Complete English Grammar Rules: Examples, Exceptions & Everything You Need to Master Proper Grammar PDF
Preview Complete English Grammar Rules: Examples, Exceptions & Everything You Need to Master Proper Grammar
The Farlex Grammar Book: Complete English Grammar Rules FARLEX International Copyright © 2016 Farlex International All rights reserved. ISBN: 1535231688 ISBN-13: 978-1535231688 2 Table of contents About the author Preface Editor’s Note English Grammar Parts of Speech Nouns Common and Proper Nouns Nouns of Address Concrete and Abstract Nouns Countable Nouns Uncountable Nouns Collective Nouns Compound Nouns Nominalization (Creating Nouns) Pronouns Personal pronouns Personal Pronouns - Number Personal Pronouns - Person (First person, Second person, Third person) Personal Pronouns - Gender Personal Pronouns - Case Personal Pronouns - Reflexive Pronouns Intensive Pronouns Indefinite Pronouns Demonstrative Pronouns Interrogative Pronouns Relative Pronouns Reciprocal Pronouns Dummy Pronouns Verbs Finite and Non-finite Verbs Transitive and Intransitive Verbs Regular and Irregular Verbs Auxiliary Verbs Primary Auxiliary Verbs Modal Auxiliary Verbs Modal Auxiliary Verbs - Will Modal Auxiliary Verbs - Would Modal Auxiliary Verbs - Shall Modal Auxiliary Verbs - Should 3 Modal Auxiliary Verbs - Can Modal Auxiliary Verbs - Could Modal Auxiliary Verbs - May Modal Auxiliary Verbs - Might Modal Auxiliary Verbs - Must Substituting Modal Verbs Semi-Modal Auxiliary Verbs Infinitives Participles Action Verbs Stative Verbs Linking Verbs Light Verbs Phrasal Verbs Common Phrasal Verbs Conditional Verbs Causative Verbs Factitive Verbs Reflexive Verbs Adjectives Attributive Adjectives Predicative Adjectives Proper Adjectives Collective Adjectives Demonstrative Adjectives Interrogative Adjectives Nominal Adjectives Compound Adjectives Order of Adjectives Degrees of Comparison Comparative Adjectives Superlative Adjectives Adverbs Adverbs of Time Adverbs of Place Adverbs of Manner Adverbs of Degree Mitigators Intensifiers Adverbs of Frequency 4 Adverbs of Purpose Focusing Adverbs Negative Adverbs Conjunctive Adverbs Evaluative Adverbs Viewpoint Adverbs Relative Adverbs Adverbial Nouns Regular and Irregular Adverbs Degrees of Comparison Comparative Adverbs Superlative Adverbs Order of Adverbs Prepositions Prepositional Phrases Categories of Prepositions Common Prepositional Errors Prepositions with Nouns Prepositions with Verbs Prepositions with Adjectives Prepositions in Idioms Idioms that Start with Prepositions Idioms that End with Prepositions Conjunctions Coordinating Conjunctions Correlative Conjunctions Subordinating Conjunctions Other parts of speech Particles Articles Determiners Possessive Determiners Gerunds Gerunds as Objects of Verbs Interjections Inflection (Accidence) Conjugation Tense Present Tense 5 Present Simple Tense Present Continuous Tense (Progressive) Present Perfect Tense Present Perfect Continuous Tense Past Tense Past Simple Tense Past Continuous Tense Past Perfect Tense Past Perfect Continuous Tense Future Tense (Approximation) Future Simple Tense Future Continuous Tense Future Perfect Tense Future Perfect Continuous Tense Aspect Perfective and Imperfective Aspect Aspects of the Present Tense Aspects of the Past Tense Aspects of the Future Tense Mood Indicative Mood Subjunctive Mood Subjunctive Mood - Expressing Wishes Voice Active Voice Passive Voice Middle Voice Speech Reported Speech (Indirect Speech) Grammatical Person Declension Plurals Gender in Nouns Regular and Irregular Inflection Syntax Subjects and Predicates The Subject The Predicate Complements 6 Objects Subject Complements Object Complements Adjective Complements Adverbial Complements Modifiers Adjuncts Phrases Noun Phrases Adjective Phrases Adverbial Phrases Participle Phrases Absolute Phrases Appositives Clauses Independent Clauses Dependent Clauses Noun Clauses Relative Clauses Adverbial Clauses Sentences Compound Sentences Complex Sentences Compound-Complex Sentences Declarative Sentences Interrogative Sentences Negative Interrogative Sentences Imperative Sentences Conditional Sentences Major and Minor Sentences (Regular and Irregular Sentences) Quiz answers Index 7 About the author Peter Herring was born in Boulder, Colorado, and grew up with a passion for reading. He attended the University of British Columbia, in Vancouver, Canada, where he majored in English Literature. He went on to complete a master’s degree in Anglo-Irish Literature and Drama at University College Dublin in Ireland, where he graduated with honors. Peter has worked as an editor since 2009, lending his passion for words to scientific research projects, non-fiction publishing, and The Free Dictionary. He lives in Dublin, Ireland, with his wife and son. About the editor Nick Norlen is the managing editor of The Free Dictionary, where he oversees all editorial projects. After graduating with honors from La Salle University in Philadelphia, he worked as a reporter before joining the Farlex team in 2008. He lives in Newtown, Pennsylvania, with his wife and daughter, whose first word is his favorite word. 8 Preface Grammar is without a doubt one of the most daunting aspects of the English language, an area riddled with complexities, inconsistencies, and contradictions. It has also been in a state of flux for pretty much its entire existence. For native speakers of English, as well as for those learning it as a new language, grammar presents a very serious challenge to speaking and writing both accurately and effectively. Having a single, reliable, go-to reference guide should therefore be indispensable to those trying to learn, improve, or perfect their speech or writing. This book is that guide: a clear, unambiguous, and comprehensive source of information that covers all the relevant topics of English grammar, while still being easy to understand and enjoyable to read. Every topic in the book has been broken down into basic units. Each unit can be read and understood in its own right, but throughout the book you will find cross-references to other sections and chapters to help make it clear how all the pieces fit together. If you’re having trouble understanding something, try going back (or forward) to other related topics in the book. Finally, it must be mentioned that, because English is such a flexible, inconsistent language, the “rules” that are often bandied about are usually not rules at all, but rather guides that reflect how the language is used. Accordingly, the guidelines contained within this book are just that— guidelines. They are not intended to provide constrictive or proscriptive rules that confine everyone to a particular way of speaking or writing. Learning how the English language works will enhance your engagement with speech and writing every day, from the books you read, to the e-mails you write, to the conversations you have with friends and strangers alike. As such, mastering grammar is not an exercise that is confined to the classroom. While it is certainly important to learn the structures, styles, and rules that shape the language, the key to truly learning English is to read and listen to the way people write and speak every day, from the most well- known authors to the people you talk to on the bus. Take the information you find in this book and carry it with you into the world. -P. Herring 9 Editor’s Note This book is written according to the standard styles and spellings used in American English. While major differences between American and British English are usually addressed, some information in the book might not coincide with the styles, tendencies, or preferences of other English-speaking communities. 10
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