Comparison of Turbine Engine Test Cell Airborne Nanoparticle Count Versus Ambient Background

107 Pages·2011·2.62 MB·English

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................................... v
LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................. vi
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................................... vii
SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 1
1.1 Problem Statement ................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Research Questions .................................................................................................. 1
1.3 Scope ......................................................................................................................... 2
1.4 Significance ............................................................................................................... 2
1.5 Definitions ................................................................................................................. 3
1.6 Assumptions ............................................................................................................. 6
1.7 Limitations ................................................................................................................ 6
1.8 Delimitations ............................................................................................................. 7
1.9 Summary ................................................................................................................... 8

SECTION 2 LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................................................... 9
2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 9
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2.2 Particulate Matter .................................................................................................. 10
2.2.1. PM Creation .................................................................................................... 11
2.2.2. PM Characteristics .......................................................................................... 13
2.3 Research ................................................................................................................. 14
2.3.1. APEX1 .............................................................................................................. 16
2.3.2. APEX2 .............................................................................................................. 18
2.3.3. APEX3 .............................................................................................................. 19
2.4 PM Sampling Methods............................................................................................ 20
2.5 Regulation ............................................................................................................... 21
2.6 Health Impacts ........................................................................................................ 22
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2.7 Summary ................................................................................................................. 23

Page
SECTION 3 METHODOLOGY .............................................................................................. 24
3.1 Population and Data Collection .............................................................................. 24
3.2 Sampling and Instrumentation ............................................................................... 25
3.3 Analysis ................................................................................................................... 30
3.4 Summary ................................................................................................................. 30

SECTION 4 DATA AND RESULTS ........................................................................................ 31
4.1 Data ......................................................................................................................... 31
4.1.1. Random Sampling ........................................................................................... 36
4.2 Analysis ................................................................................................................... 39
4.3 Summary ................................................................................................................. 40

SECTION 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ..................................................... 41
5.1 Conclusions ............................................................................................................. 41
5.2 Recommendations .................................................................................................. 43
5.3 Future Research ...................................................................................................... 45 iv

5.4 Summary ................................................................................................................. 45

LIST OF REFERENCES ......................................................................................................... 47
Appendix A:AIM Real Time Raw Particle Count Graph(Test Cell Sample Session 1) 52
Appendix B:AIM Real Time Raw Particle Count Graph(Ambient Airport Session 2) 61
Appendix C:AIM Raw Particle Count (Test Cell Sample Session 1) ........................... 70
Appendix D:Aim Raw Particle Count (Ambient Airport Session 2) ........................... 76
Appendix E:Minitab Data .......................................................................................... 82
Appendix F:Stable Sample Segment Averages ......................................................... 88
Appendix G: Minitab Data Printout .......................................................................... 96
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Appendix H:Representative Sample of Stable Sample Segments ............................ 98
Appendix I: T-distribution table ............................................................................... 99
Appendix J:Model 3776 CPC Schematic ................................................................ 100

LIST OF TABLES
Table ...............................................................................................................................Page
Table 1:T-Test Results ....................................................................................................... 37
Table 2: Results of Additional T-tests ............................................................................... 40

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure .............................................................................................................................Page
Figure 1 Particle Size Comparison ..................................................................................... 13
Figure 2 CPC in the F109 Test Cell..................................................................................... 25
Figure 3 Sample Scheduling .............................................................................................. 26
Figure 4 Real Time Sampling Display from TSI Model 3776 UCPC ................................... 27
Figure 5 External Airport Sample Site ............................................................................... 28
Figure 6 Airport Ambient Sampling Location ................................................................... 29
Figure 7 Raw Data Counts Display in the AIM Software ................................................... 32
Figure 8 Excel Data Compilation ....................................................................................... 33
Figure 9 Test Cell and Airport Ambient Populations, with Outliers ................................. 34
Figure 10 Test Cell Population Graphical Summary.......................................................... 35
Figure 11 Ambient Airport Population Graphical Summary ............................................. 36
Figure 12 Random Sample Boxplot ................................................................................... 37
Figure 13 Stable Sample Segment .................................................................................... 37
Figure 14 Descriptive Statistics for Test Cell Random Sample ......................................... 38
Figure 15 Descriptive Statistics for Ambient Airport Random Sample ............................. 38
Figure 16 General Aviation Aircraft Transient .................................................................. 42
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Figure 17 Particle Sampling Transient .............................................................................. 42
Figure 18 Transient Sample Comparison .......................................................................... 43
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
LaRowe, Ryne E. M.S., Purdue University, August 2011. Comparison of Turbine Engine
Test Cell Airborne Nanoparticle Count Versus Ambient Background Particle Count.
Committee Chair: Dr. Mary E. Johnson.

With the establishment of the National Test Facility for Aerospace Fuels and Propulsion
at Purdue University in October of 2009, new equipment has been acquired to measure
and classify exhaust emissions. This facility utilizes the Honeywell F109 turbofan and
Pratt & Whitney PT-6 turboprop engine test cells to analyze the emissions and engine
operation of new alternative aviation fuels. This observational study investigates what, if
any difference there is in the amount of ambient residual Particulate Matter (PM) in the
turbofan engine test cell when compared to ambient particle count associated with the
Purdue University Airport (KLAF) property. The project utilized a Model 3776 Ultrafine
Particle Counter from TSI Inc. to measure particle counts in the 2-100 nm range both
outside on the airport property and inside the test cell. Random samples were then
taken and compared via a 2-sample t- test to see if the test cell has a higher
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concentration of airborne fine particles than is normally observed at the airport
property. The result of this study was an assessment of the environmental impact of the
F109 test cell burning Jet-A and recommendations to mitigate or reduce its associated
particle count.
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SECTION 1. INTRODUCTION
The aviation community is confronted with the need to evaluate the effect
aviation exhaust emissions has on air quality. Particulate matter has become a concern
recently due to the lack of information on quantity, and health and environmental
impacts. Airports have a large impact on the community and environment wherever
they are located. With the increase in air travel, airports worldwide continually expand
to accommodate the increased traffic. Residents near airports are potentially exposed
to Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAP’s) that are gaseous chemicals or extremely small
airborne particulate. The goal of this project was to identify if the operation of a gas
turbine engine test cell led to an increase in the average fine particle count when
compared to the ambient background count of the airport property and if necessary
suggest means to mitigate the effects.

1.1 Statement of Problem
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Is the ambient fine particle count measured in the F109 test cell different from
the fine particle count observed on the airport property?

1.2. Research Questions
 In what ways did the F109 engine test cell impact local air quality?
 Was the average airborne fine particle count significantly higher in the test cell than
what is normally observed at the Purdue University Airport?
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 What, if any, measures were taken to reduce or eliminate the effects of an increased
particle count?
1.3. Scope
The goal of this research was to gather information on the impact of the
presence of a turbine engine test cell and determine the average airborne fine particle
count in the F109 test cell in the Niswonger Aviation Technology Building and how it
compared to the ambient external airport particle count. Information was gathered by
direct sampling of the air with a TSI Inc. Model 3776 Ultrafine Condensation Particle
Counter.

1.4. Significance
The information gathered from this research was used to determine the average
amount of fine particles in the air within the F109 test cell. Coarse particulate, or those
larger than 2.5 micrometers can be inhaled, however they typically remain in the nasal
passage. Fine and ultrafine particles; anything smaller than 2.5 micrometers, are more 2

likely to enter the respiratory system and cause health problems (Miake-Lye, 2008). As a
result of determining the air quality impact of operating a test cell, protective measures
can be developed to improve conditions within the current test cell or aid in the design
of any future test cell additions or expansion projects at the Purdue University Airport.
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1.5. Definitions

Aircraft gas turbine engine - Any gas turbine engine used for aircraft propulsion or for
power generation on an aircraft, including those commonly called turbojet, turbofan,
turboprop, or turboshaft type engines (ARP 1533 Rev. A, 2007).

Deposition - An airborne pollutant that reaches the ground by force of gravity, rain, or
attaching to other particles (Miake-Lye et al., 2008).

Emission and Dispersion Modeling System – EDMS- A complex source microcomputer
model designed to assess the air quality impacts of proposed airport development
projects (p.1) (Federal Aviation Administration, 2011).

Elemental carbon - The refractory carbon found in combustion-generated particulate
matter; also known as graphitic carbon (AIR6037, 2010). 3

Engine exit plane - Any point within the area of the engine exhaust nozzle at an axial
distance within 0.5 diameters (or equivalent, if not circular) downstream from the outer
edge of the nozzle (AIR6037, 2010).

Hazardous Air Pollutants – HAP’s - 188 pollutants that the Clean Air Act Amendments of
1990 required the EPA to regulate (Essama et al., 2008).