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Competing Discourses: Orthodoxy, Authenticity, and Engendered Meanings in Late Imperial Chinese Fiction PDF

375 Pages·2001·8.587 MB·English
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C O M P E T I N G D I S C O U R S E S O R T H O D O X Y , A U T H E N T I C I T Y , A N D E N G E N D E R E D M E A N I N G S I N L A T P E R I A L C H I N E I C T I O N Harvard East Asian Monographs 197 Competing Discourses Orthodoxy, Authenticity, and Engendered Meanings in Late Imperial Chinese Fiction Maram Epstein Published by the Harvard University Asia Center and distributed by Harvard University Press Cambridge (Massachusetts) and London, 2001 © 2ooi by the President and Fellows of Harvard College Printed in the United States of America The Harvard University Asia Center publishes a monograph series and, in coordination with the Fairbank Center for East Asian Research, the Korea Institute, the Reischauer Institute of Japanese Studies, and other faculties and institutes, administers research projects designed to further scholarly understanding of China, Japan, Vietnam, Korea, and other Asian countries. The Center also sponsors projects addressing tnultidisciplinary and regional issues in Asia. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Epstein, Maram. Competing discourses: orthodoxy, authenticity, and engendered meanings in late Imperial Chinese fiction / Maram Epstein p. cm. — (Harvard East Asian monographs; 197) Includes bibliographical references and index. isbn 0-674-00512-0 (alk. paper) 1. Chinese fiction—Ming dynasty, 1368-1644—History and criticism. 2. Chinese fiction—Ch'ing dynasty, 1644-1912—History and criticism. 3. Women in literature. I. Tide. II. Series. PL2436.E67 2001 S95.134609—dc2i 00050598 Index by the author @ Printed on acid-free paper Last figure below indicates year of this printing 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 To Barbara and Leo and Amos, for seeing me through the last millennium and into the new The research for this book began over fifteen years ago as an attempt to fill in some of the silences of my graduate training. Many of the details in the novels we read for seminars were so odd, and sometimes even disturbing, that none of us, including myself, felt comfortable discussing the implica- tions of what was so clearly laid out before us. I have been fortunate that the fields of Chinese gender studies and late imperial fiction have come into maturity as I continued to wrestle with these long and unruly novels, for re­ cent scholarship in both fields has provided me with the vocabulary to ex­ plain why I believe gender (what I naively called ’’women” back then) is so central to the study of Chinese fiction. My intellectual and scholarly debts exceed what can be expressed in the notes. I remain grateful to my dissertation committee, Andrew H. Plaks, Yu-kung Kao, and Willard Peterson, for insisting on the primacy of the text and for setting such high standards of scholarship. I hope to challenge my own students with these same humanistic goals. I could not have finished my dissertation without the support and critical insights of Thamora Fishel; she helped me to understand that people and texts can speak their truths in many voices and that being a good listener, or reader, requires listening for the contradictions and points of conflict. I would like to express my gratitude to the many people who have read all or portions of the manuscript: Barbara Altmann, Katy Carlitz, Elise Han, sen, Wilt Idema, Andrea Goldman, Wendy Larson, Hongwei Liu, Cathy Silber, Rui Shen, Ellen Widmer, and Shiyi Yu. I owe a special thanks to Waiyee Li and David Rolston, who went beyond the call of friendship in providing me with their generous criticism and corrections, and to the two anonymous readers for the press, who went beyond the call of collegial duty in pointing out an embarrassment of necessary corrections. It has been a de­ light to work with John R. Ziemer of the Harvard University Asia Center; viii Acknowledgments throughout the process, he has treated the manuscript with as much care as any author could hope. This book is much stronger for the contributions of all these readers. For my own reading, I would like to thank Bob Felsing of Knight Library at the University of Oregon, who always manages to do the impossible during this period of budget cuts, and the staff, especially Martin Heijdra, of Gest Library at Princeton University. Those who taught me how to read the Chinese novel deserve my greatest thanks because I still re­ member the bewilderment I felt as an undergraduate after my first attempt, Andrew Plaks and David Rolston showed me the importance of -comment taries; Naifei Ding and Pat Sieber modeled the necessity of reading against received traditions; the work of Katherine Carlitz and Keith McMahon, al­ ways seeming to appear just as I am noticing a certain textual issue, has opened up many new texts and methodologies to me. Over the years, I have been fortunate to receive support from Princeton University, the Gest Library at Princeton, the University of Oregon, and the American Council of Learned Societies. I would also like to thank my chairs from the Department of Bast Asian Languages and Literatures at the L/ni- versity of Oregon, Wendy Larson and Mike Fishlen, for allowing me to en­ gineer several terms off for writing. The most precious support comes from one’s family. My greatest thanks go to Barbara Altmann and her sons, Leo and Amos, for opening their hearts and home to me; and to Susan Sygall and Tom Broeker for their contagious joy in celebrating all of life. Contents Abbreviations Introduction 1 The Narrative Structures of Orthodoxy Orthodox Constructions of Self 20/ Ritual, Yinyang Cosmology, and the Construction of Gender 29/ Wen and the Aesthetics of Orthodoxy 38 2 The Late Ming Reinterpretation of Human Nature and the Gendering of Desire The Paradoxical Meanings of Qing 62/ Subjective Qing Versus the Objective Ideal in Orthodox Neo-Confucianism 65/ The Late Ming Reformulation of Human Nature 69/ Li Zhi, Desire, and Authenticity 74/ Ritual and Desire Reconciled in Qing Thought 79/ From Philosophy to Fiction: The Aesthetics of Qing 87 3 Xingshi yinyuan zhuan: Orthodoxy and the Making of the Shrew Inversions of Orthodoxy: Xingshi and Failed Self-Cultivation 126/ Fox-Spirits and the Wounds of Self-Cultivation 135/ The Shrew and Yinyang Symbolism 142 4 Reflections of Desire in Honglou meng The Feminization of Baoyu s World 152/ Prospect Garden and che Staging of Qing 155/ Desire and the Dissolution of Ritual Identities 163/ Yinyang Numerology and the Precious Mirror Chapters 173/ Responding to Discursive Ambiguity: The Commentaries of Red Inkstone and Zhang Xinzhi 184 X Contents 5 Expanding Orthodoxy: Narrative Excess and Expedient Authenticity in Yesou puyan 199 Xia Jingqu and Yesou pufan 207/ Yinyang iconography in Yesou puyan 215/ Yesou puyan and the Masculinization of the Scholar-Beauty Genre 229/ Expediency, Qing, and the Ethics of Sexuality 238 6 Heroic Women and Deficient Men injinghua yuan and Ernu yingxiong zhuan 249 The Rule of Women injinghua yuan 250/ Ernti yingxiong zhuan: Playing with Gender/Genre 272 7 Conclusion: From the Symbolic to the Political 303 REFERENCE M ATTER Bibliography 315 Index 341

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