Compilation of an Ontario Gridded Carbon Dioxide and Nitrous Oxide Emission Inventory

96 Pages·1991·3 MB·English

by  Ontario Ministry of the Environment

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Compilation of an Ontario Gridded Carbon Dioxide
and Nitrous Oxide Emission Inventory
A Final Report to:
Air Resources Branch
Ontario Ministry of the Environment
125 Resources Road
Rexdale, Ontario
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Report No. P-91-50-6436/OG
MOE
Reference No.: 203603
September 12, 1991
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1
Table of Contents
Summary
1
1 . Introduction 8
2 Background 9
.
2.1 Greenhouse Gases 9
2.2 Sources of CO2 and N2O 9
3 Methodology
. 1
3.1 General 11
3.2 Overview of Emission Factor Derivations by
Source Category 12
3.3 Base Quantity Data and Geographical
Apportionment 14
4. Source Category Inventory Methods 18
4.1 Industrial Processes 18
4.1.1 CementManufacturing 18
4.1.2 Lime Manufacturing 19
4.1.3 Kraft Pulp and Paper Manufacturing 20
4.1.4 Coke Production 21
4.1.5 AmmoniaProduction 21
4.1.6 NitricAcid Production 22
4.1.7 Adipic AcidProduction 23
4.2 Stationary Fuel Combustion 23
4.2.1 Electric PowerGeneration 27
4.2.2 Industrial Fuel Combustion 27
4.2.3 Commercial Fuel Combustion 30
4.2.4 Residential Fuel Combustion 31
4.2.5 Residential Fuelwood Combustion 31
4.2.6 Pipelines 31
4 3 Transportation 32
.
4.3.1 Highway Gasoline and Diesel Fuel Use 32
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4.3.2 Railroads 33
4.3.3 Marine 33
4.3.4 Aircraft. 35
4.3.5 Off-Road Engines 35
4.4 Incineration 35
4.4.1 Municipal Waste Incineration 35
4.4.2 Sewage Sludge Incineration 37
4.4.3 Industrial Waste Incineration 37
4.4.4 Commercial/Institutional Waste Incineration 38
4.4.5 Wigwam Burners 39
4.5 Miscellaneous and Open Sources 39
4.5.1 Anaesthetic Usage 39
4.5.2 Propellant Usage 39
4.5.3 Structural Fires 40
4.5.4 Prescribed Fires 40
4.5.5 ForestFires 41
4.5.6 Landfills 41
4.5.7 Sofls. 43
4.5.8 Respiration 47
5. Inventory Results 50
5.1 Source/Profile Assignments and Emission Factors 50
5 2 Ontario Emissions by Contributing Sector 68
.
5.3 Geographical Distribution 70
5.4 Public Administration and Other Contributions 70
5.5 Comparison of Ontario Emission Inventory
Estimates 77
References 82
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TABLE 1 Summary ofOntario Point and Areas Source
Emission Totals and Contributions
TABLE 3.3.1 New Plants Added to the MOE Point Source Files 15
TABLE 3.3.2 Area Source Codes Added to the MOE Area Source Files 16
TABLE 4.2.1 Fuel Combustion CO2 Emission Factors 28
TABLE 4.2.2 Fuel Combustion N2O Emission Factors 29
TABLE 4.3.1 CO2 and N2O Emission Factors for Highway Vehicles 34
TABLE 4.3.2 AircraftEmission Faaor Development 36
TABLE
5.1.1 Reporton Emission Profiles 51
TABLE
5.1.2A Report on Area Sources Profile Assignments
(By SectorCode) 53
TABLE 5.1.2B RepononSCC Codes and Profile Assignments 55
TABLE 5.1.3 Total CO2/N2O Emissions by SC/SCC Code 57
TABLE 5.1.4 sec and se Sector/Fuel Assignments 61
TABLE 5.1.5 CO2EmissionTotals by SectorandFuel Type 64
TABLE 5.1.6 N2O Emission Totals by Sector and Fuel Type 66
TABLE 5.4.1a SCCs Selected forAssigning Fuel-Related Emissions by
Fuel Type for the Fuel Combustion Point Source Repon 71
TABLE
5.4.1b SIC/ScctorAssignments forthe Fuel Combustion Point
Source Report 72
TABLE 5.4.2 CO2 Fuel Combustion Emission Totals by Sector and
Fuel Type 75
TABLE 5.4.3 N2O Fuel Combustion Emission Totals by Sector and
Fuel Type 76
TABLE 5.5.1 ComparisonofOntario CO2 Emission Inventory Data 78
FIGURE 1 Ontario Gridded CO2 Emission Map 4
FIGURE 2 OntarioGridded N2O Emission Map 5
FIGURE 3 Southern Ontario Gridded CO2 Emission Map 6
FIGURE 4 Southern Ontario Gridded N2O Emission Map 7
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Summary
Forecasts of potential climate changes resulting from increases in atmospheric
concentrations of "greenhouse gases" arc generating widespread scientific concern.
In order to study this important environmental issue, define trends and provide data
for emission control strategy decisions, various government agencies are compiling
emission inventories of the contributing greenhouse gas sources. As part of the
Ontario Ministry of the Environment research program, a spatially resolved
emission inventory of carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide in Ontario has been
developed in this study thatcan be readily updated.
The Ontario CO2 and N2O gridded inventory was prepared for the base year 1988,
using methodologies developed by Environment Canada and the Ontario Ministry
ofEnergy, specific data compiled by the Ontario Ministry of the Environment, and
other information sources. Although the base year 1988 was selected, the most
complete point source information was available for 1987 and, thus, emissions
were compiled as a combination ofthese years. Emission factors were applied to
available point and area source base quantity data for each contributing process, in
order to compile anthropogenic CO2 emissions by sector and process at the
provincial level. In some instances, previously-developed emission factors were
refined orverified by available source testdata, some new sources were added and
some specific natural source emissions were estimated and included in Uie
inventory. Emissions attributable to various public service sectors and specific
industrial source fuel contributions were derived and specified at the provincial
level, in order to indicate relative source contributions and provide comparisons
with otherdata. Similariy, majw anthropogenic and natural source N2O emissions
were estimated for the same base years using best available reported emission
factors. Due to the general lack of measurement and emissions factor data, the
emission calculations for nitrous oxide must be regarded as preliminary, fint-cut
estiimates.
Geographical apportioning algorithms, which have been developed in earlierstudies
along with newly-developed factors where necessary, were applied in order to
spatially allocate base quantities by source type and the associated emissions to the
UTM
variably-sized Ontario grid. After enhancing the database system, all
pertinent inventory information was arranged in PC Focus database files,
documentation was prepared to facilitate emission reporting and updating, and the
Ministry ofihe Environment, Page I
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gridded inventory for these species was computed. The following study report
indicates the methods used and presents the inventory results.
A summary of the emission totals by general source category with point and area
source distnbutions, is provided in Table 1. The total Ontario carbon dioxide
emissions were estimated to be approximately 219 million tonnes of CO2. This
includes the major anthropogenic sources and some directly contributing natural
sources, but excludes major natural sources such as plant photosynthesis and
decaying organic matter that maintain the carbon budget As can be seen, fuel and
other combustion sources, that represent a portion of the emissions within each
general category, account for most of the emissions. Non-energy use, which
includes contributions from mineral processing and sectors within the open source
category, accounts for a much smallerfraction. Approximately one-halfofthe total
provincial CC)2 emissions have been accounted by point sources. The estimated
nitrous oxide emissions, amounting to approximately 54 thousand tonnes of N2O,
arc much less certain, especially the contribution by industrial processes and the
overall uncertainties associated with N2O measurements for many of the
UTM
combustion sources. The geographical distribution of the emissions on the
grid in Ontario is shown in Figures 1 and 2. Most emissions occurin the urbanized
areas ofSouthern Ontario, shown in more detail in Figures 3 and4.
Ministry oftheEnvironment, Page 2
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