Competing Visions of World Order: Global Moments and Movements, 1880s-1930s

277 Pages·2007·3.12 MB·English

by  Sebastian Conrad, Dominic Sachsenmaier

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Competing Visions of World Order
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PALGRAVE MACMILLAN TRANSNATIONAL HISTORY SERIES
Akira Iriye(Harvard University) and Rana Mitter(University of Oxford)
Series Editors
This distinguished series seeks to: develop scholarship on the transnational connections of societies and peo-
ples in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries; provide a forum in which work on transnational history from
different periods, subjects, and regions of the world can be brought together in fruitful connection; and
explore the theoretical and methodological links between transnational and other related approaches such as
comparative history and world history.
Editorial board:
Thomas BenderUniversity Professor of the Humanities, Professor of History, and Director of the
International Center for Advanced Studies, New York University
Jane CarruthersProfessor of History, University of South Africa
Mariano PlotkinProfessor, Universidad Nacional de Tres de Febrero, Buenos Aires, and member of the
National Council of Scientific and Technological Research, Argentina
Pierre-Yves SaunierResearcher at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France and Visiting
Professor at the University of Montreal
Ian TyrrellProfessor of History, University of New South Wales
Published by Palgrave Macmillan:
The Nation, Psychology and International Politics, 1870-1919
By Glenda Sluga
Competing Visions of World Order:Global Moments and Movements, 1880s-1930s
Edited by Sebastian Conrad and Dominic Sachsenmaier
European History in an Interconnected Word
By Matthias Middell, Michael Geyer, and Michel Espagne (forthcoming)
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Competing Visions of
World Order
Global Moments and Movements,
1880s–1930s
Edited by
Sebastian Conrad
and
Dominic Sachsenmaier
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COMPETINGVISIONSOFWORLDORDER
© Sebastian Conrad and Dominic Sachsenmaier,2007.
All rights reserved.No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any
manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief
quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews.
First published in 2007 by
PALGRAVE MACMILLAN™
175 Fifth Avenue,New York,N.Y.10010 and
Houndmills,Basingstoke,Hampshire,England RG21 6XS
Companies and representatives throughout the world.
PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave
Macmillan division of St.Martin’s Press,LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd.
Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States,United Kingdom
and other countries.Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European
Union and other countries.
ISBN-13:978–1–4039–7988–9
ISBN-10:1–4039–7988–X
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Competing visions of world order :global moments and movements,
1880s–1930s / edited by Sebastian Conrad and Dominic Sachsenmaier.
p.cm.—(The Palgrave series in transnational history)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1–4039–7988–X (alk.paper)
1.World politics—19th century.2.World politics—1900–1945.
3.International cooperation—History—19th century.4.International
cooperation—History—20th century.I.Conrad,Sebastian.
II.Sachsenmaier,Dominic.
D395.C595 2007
327.09'034—dc22 2006051381
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd.,Chennai,India.
First edition:April 2007
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Printed in the United States of America.
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Contents
Foreword vii
Notes on Contributors ix
Chapter 1 Introduction: Competing Visions of World Order:
Global Moments and Movements, 1880s–1930s 1
Sebastian Conrad and Dominic Sachsenmaier
Part One Conceptions of World Order and Global
Consciousness in the Imperialist Age
Chapter 2 Global Civil Society and the Forces of Empire:
The Salvation Army, British Imperialism, and
the “Prehistory” of NGOs (ca. 1880–1920) 29
Harald Fischer-Tiné
Chapter 3 The Common Grounds of Conflict: Racial
Visions of World Order 1880–1940 69
Christian Geulen
Chapter 4 World Orders in World Histories before and
after World War I 97
Matthias Middell
Part Two World War I as a Global Moment: Implications
for Conceptions of World Order
Chapter 5 Dawn of a New Era: The “Wilsonian Moment”
in Colonial Contexts and the Transformation of
World Order, 1917–1920 121
Erez Manela
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vi ● Contents
Chapter 6 Alternative Visions of World Order in the Aftermath
of World War I: Global Perspectives on
Chinese Approaches 151
Dominic Sachsenmaier
Part Three Movements Toward
Alternative World Order
Chapter 7 Global Mobility and Nationalism: Chinese Migration
and the Reterritorialization of Belonging, 1880–1910 181
Sebastian Conrad and Klaus Mühlhahn
Chapter 8 A Global Anti-Western Moment? The Russo-Japanese
War, Decolonization, and Asian Modernity 213
Cemil Aydin
Chapter 9 Bringing the “Black Atlantic” into Global History:
The Project of Pan-Africanism 237
Andreas Eckert
Index 259
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Foreword
The present era has become obsessed by the idea of globalization. The
idea that economies, societies, and cultures are becoming ever more
deeply entwined has led to both utopian visions of a world without
borders, and nightmare visions of multinational corporations and hegemonic
states using technology and economic and military clout to seal their own
dominance. What is lacking from a large part of the contemporary debate
about globalization, its possibilities, and its discontents, is any real sense of
historical perspective.
For this reason, we are delighted to publish this powerful new set of essays
edited by Dominic Sachsenmeier and Sebastian Conrad. With patience and
without hysteria, the essays in this volume analyze an earlier, almost forgot-
ten period of global connections showing that transnational, globalized net-
works are neither new in our own era, nor are they necessarily driven by a
purely Western agenda. Both the range of topics and the depth of scholarly
endeavor in the pieces here are impressive. In their introduction, the editors
promise to demonstrate a wide range of connections across national bound-
aries and that promise is amply fulfilled. Here we encounter important non-
government organizations such as the Salvation Army; the impact of the
Versailles Treaty, something usually associated with the European political
world, on colonized peoples around the globe; and the doubts of Chinese
intellectuals about the promise of Western modernity betrayed by the sav-
agery of the Great War. Overall, the picture that emerges from the volume is
an intriguing and liberatory one. Rather than a picture of a colonized world
in thrall to the great Western empires, instead, the half-century from the
1880s to the 1930s was marked by an alternative discourse in which networks
of the mind, of shared interests, and changing values, emerged among people
who understood, but were not dominated by the Western version of global
modernity.
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viii ● Foreword
The introduction to the volume by the two editors gives an excellent
account of how the pieces are integrated, so we shall not run over that ground
again here. Instead, we urge readers to digest the essays in this volume for
reasons both historical and contemporary. In terms of historical interpreta-
tion, readers will find that the authors have put together a powerfully revi-
sionist account of a period often considered one of Western hegemony (with
Japan joining the imperial game late in the day). This reading of the period
is one where colonized people around the world used the possibilities of tech-
nology and a new awareness of the global to create networks that transcended
nation-state boundaries. At the same time, these essays also provide food for
thought for those who wish to consider the complexities of contemporary
globalization, which likewise is often regarded as a dominant machine inca-
pable of being resisted or adapted. This is an exemplary set of historical essays
with a strong significance for the present day.
Rana Mitter
Akira Iriye
Oxford, July 2006
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Notes on Contributors
Cemil Aydin is assistant professor of history at the University of North
Carolina at Charlotte. In the past, Aydin held positions as an academy
scholar at Harvard University and assistant professor of international history
at Ohio State University. Aydin’s main research focuses on civilizational
identities in Japan and Turkey around the turn of the 20th century.
Sebastian Conrad is assistant professor of modern history at the Free
University of Berlin (Germany). He is widely published in the fields of
modern German and Japanese history, the history of historiography and the
theory of postcolonialism. His publications include “The Quest for the Lost
Nation. Writing History in Japan and West Germany, 1945–1960”
(in German). Together with Dominic Sachsenmaier, he directs a trans-
Atlantic research network on “Conceptions of World Order. Global
Historical Perspectives.”
Andreas Eckertis professor of African history at the University of Hamburg
(Germany). He is widely published in the history of colonial and postcolonial
Africa, social history of African elites, labor history, and colonialism. He is
one of the editors of the “Journal of African History” and has published sev-
eral monographs on the history of the Douala (Cameroon) and of the
political elites in Tanzania (in German).
Harald Fischer-Tiné is professor of history at the International University
Bremen (Germany). He has worked on the colonial history of India, theoret-
ical problems of colonialism, and on low-class British subalterns in colonial
India. His publications include Colonialism as Civilising Mission. Cultural
Ideology in British India, coedited with Michael Mann, London (Anthem
Press) 2004.
Christian Geulenis assistant professor of modern history at the University of
Koblenz (Germany). His research interests include the history of nationalism,
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