Comparing Democracies 2: New Challenges in the Study of Elections and Voting

280 Pages·2002·3.024 MB·English

by  Lawrence LeDuc, Richard G. (Gene) Niemi, Pippa Norris

2
Comparing Democracies

2
Comparing Democracies
edited by
Lawrence LeDuc •• Richard G. Niemi •• Pippa Norris
SAGE Publications
London • Thousand Oaks • New Delhi
Chapter 1 © Lawrence LeDuc, Richard G. Niemi, Pippa Norris 2002
Chapter 2 © André Blais and Louis Massicotte 2002
Chapter 3 © Lawrence LeDuc 2002
Chapter 4 © Peter Mair 2002
Chapter 5 © Reuven Y. Hazan 2002
Chapter 6 © Pippa Norris 2002
Chapter 7 © Mark N. Franklin 2002
Chapter 8 © William L. Miller and Richard G. Niemi 2002
Chapter 9 © Russell J. Dalton 2002
Chapter 10 © Larry Diamond 2002
First published 2002
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication data
A catalogue record for this book is available
from the British Library
ISBN 0 7619 7222 6
ISBN 0 7619 7223 4 (pbk)
Library of Congress Control Number 2001 135327
Typeset by SIVA Math Setters, Chennai, India
Printed in Great Britain by Biddles Ltd, Guildford, Surrey
Contents
List of Figures vii
List of Tables viii
Acknowledgments x
1 Introduction: Comparing Democratic Elections 1
Lawrence LeDuc, Richard G. Niemi and
Pippa Norris
2 Electoral Systems 40
André Blais and Louis Massicotte
3 Referendums and Initiatives: The Politics of
Direct Democracy 70
Lawrence LeDuc
4 Comparing Party Systems 88
Peter Mair
5 Candidate Selection 108
Reuven Y. Hazan
6 Campaign Communications 127
Pippa Norris
7 The Dynamics of Electoral Participation 148
Mark N. Franklin
8 Voting: Choice, Conditioning, and Constraint 169
William L. Miller and Richard G. Niemi
9 Political Cleavages, Issues, and Electoral Change 189
Russell J. Dalton
10 Consolidating Democracies 210
Larry Diamond
vi COMPARING DEMOCRACIES 2
Bibliography 228
About the Contributors 255
Author Index 258
Subject Index 264
List of Figures
1.1 Democracy and Development, mid-1970s and 2000 4
2.1 A Typology of Electoral Systems (Presidential) 44
2.2 A Typology of Electoral Systems (Legislative) 46
2.3 A Typology of Thresholds in List Proportional
Representation Systems 52
3.1 Worldwide Use of the Referendum in the Twentieth Century 71
3.2 Forms and Variations of the Referendum 75
3.3 Elements Leading Towards Stability or Volatility
in Referendum Voting 79
3.4 Categorizing Selected Referendum Campaigns by
Degree of Volatility 81
5.1 Candidacy and Party Selectorates in Candidate Selection 113
5.2 Candidate Selectorates and Party Cohesion 120
6.1 Model of Campaign Communications 128
7.1 Average Turnout over Five-year Periods for 23 Countries
since 1945 151
9.1 Trends in Class Voting 193
9.2 The Overall Level of Class Voting 194
9.3 The Overall Level of Religious Voting 197
List of Tables
1.1 Major Democracies of the World 7
1.2 Electoral Systems of 58 Democracies 10
1.3 Electoral Procedures and Voting Turnout in 58 Democracies 13
1.4 Recent Election Results for 58 Democracies 16
2.1 Distribution of Seats by the Three Highest
Averages Methods 49
2.2 Distribution of Seats by the Two Largest Remainders
Methods 50
3.1 Frequency of National Referendums in 39 Democracies,
1975–2000 73
3.2 Selected Turnout Comparisons—Referendums and
General Elections 83
3.3 Reported Time of Vote Decision in Ten Referendums 84
4.1 Types of Party Systems 90
4.2 Closed and Open Structures of Competition 99
5.1 Percentage of Women Legislators in the Lower House 116
5.2 Democratizing Candidate Selection in National
Legislative Elections 118
5.3 Democratizing Party Leadership Selection 124
6.1 Access to the Mass Media in Democratic Nations 130
6.2 Typology of the Evolution of Campaign Communications 135
6.3 Campaign Communication Regulation in OECD Nations,
Mid-1990s 144
7.1 Average Turnout (%) in Free Elections to the Lower House
in 40 Countries, 1961–1999 150
7.2 Average Turnout (%) for Different Groups of Individuals in
23 Countries 152
7.3 Effects on Individual-level Electoral Participation in
23 Countries 155
7.4 Three Models Explaining Turnout in 25–31 Countries,
1960–1985 159
LIST OF TABLES ix
7.5 Two Models Explaining Turnout Variations in
31 Countries, 1945–1999 162
9.1 The Relationship between Social Characteristics and
Party Preferences 198
9.2 Correlations between Attitudes and Party Preferences,
1990–1991 204
9.3 Social Cleavages and Party Preferences in Eastern Europe 207
10.1 Trends in Electoral Democracies, 1974: 1988–2000 211
10.2 Support for the Current Regime in Post-Communist States 216
10.3 Rejection of All Authoritarian Alternatives in
Post-Communist States 217
10.4 Democratic Legitimacy in Latin America 219
10.5 Satisfaction with Democracy in Latin America 220