Comparative Responses to Globalization: Experiences of British and Japanese Enterprises PDF
Preview Comparative Responses to Globalization: Experiences of British and Japanese Enterprises
The Palgrave Macmillan Comparative Responses to Globalization Experiences of British and Japanese Enterprises Edited by Maki Umemura and Rika Fujioka Comparative Responses to Globalization AlsobyMakiUmemura THEJAPANESEPHARMACEUTICALINDUSTRY:ItsEvolutionandCurrent Challenges Comparative Responses to Globalization Experiences of British and Japanese Enterprises Editedby Maki Umemura CardiffUniversity,UK and Rika Fujioka KansaiUniversity,Japan Selectionandeditorialcontent©MakiUmemuraandRikaFujioka2013 Individualchapters©thecontributors2013 Softcoverreprintofthehardcover1stedition2013 978–1–137–26362–9 Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthis publicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission. Noportionofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedortransmitted savewithwrittenpermissionorinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,orunderthetermsofanylicence permittinglimitedcopyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency, SaffronHouse,6–10KirbyStreet,LondonEC1N8TS. Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorizedactinrelationtothispublication maybeliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivilclaimsfordamages. Theauthorshaveassertedtheirrightstobeidentifiedastheauthorsofthis workinaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Firstpublished2013by PALGRAVEMACMILLAN PalgraveMacmillanintheUKisanimprintofMacmillanPublishersLimited, registeredinEngland,companynumber785998,ofHoundmills,Basingstoke, HampshireRG216XS. PalgraveMacmillanintheUSisadivisionofStMartin’sPressLLC, 175FifthAvenue,NewYork,NY10010. PalgraveMacmillanistheglobalacademicimprintoftheabovecompanies andhascompaniesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld. Palgrave®andMacmillan®areregisteredtrademarksintheUnitedStates, theUnitedKingdom,Europeandothercountries. ISBN 978-1-349-44265-2 ISBN 978-1-137-26363-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137263636 Thisbookisprintedonpapersuitableforrecyclingandmadefromfully managedandsustainedforestsources.Logging,pulpingandmanufacturing processesareexpectedtoconformtotheenvironmentalregulationsofthe countryoforigin. AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 Contents ListofFiguresandTables vii Acknowledgements ix ListofContributors x NotesonConventions xi 1 Introduction–ComparativePerspectivesonGlobalization: HistoricalReflectionsonBritishandJapaneseEnterprises 1 MakiUmemura 2 AnEmpireofGoods?GroceriesinEighteenth-Century England 23 JonStobart 3 GlobalizationandVoluntaryConsensusStandardization intheBritishWireIndustry,1880 45 AashishVelkar 4 TheCityofLondon,BritishEthnicandNational Identities,andInvestmentDecisionsintheAnglophone NewWorld,1860–1914 71 AndrewSmith 5 TheGenesisofModernManagementofTechnology:The CaseoftheMeijiCottonSpinningSectorinGlobalization, 1880s–1890s 99 EugeneChoi 6 GlobalizationandFamilyBusiness:TheRenewalof IdemitsuKosan,1990s–2000s 121 MinoruShimamoto 7 Jute,Firm’sSurvival,andBritishIndustrialPolicy: GovernmentActionunderGlobalization 141 CarloMorelli v vi Contents 8 EmergingMarketStrategiesinCompactVehicles:TheCase ofJapaneseAutomakers 159 HiromiShioji 9 ThePressuresofGlobalizationinRetail:ThePathof JapaneseDepartmentStores,1930s–1980s 181 RikaFujioka 10 GlobalizationandChangeintheJapanesePharmaceutical Industry,1990–2010 204 MakiUmemura 11 TheUKPharmaceuticalIndustry:ChallengesinanEraof Globalization 227 JudySlinn Index 245 Figures and Tables Figures 2.1 BillheadofJohnBullofNorthampton,grocer,tea dealer,hopandcheesefactor 27 2.2 BillheadofThomasDaintyofNorthampton,grocer,tea dealer,hopandcheesefactor(c.1835) 28 3.1 Comparisonofexportsofwireproducts 52 8.1 Automarketcompositionbysegment 163 8.2 ToyotacarsalesbymodelinJapan,2008 168 8.3 ToyotacarsalesbymodelinRussia,2007 169 8.4 ToyotacarsalesbymodelinChina,2009 170 8.5 AveragesalespriceperunitinChina,byautomaker 171 8.6 Pricesofcarmodelsamongdomesticandforeign manufacturersinChina 172 8.7 RelationshipbetweenpercapitaGDPandautomobile density 175 8.8 Globalproductionofautomobiles,1900–2015 177 8.9 Comparisonofautomobilesalesindevelopedand developingcountries 178 9.1 DepartmentstoresalesinJapan,1972–2010(trillionsof yen) 183 9.2 DepartmentstoresalesinJapanduringtheSecond WorldWar(millionsofyen) 187 9.3 ImportsinManchuria,1922–1929(millionsofyen) 188 9.4 SalesatTakashimayaDepartmentStore,1938–1944 (millionsofyen) 190 9.5 Salesgrowthinallretailstoresanddepartmentstoresin Japan,1958–1991(trillionsofyen) 192 10.1 NumberofbioventuresinJapan 215 Tables 2.1 Firstappearanceofplacenamesinlistsofgroceries, c.1670–1820 30 vii viii ListofFiguresandTables 2.2 Placesmentionedinadvertisementsinprovincial newspapers,1740s–1820s 31 2.3 PlacenamesmentionedinthreeEnglishrecipebooks, 1663–1800 33 3.1 Estimatesofdomesticproductionandexportsofwire (UK) 52 8.1 Automakers’reasonsfornon-entryintosmallor low-costvehiclesegments 161 8.2 Automarketsegmentationbyregion 162 8.3 Shareofglobalautosalesbysegment(percent) 163 8.4 ShareofChinaautosalesbysegment(percent) 165 8.5 ShareofIndianautosalesbysegment(percent) 166 8.6 ShareofdomesticandforeignvehiclesinRussia (percent) 166 8.7 Toyota’saverageannualunitsalesperoutletbycountry (vehicles) 172 8.8 SalesofHyundaicarmodelsinRussiaandChina 174 10.1 Leadingpharmaceuticalcompaniesbypharmaceutical sales,1990and2010(billionsofUSdollars) 205 10.2 PharmaceuticalR&DexpendituresfortheUnitedStates andJapan,1975–2005(billionsofUSdollars) 209 10.3 ProfileofbiotechnologyfirmsintheUnitedStates, Europe,andJapan,2009 215 10.4 TopthreepharmaceuticalfirmsinglobalandJapanese markets,2010(billionsofUSdollars) 216 10.5 Numberofexaminersintherespectivedrug-evaluation agencies 217 10.6 NumberofJapanesefirmsexpandingoverseas 218 Acknowledgements ThisbookistheoutcomeofaninternationalprojectbetweenBritishand Japanesescholarsentitled‘BritishandJapaneseEnterprise;Technology, Knowledge Culture, and the Challenges of Globalisation’. The project wasgenerouslysupportedbytheGreatBritainSasakawaFoundation,the Japan Foundation Endowment Committee, and the Economic History Society. Their support allowed us to hold a workshop in Cardiff, UK, in August 2011. We would like to thank all the contributors for their participation,cooperation,andpatienceinthepreparationofthisbook. Weappreciatethesuggestionsandsupportprovidedbyourcolleagues atCardiffUniversity(UK),OsakaUniversityofEconomics(Japan),and Oxford Institute of Retail Management, University of Oxford (UK). We would like to thank Trevor Boyns and Glenn Morgan for coming totheworkshopandcommentingonthepapers,andJanetRichardsfor heradministrativesupport. Thanks finally to our families for helping us see the project through tocompletion. MakiUmemura,Cardiff,UK RikaFujioka,Osaka,Japan April2012 ix
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