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Comparative Racial Politics in Latin America PDF

377 Pages·2018·8.954 MB·English
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Comparative raCial politiCs in latin ameriCa Latin America has a rich and complex social history marked by slavery, colonialism, dictatorships, rebellions, social movements and revolutions. Comparative Racial Politics in Latin America explores the dynamic interplay between racial politics and hegemonic power in the region. It investigates the fluid intersection of social power and racial pol- itics and their impact on the region’s histories, politics, identities and cultures. Organized thematically with in-depth country case studies and a historical overview of Afro-Latin politics, the volume provides a range of perspectives on Black politics and cutting-edge analyses of Afro-descendant peoples in the region. Regional coverage includes Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Haiti and more. Topics discussed include Afro-Civil Society; antidiscrimination criminal law; legal sanctions; racial identity; racial inequality and labor markets; recent Black electoral participation; Black feminism thought and praxis; comparative Afro-women social movements; the intersection of gender, race and class, immigration and migra- tion; and citizenship and the struggle for human rights. Recognized experts in different disciplinary fields address the depth and complexity of these issues. Comparative Racial Politics in Latin America contributes to and builds on the study of Black politics in Latin America. Kwame Dixon is an Associate Professor of Political Science at Howard University, who did his undergraduate work at the University of South Florida and received his Ph.D. from Clark-Atlanta University. He was awarded two Fulbright grants and has done extensive field research and lived in several Latin American countries, including Ecuador, Colombia and Brazil. He is the author of Afro-Politics and Civil Society in Salva- dor da Bahia (University Press of Florida, 2016) and coeditor of Comparative Perspectives on Afro Latin America (University Press of Florida, 2012). He teaches courses on Interna- tional Human Rights, Latin American Politics and Comparative Racial Politics. Ollie A. Johnson III is Chair and Associate Professor in the Department of African American Studies at Wayne State University. He is the coeditor of Race, Politics, and Education in Brazil: Affirmative Action in Higher Education (2015). He also authored Bra- zilian Party Politics and the Coup of 1964 and coedited Black Political Organizations in the Post-Civil Rights Era. Professor Johnson received his Ph.D. in Political Science from the University of California at Berkeley. His current research focuses on African American, Afro-Brazilian and Afro-Latin American Politics. ‘Comparative Racial Politics in Latin America is an exemplary work that brings together scholarship focusing on black movement activism as articulated by Afro-descendant men and women, against persistent inequalities. Afro-descendant women have been at the forefront of articulating the needs of black citizenship. This book will be a great resource for activists, scholars, and students interested in black activ- ism and policy changes in Latin America.’ —Gladys Mitchell-Walthour, Assistant Professor in the Department of Africology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee ‘Located at the cutting edge of the current wave of research on black- ness in Latin America, the stellar cast of contributors assembled by Dixon and Johnson in this book provides an outstanding overview of racial politics in Latin America and the Caribbean. Its breadth of cov- erage and the penetratingly critical stance adopted by its contributors make the book required reading for students and scholars alike.’ —Peter Wade, Professor of Social Anthropology, University of Manchester ‘This volume ably brings together established and emergent scholars to trace historical and contemporary patterns of black political mobi- lization in Latin America.’ —Juliet Hooker, Professor of Political Science, Brown University Comparative raCial politiCs in latin ameriCa Edited by Kwame Dixon and Ollie A. Johnson III First published 2019 by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 and by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2019 Taylor & Francis The right of Kwame Dixon and Ollie A. Johnson III to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this title has been requested ISBN: 978-1-138-72702-1 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-138-48530-3 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-19106-5 (ebk) Typeset in Bembo by codeMantra Contents List of Figures viii List of Tables x Notes on Contributors xii Acknowledgments xvi Introduction: Comparative Racial Politics in Latin America – Black Politics Matter 1 Kwame Dixon and Ollie A. Johnson III part i History 15 1 Beyond Representation: Rethinking Rights, Alliances and Migrations: Three Historical Themes in Afro-Latin American Political Engagement 17 Darién J. Davis 2 Recognition, Reparations and Political Autonomy of Black and Native Communities in the Americas 44 Bernd Reiter 3 Pan-Africanism and Latin America 64 Elisa Larkin Nascimento vi Contents part ii the Caribbean 87 4 Black Activism and the State in Cuba 89 Danielle Pilar Clealand 5 Correcting Intellectual Malpractice: Haiti and Latin America 111 Jean-Germain Gros 6 Black Feminist Formations in the Dominican Republic since La Sentencia 139 April J. Mayes part iii south america 161 7 Afro-Ecuadorian Politics 163 Carlos de la Torre and Jhon Antón Sánchez 8 En la Sucursal del Cielo (In the Branch of Paradise): Geographies of Privilege and Black Social Suffering in Cali, Colombia 183 Jaime Amparo Alves and Aurora Vergara-Figueroa 9 The Impossible Black Argentine Political Subject 211 Judith M. Anderson 10 Current Representations of ‘Black’ Citizens: Contentious Visibility within the Multicultural Nation 229 Laura de la Rosa Solano part iv Comparative perspectives 247 11 The Contours and Contexts of Afro-Latin American Women’s Activism 249 Kia Lilly Caldwell 12 Race and the Law in Latin America 271 Tanya Katerí Hernández Contents vii 13 The Labyrinth of Ethnic–Racial Inequality: A Picture of Latin America According to the Recent Census Rounds 288 Marcelo Paixão and Irene Rossetto 14 The Millennium Development Goals/Sustainable Development Goals and Afro-Descendants in the Americas: An (Un)intended Trap 318 Paula Lezama Conclusion 344 Kwame Dixon and Ollie A. Johnson III Index 349 Figures 4.1 Experiences with discrimination 100 4.2 Group consciousness and awareness 103 4.3 Black organizing 103 8.1 Housing discrimination in Colombia ‘Apartment for renting, but not for Blacks’ 194 8.2 Picture of ‘The most powerful women of Cali’, by Hola Newspaper 194 8.3 Corridor of wealth 195 8.4 Poorer areas of the city 196 8.5 Frequency of homicides 198 8.6 Homicides by boroughs in 2010 201 8.7 Afro-descendant population by boroughs 205 9.1 African Diaspora Working Group (ADWG) meeting 214 9.2 Grupo de Estudios Afro-Latino Americanos (GEALA) poster by Darío la Vega 222 9.3 Obaca by FansWorld TV 223 10.1 The answer is Colombia postcard 230 10.2 Couple of dancers. Photo from El Universal 239 10.3 Palenqueras. Photo from the website Noticartagena 240 10.4 A palenquera woman in a postcard celebrating the Colombian Independence Day. Fonturcol 240 10.5 Black man dressed as a slave, Cartagena Tourism Corporation stand at the 31st Anato show 241 10.6 Two women dressed as the India Catalina and the palenquera, Cartagena Tourism Corporation stand at the 31st Anato show 242 14.1 Millennium development goals 319 14.2 Sustainable development goals 319 Figures ix 14.3 Percentage of country population that is low income 325 14.4 Percentage of country population that is middle income 326 14.5 Percentage of country population that is upper-middle income 327 14.6 Percentage of country population that is high income 328 14.7 Racial and ethnic wealth gaps have grown since the Great Depression median net worth of households in dollars, 2013 329 14.8 Poverty rates of Afro-Descendants versus non–Afro/non– indigenous population in selected countries, 2014 333 14.9 Brazil’s income distribution – market, disposable and consumable income – by racial/ethnic membership, 2008–2009 334 14.10 Proportion of undernourished people, 1990–1992 and 2014–2016 337 14.11 Relation between poverty and global and chronic malnutrition for children under five years old, mid-1990s. Nine countries, national averages 338 14.12 Unemployment rate and average school attainment by group age, gender and ethnic/racial membership, 2014 340

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