentedatvariousconferencesand colloquia, whose audiences I would like to thank: LSA 87 in Boston (2012), NELS 44 at the University of Connecticut (2013), LSA 88 in Minneapolis (2013), LSA 89 in Portland (2014), DGfS 37 workshop in Leipzig (2015), SuB20inTübingen(2015),IATL31atBar-IlanUniversity(2015);theTokyo Semantics Research Group (2012), Tel Aviv University (2014), McGill Uni- versity (2014), University of Calgary (2014), University of Ottawa (2015), University of Arizona at Tucson (2015), Queen Mary University of London (2015),CUNYGraduateCenter(2015),UCIrvine(2017),andtheMITpanel onquestionsatPesetsky@60(2017). −1 0 +1
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