Comparative Physiology, Natural Animal Models and Clinical Medicine: Insights into Clinical Medicine from Animal Adaptations PDF
Preview Comparative Physiology, Natural Animal Models and Clinical Medicine: Insights into Clinical Medicine from Animal Adaptations
Comparative Physiology, Natural Animal Models and Clinical Medicine Insights into Clinical Medicine from Animal Adaptations TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk Comparative Physiology, Natural Animal Models and Clinical Medicine Insights into Clinical Medicine from Animal Adaptations Michael A Singer Faculty of Medicine, Queen’s University, Canada Imperial College Press ICP Published by Imperial College Press 57 Shelton Street Covent Garden London WC2H 9HE Distributed by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. 5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224 USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601 UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY, NATURAL ANIMAL MODELS AND CLINICAL MEDICINE Insights into Clinical Medicine from Animal Adaptations Copyright © 2007 by Imperial College Press All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the Publisher. For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher. ISBN-13978-1-86094-782-7 ISBN-101-86094-782-4 Typeset by Stallion Press Email: [email protected] Printed in Singapore. JQuek - ComparativePhysiology.pmd 1 8/29/2007, 3:53 PM June19,2007 b484 fm ComparativePhysiology,NaturalAnimalModelsandClinicalMedicine Thisbookisdedicatedto thelateHowardS.Frazier; mentor,teacherandfriend. v June19,2007 b484 fm ComparativePhysiology,NaturalAnimalModelsandClinicalMedicine TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk June19,2007 b484 fm ComparativePhysiology,NaturalAnimalModelsandClinicalMedicine Contents Acknowledgements xi Introduction xiii Chapter1 DiabetesMellitus 1 Introduction 1 BloodGlucoseValuesinBirds 2 DoBirdsSufferAdverseConsequencesfromaHigh BloodGlucoseConcentration 5 AnatomicandPhysiologicDesignFeatures 6 ConcludingRemarksandFutureResearch 26 References 31 Chapter2 ChronicRenalFailure 40 Introduction 40 MetabolicRateandRenalFunction 42 NitrogenandUreaMetabolismandProteinTurnover 44 AdditionalAspectsofRenalFailure 56 NaturalAnimalModel 57 BearandSmallMammalHibernators 64 ConcludingRemarksandFutureDirections 66 References 70 vii June19,2007 b484 fm ComparativePhysiology,NaturalAnimalModelsandClinicalMedicine viii Contents Chapter3 AtheroscleroticVascularDisease 78 Introduction 78 AtherosclerosisinMammals 79 BiologyoftheArterialSystem:Implicationsforthe GenesisofAtherosclerosisinMammals 83 GenesisofAtheroscleroticLesions 88 NaturalAnimalModel:TheFish 89 FishCoronaryCirculation 90 FishCoronaryArteryThickenings 91 GenesisofFishLesions 94 BiomechanicalFactorsinFish 94 DietaryInfluencesandRoleofCholesterolinFish 96 BiologyoftheVascularSmoothMuscleinFish 99 ConcludingRemarks:WhatCanWeLearnFromthe FishasaNaturalModel? 99 References 102 Chapter4 DisuseOsteoporosisandDisuseMuscleAtrophy 107 DisuseOsteoporosis 108 DisuseMuscleAtrophy 126 References 143 Chapter5 AmmoniaToxicity 149 AmmoniaToleranceandMetabolism 149 BrainAmmoniaMetabolism 157 GlutamatergicNeurons 159 Glutamate,aNeurotransmitterandthe “Glutamate-Glutamine”Cycle 160 MechanismofAmmoniaNeurotoxicity 164 EffectsonBrainEnergyMetabolism 169 EffectsonGlutamatergicSynapses 171 AmmoniaandtheFishCentralNervousSystem 175 Summary 181 References 183 Chapter6 Hypoxia/Ischemia 190 CerebralBloodFlow:ItsRegulation 191 BrainEnergyMetabolism 195 June19,2007 b484 fm ComparativePhysiology,NaturalAnimalModelsandClinicalMedicine Contents ix OxygenandOxygen/GlucoseDeprivationand theBrain 199 NaturalAnimalModels 230 ConcludingRemarksandFutureDirections 245 References 254 Epilogue 261 References 266 Index 267
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