Comparative studies of aerobic and anaerobic landfills using simulated landfill lysimeters

2005·8 MB·English

by  Kim, Hwidong

COMPARATIVESTUDIESOFAEROBICANDANAEROBICLANDFILLS
USINGSIMULATEDLANDFILLLYSIMETERS
By
HWIDONGKIM
ADISSERTATIONPRESENTEDTOTHEGRADUATESCHOOL
OFTHEUNIVERSITYOFFLORIDAFNPARTIALFULFILLMENT
OFTHEREQUIREMENTSFORTHEDEGREEOF
DOCTOROFPHILOSOPHY
UNIVERSITYOFFLORIDA
2005
Copyright2005
by
HwidongKim
Thisdocumentisdedicatedtomyparentsandlovingwife
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Iwouldliketothankmyadvisor,Dr.TimothyG.Townsend,forshowingsuch
greatpatienceasamentor.Hegavemethisgreatopportunitytostudyonthefieldof
solidwaste.Healsoshowedmethewayoflivingasanengineer,professor,andafamily
man.IcannotforgethistearswhenMr.Townsendpassedaway.Iwouldalsoliketo
thankmycommitteemembers,Dr.AngelaLindner,Dr.FrankTownsendandDr.Roger
Nordstedt,andmyotherspectacularfacultymembers,Dr.DavidChynoweth,Dr.Gabriel
BittonandDr.MatthewBooth,whogavemegreathelp.
IwishtothankmycolleaguesintheSolidandHazardousWasteResearchgroup,in
particular,BrajeshDubey,QiyongXu,KimCochran,SteveMusson,AaronJordan,
PradeepJain,JaehakKo,MuratSemiz,JuddLarson,andYong-ChulJang,afaculty
memeberofChung-NamUniversityinSouthKorea.Ialsothanksgoestomyfirstmentor
andgraduateadvisor,professor,Byung-KiHur,afacultyofInhaUniversityinSouth
Korea.
Aspecialthanksgoestomymotheraswellasmyfather,whoisfightingagainst
disease.Finally,greatestthanksgotomywife,EunkyoungChoi,forherpatience,
encouragement,andlove.
iv
TABLEOFCONTENTS
page
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iv
LISTOFTABLES viii
LISTOFFIGURES x
CHAPTERS
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 ProblemStatement 1
1.2 Objectives 2
1.3 ResearchApproach 3
1.4 OutlineofDissertation 5
2. COMPARATIVESTUDIESOFLEACHATEANDGASQUALITYOF
AEROBICANDANAEROBICSIMULATEDLANDFILLBIOREACTORS 6
2.1Introduction 6
2.2 MaterialandMethods 7
2.2.1 GeneralDescriptionoftheLysimeter 7
2.2.2 TemperatureControl 8
2.2.3 FabricatedWasteStream 9
2.2.4 AirInjection 10
2.2.5 LeachateandGasAnalysis 10
2.2.6 RecoveryoftheAnaerobicLysimeters 11
2.2.7 PredictionofWasteMassLoss 12
2.3 ResultsandDiscussion 12
2.3.1 pH 13
2.3.2 OrganicCarbonConcentration 14
2.3.3 Nitrogen 16
2.3.4 DissolvedSolidsContent 17
2.3.5 Oxidation-ReductionConditions 18
2.3.7 GasQuality 19
2.4 Discussion 20
2.4.1 DifferencesbetweenAerobicandAnaerobicLysimeters 20
2.4.2 TheComparisonofLeachateParameterswithOtherStudies 21
2.4.3 ImplicationsforFull-scaleApplication 22
v
2.4.4 Limitations 23
2.5 Conclusions 24
3. THEFATEOFHEAVYMETALSINSIMULATEDLANDFILL
BIOREACTORSUNDERAEROBICANDANAEROBICCONDITIONS 47
3.1 Introduction 47
3.2 MaterialsandMethods 48
3.2.1 HeavyMetalSourcesinSyntheticWaste 48
3.2.2 SamplingMethods 49
3.2.3 AnalyticalMethods 49
3.3 ResultsandDiscussions 50
3.3.1 ChangesinMetalConcentrationsversusTimeandthePercentageof
MassLoss 50
3.3.1.1 Aluminum 50
3.3.1.2 Arsenic 51
3.3.1.3 Chromium 53
3.3.1.4 Copper 54
3.3.1.5 Lead 56
3.3.1.6 Iron 57
3.3.1.7 ManganeseandZinc 58
3.3.2 OrganicWastesasAbsorbentsofHeavyMetals 59
3.4 Discussion 61
3.4.1 OverallComparisonofMetalBehavior 61
3.4.2 ComparisontoOtherStudies 63
3.4.3 ImplicationforDisposalofHeavyMetals 65
3.4.4 TheImpactofAironMetalMobility 66
3.5 Conclusions 67
4. THEEVALUATIONOFLIGNOCELLULOSICWASTEDECOMPOSITIONOF
AEROBICANDANAEROBICSIMULATEDLANDFILLS 95
4.1Introduction 95
4.2 MaterialsandMethods 97
4.2.1 CompositionofFabricatedWaste 97
4.2.2 ExcavationandProcessingofDecomposedSolidWaste 97
4.2.3 MethaneYieldDetermination 98
4.2.4 CelluloseandLigninDetermination 100
4.2.5 DataAnalysis 101
4.3 Results 101
4.3.1 MethaneYieldofRawWaste 101
4.3.2 SolidWasteExcavation 102
4.3.2 MassLossforIndividualComponents 103
4.3.3 BiodegradabilityofExcavatedWastes 104
4.3.4 BiodegradabilityofWoodWaste 105
4.4 Discussion 106
4.5 Conclusions 108
vi
5. LANDFILLSETTLEMENTBEHAVIORWITHWASTEDECOMPOSITION 119
5.1 Introduction 119
5.2 MaterialsandMethods 120
5.2.1 Lysimeters 120
5.2.2 ApplicationofOverburdenPressure 121
5.2.3 CompressionIndexandPhaseSeparateMethod 122
5.2.4 EstimationofMassLoss 123
5.2.5 VolumeLossversusMassLoss 124
5.3 Results 125
5.3.1 SettlementBehavioroverTime 125
5.3.2 TheRelationshipbetweenTheSettlementandMassLoss 126
5.3.3 UltimateSettlement 127
5.4 Discussion 127
5.4.1 CompressionIndex 127
5.4.2 CorrelationofMassLossandVolumeLoss 128
5.4.3 Application 129
5.5 Conclusions 131
6. SUMMARYANDCONCLUSIONS 141
6.1Summary 141
6.2 TheImplicationofThisResearch 143
6.3 Conclusions 145
6.4 FutureWork 147
APPENDIX
A. ADDITIONALPROCEDURESANDCONCEPTS 149
A.1 PredictionofMassLossbyGasandLeachate 149
A.2 EstimationofBiodegradableVolatileSolids(BVS) 152
A.3 LysimeterDismantlement 153
B. SUPPLEMENTALFIGURES 159
C. LYSIMETEREXPERIMENT-RAWDATAANDGRAPHS 169
C.l Graphs 169
C.2 RawData 189
LISTOFREFERENCES 219
BIOGRAPHICALSKETCH 231
vii
LISTOFTABLES
Table page
2-1.MSWcomponents 25
2-2.Parametersandmethodsforanalysis 26
2-3.Comparisonofinitialandfinalcharacteristicsoftheaerobiclysimeters 27
2-4.Comparisonofinitialandfinalcharacteristicsoftheanaerobiclysimeters 28
2-5.Comparisonofleachateparameterswithotheraerobiclandfillstudies 29
2-6.Comparisonofleachateparameterswithotheranaerobiclandfillstudies 29
3-1.Heavymetalsourcesinfabricatedwastestream 69
3-2.Resultsofstatisticalanalysisofmetalleachedbetweenaerobicandanaerobic 69
3-3.Theamountofleachateproducedandusedforanalysis 69
3-4.LeachabilityofAs,Cr,andCu 70
3-5.Comparisonofcumulativemassofmetaldissolvedinleachateandadsorbedon
lignocellulosicmaterials 70
3-6.Comparisonofaveragemetalconcentrationsoftheaerobicandanaerobic
lysimeterswithMSWleachateandregulatorylevels 71
3-7.ComparisonofcharacteristicsofCCA-treatedwoodusedforJambeck(2004)and
thisstudy 71
4-1.Methaneyields,VSandmassfractionofthelignocellulosicmaterialsinraw
waste 109
4-2.ComparisonofmethaneyieldsofMSWwithotherstudies 109
4-3.Biodegradablevolatilesolid(BVS)oforganicfractionoftherawwaste 109
4-4.Thephysicalcharacteristicsofexcavatedwaste 110
4-5.Overallmethaneyieldsofwastelayersofthelysimeters2and4 Ill
viii
4-6.Summaryofcelluloseandlignincontentofthewoodsamples 112
5-1.(Ca)minand(Ca)maxvaluesoflys1through4 132
5-2.kvaluesofaerobicandanaerobiclysimeters 132
5-3.Comparisonofcompressindicesbetweencurrentstudyandotherstudies 133
A-l.Actualmasslossandpredictedvaluesoftheaerobicandanaerobiclysimeter 155
A-2.Massanddensityofwastesexcavatedbydepth 155
C-l.pHoftheaerobicandanaerobiclysimeters 189
C-2.Conductivityoftheaerobicandanaerobiclysimeters 192
C-3.Alkalinityofaerobicandanaerobiclysimeters 194
C-4.Totaldissolvedsolids(TDS)ofaerobicandanaerobiclysimeters 196
C-5.Totalorganiccontents(TOC)ofaerobicandanaerobiclysimeter 197
C-6.Chemicaloxygendemand(COD)ofaerobicandanaerobiclysimeter 199
C-l.NH3+-Nconcentrationsofaerobicandanaerobiclysimeters 201
C-8.Sulfideconcentrationsofaerobicandanaerobiclysimeters 203
C-9.Volatilefattyacids(VFA)oflysimeter1 205
C-10.Volatilefattyacids(VFA)oflysimeter2 206
C-l1.Volatilefattyacids(VFA)oflysimeter3 207
C-12.Volatilefattyacids(VFA)oflysimeter4 209
C-l3.Fabricatedwasteinlysimeters 211
C-l4.Metalconcentrationsoflysimeter1 212
C-l5.Metalconcentrationsoflysimeter2 213
C-l6.Metalconcentrationsoflysimeter3 214
C-l7.Metalconcentrationsoflysimeter4 216
C-l8.ANOVAresultsofmetalsandorganicabsorbence 218
ix
LISTOFFIGURES
Figure Eage
2-1.Schematicofthelysimeter 30
2-2.Thecompositionoffabricatedmunicipalsolidwasteforthisresearch 31
2-3.ComparisonofpHbetweenaerobicandanaerobiclysimetersversustime 32
2-4.ChangesinCODofaerobicandanaerobiclysimetersversustime 33
2-5.ChangesinBODofaerobicandanaerobiclysimetersversustime 34
2-6.ChangesinVFAsofaerobicandanaerobiclysimetersversustime(A)aceticacid
onlyand(B)aceticacid,propionicacidandbutyricacid 36
2-7ChangesintheratioBOD/CODoftheaerobicandanaerobiclysimetersovertime..37
2-8.Changesinammoniaconcentrationsversustime 38
2-9.ChangesinTDSoftheaerobicandanaerobiclysimetersversustime 39
2-11.ChangesinsulfideandpHversustime 41
2-12.Thechangesinsulfateandsulfideversustimeinthepresenceofdissolved
oxygen 42
2-13.Thechangesinairinjectionrateandgasconcentrationsofaerobiclysimeter 43
2-14.Changesingasconcentrationsofanaerobiclysimeter4 44
2-15.Cumulativebiogasvs.daysinaerobicandanaerobiclysimeters 45
2-16.Changesingasconcentrations,pHandgasgenerationrateafterairinjectioninto
lysimeter3 46
3-1.ChangesofAlconcentrationsovertime 72
3-2.ChangesofAsconcentrationsovertime 73
3-3.ChangesofCrconcentrationsovertime 74
x