Complex Terrain Mapping: Integrated Use of Stereo Air Photos and Satellite Images PDF
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Lambert Rivard · Carla Hehner-Rivard Complex Terrain Mapping Integrated Use of Stereo Air Photos and Satellite Images Complex Terrain Mapping ThiSisaFMBlankPage Lambert Rivard (cid:129) Carla Hehner-Rivard Complex Terrain Mapping Integrated Use of Stereo Air Photos and Satellite Images LambertRivard CarlaHehner-Rivard Saint-Lambert,QC Canada ISBN978-3-319-02449-3 ISBN978-3-319-02450-9(eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-319-02450-9 SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014940976 #SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2014 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionor informationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped.Exemptedfromthislegalreservationarebriefexcerpts inconnectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysisormaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeing enteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework.Duplication ofthispublicationorpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheCopyrightLawofthe Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer.PermissionsforusemaybeobtainedthroughRightsLinkattheCopyrightClearanceCenter. ViolationsareliabletoprosecutionundertherespectiveCopyrightLaw. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication,neithertheauthorsnortheeditorsnorthepublishercanacceptanylegalresponsibilityfor anyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybemade.Thepublishermakesnowarranty,expressorimplied,with respecttothematerialcontainedherein. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface Thismonographdocumentsaconceptofcomplexterrainswiththeuseof57sites consistingofcombinedinterpretedstereoairphotosandrelatedLandsatimagesof eachsite.Thesearecomplementedby21fieldphotosofslopefailures. Nature of Complex Terrain The term complex terrains is adapted from D. H. Huntley (2008) Landslide Geohazard Mapping in Complex Terrains, Geological Survey of Canada Open File5747.Thetermisparaphrasedheretodefineregionsofinteractionofcomplex tectonicandgeomorphichistory,arangeofsurficialdepositsandbedrock,aswell ashighreliefandsteepslopes. Conventional Stereo air photos Black-and-white, color, and false-color stereo air photographs continue to be routinely taken by many governments and remain the preferred medium for pro- ducing maps that depict “the distribution, extent and location of bedrock, earth materials, landforms and geomorphic processes” (Huntley). The air photos in this workrangeinscalefrom1:10,000to1:125,000. High-Resolution Stereo Satellite Images These images, state of the art for many Earth science applications, are equally applicable to mapping of complex terrains, but the use of conventional air photos remains competitive. The paper by J. E. Nichol et al (2006) Application of high resolution stereo satellite images to detailed landslide hazard assessment—Geo- morphology vol. 76, pp 68–75, included a cost–benefit analysis comparing stereo air photo interpretation with stereo satellite interpretation. Although it suggested v vi Preface that stereo satellite imagery is more cost-effective for detailed landslide hazard assessment over large areas, the analysis showed (Table 2) that the total job cost (cost of photos/images plus cost of interpretation and mapping) for a landslide surveyofa1,000km2areabasedon1:10,000stereoairphotoswasUS$30,200and US$48,720for0.87resolutionIKONOSimageuse.Materialcostofairphotoswas US$11,000andUS$46,000forIKONOSimages. Saint-Lambert,QC,Canada LambertRivard Contents Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 MappingMethod. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 1 GeologicTimeNomenclature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 TerrainTypeCategories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 AirPhotoLayoutFormat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 RegionalSettingSatelliteImages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 ComplexTerrainCategories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 BedrockTerrains. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 5 GlacialandAlpine-GlacialTerrains. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 PeriglacialTerrains. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 GroundIceUnits. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . 140 CryoturbatedMaterials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 ThermokarstTerrain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 Non-glacialSurficialTerrains. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 FluvialDeposits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 LandslideTerrains. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . 188 FieldPhotosofSlopeFailures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 USASites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 MoroccoSite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 AustrianSite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 SwitzerlandSites. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 300 vii Introduction Mapping Method Themappingofcomplexterrains,followingbackgroundresearchandappreciation ofregional environmenton Landsatimageryis based onthe viewing ofstereo air photostodelineateboundariesbetweensurfaceareasofgeounitsofdifferenttypes detected on the basis of spectral and spatial elements, and identified and interpretedbyassociationalelementsaccordingtoageneticclassification. Photo Geounit Detection Characteristics Spectralelementsaretoneandtexture: • Toneistherelativebrightnessofaunitexpressedinlevelsofgreyinblackand whitephotos • Textureistherelativeroughness/smoothnessofaunitsurfaceproducedbythe frequencyoftonalchangeintheunit • Spatialelementsarerelief,shape,drainage,andlanduseorlandcover • Reliefisexpressedbystereoviewinginairphotographs,andbysunelevation, azimuthandshadowinginmonoscopicsatelliteimages • Shapeisthecharacteristicshapeofsomegeounits • Drainageisthedensityandarrangementofstreamchannelswithinaunit • Landuseandlandcovergenerallyoccurdistinctivelyinaunit Identification and Interpretation of Photo Geounits Geounits are identified by Associational Patterns, of a number of spectral and spatial elements that correlate in an air photo to characterize a homogeneous geounit that can be deductively interpreted according to a genetic classification ofacceptedgeoscienceusage.Geologicalandgeomorphologicalmappingrequires L.RivardandC.Hehner-Rivard,ComplexTerrainMapping, 1 DOI10.1007/978-3-319-02450-9_1,#SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2014 2 Introduction theuseofasetofdescriptorcodestoapplytomappedgeounits.Thecompletesetof descriptorsconstitutesageneticclassificationsystem.Whengeounitsarecompiled asaphotogeologicmapthesecodesbecomethemaplegend. ThestereopairofFigureB7illustratestheapplicationoftheseelements:
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