Complete Japanese grammar

307 Pages·2021·42.326 MB·English

by  Eriko Sato

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PRACTICE
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Complete
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Grammar
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Eriko Sato, PhD
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Contents
Introduction ix
1 Introducing Japanese sounds, word order, and
writing systems 1
Basic sounds 1
Pitch 2
Basic hiragana 3
Katakana 6
Kanji 7
Basic word order and particles 9
Speech styles 12
2 Nouns 15
Proper nouns 15
Respectful titles 16
Common nouns 17
Compound nouns 18
Demonstrative pronouns 19
Personal pronouns 20
The particle の no 21
Kinship terms 22
3 Numbers 25
Bare numbers based on the Chinese system 25
The native Japanese number system 27
Class counters 27
Ordinal counters 29
Expressing time 29
Expressing months and days 30
Unit counters 32
. . . 目 me 32
iii
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4 Basic verb forms 35
Dictionary form 35
Masu form 35
Nai form 35
Stem form 36
Ru verbs and u verbs 36
Irregular verbs 38
Conjugation patterns 39
Te form 41
Ta form 43
Nakatta form 43
Conjugating verbs in the plain form 44
Conjugating verbs in the polite form 44
Progressive form 45
Potential form 46
Conjugating the copular verb です desu 47
5 Verb types 49
する suru verbs 49
Existential verbs ある aru and いる iru 50
Transitive and intransitive verbs 54
Inherently potential verbs 56
Verbs with hidden become/get 57
Verbs of giving and receiving 58
6 Auxiliaries that follow verbs in the te form 63
. . . て te + あげる ageru, etc. (helpfulness) 63
. . . て te + いる iru (progressive, resulting, and habitual states) 64
. . . て te + しまう shimau (completion) 66
. . . て te + おく oku (preparation) 66
. . . て te + みる miru (trial) 67
. . . て te + いく iku and くる kuru (progress) 68
. . . て te + ある aru (resulting state) 70
. . . て te + ほしい hoshii (desire) 71
7 Particles 73
を o (direct object) 73
が ga (subject) 75
に ni (at, in, to) 78
で de (at, by, in, with) 79
へ e (toward, to) 81
から kara (from) 81
まで made (until) 82
iv Contents
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の no (of, ’s) 82
と to, や ya, and か ka (listing nouns) 83
は wa (topic) 84
も mo (addition) 84
ばかり bakari (nothing but . . . ) 85
しか shika (only) 86
だけ dake (just/only) 87
でも demo (even) 88
8 Adjectives and adverbs 91
Adjective types 91
Basic adjective forms 92
Multiple subjects 96
Te forms of adjectives 97
Degree adverbs 99
Frequency adverbs 99
Adverbs derived from adjectives 100
Adverb + する suru/なる naru (change) 101
Adverbs made from onomatopoeia and mimetic words 101
Comparing two items 102
Equivalent-degree comparison 104
Comparing activities 105
Superlative comparison 106
9 Sentence types 109
Statements 109
Questions 109
Sentences with indefinite pronouns 111
Enriching statements 115
Suggestions, requests, and commands 128
10 Complex words and phrases 135
. . . すぎる sugiru, etc. (verbal compound) 135
. . . やすい yasui / . . . にくい nikui (toughness) 136
. . . たい tai (to want to do . . . ) 137
. . . がる garu (to show the signs of . . . ) 138
Noun + らしい rashii (typical) 139
Noun + のような no yoˉ na (simile) 140
Noun + みたいな mitai na (simile) 142
Stem form + そうな soˉ na (appearance) 142
Volitional form + と思う to omou (intention) 144
Volitional form + とする to suru (attempt) 145
. . . ように + する /なる yoˉ ni suru/naru (change) 146
Contents v
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. . . ことに + する /なる koto ni + suru/naru (decision) 148
. . . ことができる koto ga dekiru (potential) 148
. . . ことがある koto ga aru (experience) 149
11 Clauses 151
. . . と to and . . . か ka (verb complement clause) 151
. . . 前に mae ni (adverbial clause before . . . ) and . . . 後に ato ni
(adverbial clause after . . . ) 153
. . . 間に aida ni (adverbial clause during/while . . . ) 154
. . . うちに uchi ni (adverbial clause during/while/before . . . ) 154
. . . ときに toki ni (adverbial clause at the time when . . . ) 155
. . . ながら nagara (adverbial clause simultaneously) 157
. . . から kara and . . . ので node (adverbial clause because . . . ) 158
. . . が ga and . . . のに noni (adverbial clause although . . . ) 159
Noun modifier clauses (which/that . . . ) 162
12 Conjunctions 165
Listing nouns with と to (exhaustive), や ya (partial), か ka
(disjunctive), and も mo (addition) 165
Listing verbs with te forms 166
Listing adjectives with te forms 168
Listing verbs and adjectives as examples using the tari
form 169
Listing verbs and adjectives emphatically using し shi 170
Sentence conjunctions 171
13 Conditionals 177
. . . たら tara (whenever, when, if) 177
. . . ば ba (whenever, when, if) 180
. . . と to (whenever, when) 183
. . . なら nara (if it is the case that . . . . ) 186
. . . ても te mo (even if/though, no matter . . . ) 191
Permission and prohibition 192
Obligation and discretion 194
14 Passives and causatives 197
Passive verbs 197
Direct passive 198
Indirect passive 199
Causative verbs 201
Make-causative and let-causative 202
Causative with auxiliary verbs of giving and receiving 204
Causative passive 205
vi Contents
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15 Honorifics 209
Special honorific verbs 209
. . . られる (r)areru (respectful form of verbs) 211
お + stem + になる o . . . ni naru (respectful) 212
お + stem + する o . . . suru (humble) 213
Asking for permission very politely 215
Making a request very politely 216
Using お o and ご go before a noun 217
Family terms 219
Honorific forms for adjectives 219
Honorific/polite question words 219
16 Review Exercises 221
Appendix A: Basic verb forms 251
Appendix B: Basic sentence predicate forms 253
Japanese–English glossary 255
English–Japanese glossary 263
Answer key 271
Contents vii
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