Comparative Perspectives on Afro-Latin America PDF
Preview Comparative Perspectives on Afro-Latin America
Comparative Perspectives on Afro-Latin America University Press of florida Florida A&M University, Tallahassee Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton Florida Gulf Coast University, Ft. Myers Florida International University, Miami Florida State University, Tallahassee New College of Florida, Sarasota University of Central Florida, Orlando University of Florida, Gainesville University of North Florida, Jacksonville University of South Florida, Tampa University of West Florida, Pensacola This page intentionally left blank Comparative Perspectives on Afro-Latin America Edited by Kwame Dixon and John Burdick ForEworD By HowarD winant University Press of florida Gainesville Tallahassee Tampa Boca Raton Pensacola Orlando Miami Jacksonville Ft. Myers Sarasota Copyright 2012 by Kwame Dixon and John Burdick Printed in the United States of America. This book is printed on Glatfelter Natures Book, a paper certified under the standards of the Forestry Stewardship Council (FSC). It is a recycled stock that contains 30 percent post-consumer waste and is acid-free. All rights reserved 17 16 15 14 13 12 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Comparative perspectives on Afro-Latin America / edited by Kwame Dixon and John Burdick ; foreword by Howard Winant. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-8130-3756-1 (alk. paper) 1. Blacks—Latin America. 2. Blacks—Caribbean Area. I. Dixon, Kwame. II. Burdick, John, 1959– f1419.n4C65 2012 305.896'08—dc23 2011037509 The University Press of Florida is the scholarly publishing agency for the State University System of Florida, comprising Florida A&M University, Florida Atlantic University, Florida Gulf Coast University, Florida International University, Florida State University, New College of Florida, University of Central Florida, University of Florida, University of North Florida, University of South Florida, and University of West Florida. University Press of Florida 15 Northwest 15th Street Gainesville, FL 32611-2079 http://www.upf.com Contents List of Figures vii Foreword: A New Hemispheric Blackness ix Howard Winant Acknowledgments xv Introduction 1 Kwame Dixon and John Burdick Part 1. BlaCkness and CUltUral differenCe 1. Nurturing Bantu Africanness in Bahia 21 Patricia de Santana Pinho 2. Strategies of the Black Pacific: Music and Diasporic Identity in Peru 42 Heidi Carolyn Feldman 3. Malandreo Negro: Gangsta Rap and the Politics of Exclusion in Venezuela 72 Sujatha Fernandes 4. Performing the African Diaspora in Mexico 93 Angela N. Castañeda 5. Visions of a Nineteenth-Century Cuba: Images of Blacks in the Work of Víctor Patricio de Landaluze 114 Elizabeth Morán Part 2. afro soCial MoveMents and MoBilization 6. Afro-Colombian Social Movements 135 Peter Wade 7. Beyond Citizenship as We Know It: Race and Ethnicity in Afro-Colombian Struggles for Citizenship Equality 156 Bettina Ng’weno 8. Black Activism in Ecuador, 1979–2009 176 Ollie A. Johnson III 9. Afro-Ecuadorian Community Organizing and Political Struggle: Influences on and Participation in Constitutional Processes 198 Jean Muteba Rahier 10. The Black Movement’s Foot Soldiers: Black Women and Neighborhood Struggles for Land Rights in Brazil 219 Keisha-Khan Y. Perry Part 3. state resPonses 11. Social Movements in Latin America: The Power of Regional and National Networks 243 Judith A. Morrison 12. Negotiating Blackness within the Multicultural State: Creole Politics and Identity in Nicaragua 264 Juliet Hooker 13. Todos Somos Iguales, Todos Somos Incas: Dilemmas of Afro-Peruvian Citizenship and Inca Whiteness in Peru 282 Shane Greene 14. Sociology and Racial Inequality: Challenges and Approaches in Brazil 305 Antônio Guimarães 15. Black—but Not Haitian: Color, Class, and Ethnicity in the Dominican Republic 323 Ernesto Sagás List of Contributors 345 Index 349 Figures 2.1. Nicomedes Santa Cruz and his wife, Mercedes Castillo 47 2.2. Nicomedes Santa Cruz’s theory of the African origins of the Peruvian marinera 48 2.3. Victoria Santa Cruz 52 2.4. Poster for the 2000 Black Summer Festival 58 2.5. Hatajos de negritos 59 3.1. Racial cartoon from El Universal 88 3.2. Racial cartoon from El Nacional 89 4.1. Poster for the Afro-Caribbean Festival, 2001 106 4.2. Poster for the Afro-Caribbean Festival, 1998 106 4.3. Poster for the Afro-Caribbean Festival, 2002 107 5.1. Víctor Patricio de Landaluze, En la ausencia (When Nobody Is Around), ca. 1880 119 5.2. Víctor Patricio de Landaluze, José Francisco, ca. 1880 120 5.3. Víctor Patricio de Landaluze, Día de Rey en La Habana (Day of the Magi, Havana), n.d. 124 5.4. Frédéric Mialhe, El Día de Reyes (Day of Kings), 1853 126 5.5. Víctor Patricio de Landaluze, Diablito (Little Devil), n.d. 127 9.1. Map of Ecuador’s traditional Afro-Ecuadorian communities, Esmeraldas and Chota Valley 199 9.2. Afro-Ecuadorian delegation meeting with Alberto Acosta 210 9.3. Outside the president’s office at the Constituent Assembly in Montecristi 211 This page intentionally left blank Foreword a new Hemispheric Blackness When President George W. Bush asked Fernando Henrique Cardoso, then presi- dent of Brazil, “Do you have blacks too?” (Pedreira 2002),1 he was reflecting more than his own provincialism. He was expressing the ignorance of the vast majority of the U.S. population about Afro-Latin America. How many North Americans know that Brazil has the second-highest black population of any country in the world? How many know that of the approximately 15 million Africans who sur- vived the tortures of the Atlantic slave trade, roughly 85 percent were transported to Latin America and the Caribbean (Curtin 1972) and only about 15 percent ar- rived alive in the North American colonies and early United States? How many North Americans know of the vast contributions Afro-Latin Americans have made to the economic, political, and cultural development of the modern world? Economically, Afro-Latinos were the world’s first industrial workers, toiling in the engenhos (sugar factories) of the Brazilian Recôncavo, the Haitian mou- lins (James [1963] 1989), and the Cuban ingenios (Moreno Fraginals 1976) to establish sugar as the world’s most extensively traded international commodity (Mintz 1985). Afro-Latinos were the gold miners, coffee pickers, and plantation workers who made the circulation of capital possible in the sixteenth through the nineteenth centuries. Indeed, Afro-Latino workers also played a major role as the age of import-substitution industrialization dawned in Latin America in the 1930s, especially in São Paulo but in other Latin American metropoles as well (Andrews 1991; see also Andrews 2004). How many are aware of the political centrality of Afro-Latin slave revolu- tions in shaping not only black freedom movements around the world but also in inventing modern anticolonialism and indeed modern democracy and popular sovereignty?2 The first modern anti-imperial movements occurred throughout the Western Hemisphere and depended in large measure on the armed struggles of emancipated (and self-emancipated) slaves of African descent.3 Whole re- gions of Latin America and the Caribbean were liberated territory occupied by cimarrones, maroons, or quilombo communities, quasi–nation-states comprised
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