Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction (2nd ed)

441 Pages·2011·5.74 MB·english

by  Robert S. P. Beekes (Revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan)

Comparative Indo-European Linguistics

Comparative
Indo-European Linguistics
An introduction
Second edition
Robert S.P. Beekes
Revised and corrected by
Michiel de Vaan
John Benjamins Publishing Company
Amsterdam / Philadelphia
TM The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American
8
National Standard for Information Sciences – Permanence of Paper for Printed
Library Materials, ansi z39.48-1984.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Beekes, R. S. P. (Robert Stephen Paul)
[Vergelijkende taalwetenschap. English]
Comparative Indo-European linguistics : an introduction / Robert S.P. Beekes ; revised and
corrected by Michiel de Vaan. -- Rev. ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Indo-European languages--Grammar, Comparative. 2. Comparative linguistics. 3. Historical
linguistics. I. Vaan, Michiel Arnoud Cor de, 1973-
P575.B4413 2011
410--dc23 2011024057
isbn 978 90 272 1186 6 (pb) / isbn 978 90 272 1185 9 (hb) (alk. paper)
isbn 978 90 272 8500 3 (eb)
© 2011 – John Benjamins B.V.
No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other
means, without written permission from the publisher.
John Benjamins Publishing Co. · P.O. Box 36224 · 1020 me Amsterdam · The Netherlands
John Benjamins North America · P.O. Box 27519 · Philadelphia pa 19118-0519 · usa
Table of contents
Preface xv
Preface to the Second Edition xix
List of Abbreviations xxi
Languagesxxi
Otherabbreviationsxxii
Transcription xxiii
List of Exercises xxiv
Part I. General section 1
chapter1
Introduction 3
1.1 Historicalandcomparativelinguistics3
1.2 Comparativelinguistics3
1.3 Thelanguagefamiliesoftheworld5
 1.3.1 TheOldWorld5
 1.3.2 TheNewWorld8
chapter2
The Indo-European Family of Languages 11
2.1 Thegenesisofcomparativelinguistics11
2.2 ThediscoveryoftheIndo-Europeanfamilyoflanguages13
2.3 TheIndo-Europeanlanguages17
 2.3.1 Indo-Iranian17
 2.3.2 Tocharian19
 2.3.3 Armenian20
 2.3.4 TheAnatolianlanguages20
 2.3.5 Phrygian22
 2.3.6 Balto-Slavic22
 2.3.7 Thracian23
 2.3.8 Macedonian23
– v –
vi Comparative Indo-European Linguistics
 2.3.9 Greek24
 2.3.10 Illyrian24
 2.3.11 Messapian25
 2.3.12 Albanian25
 2.3.13 Venetic25
 2.3.14 Italic25
 2.3.15 Celtic27
 2.3.16 Lusitanian28
 2.3.17 Germanic28
 2.3.18 Summary30
2.4 ThesplittingupofProto-Indo-European;dialects30
2.5 Indo-Uralic;theNostratictheory31
chapter3
The Culture and Origin of the Indo-Europeans 35
3.1 ThecultureoftheIndo-Europeans35
 3.1.1 Materialculture35
 3.1.2 Organizationandreligion39
3.2 Poetry42
 3.2.1 AnIndo-Europeanpoeticlanguage42
 3.2.2 Indo-Europeanmetrics43
3.3 ThearrivaloftheIndo-Europeans45
3.4 TheoriginoftheIndo-Europeans48
chapter4
Sound Change 55
4.1 Thesoundlaw:The‘Ausnahmslosigkeit’55
4.2 Sporadicsoundchanges57
4.3 Thesoundlaws:Placeandtime(isoglossesandrelativechronology)58
4.4 Thesoundlaw:Conditioning58
4.5 Thesoundlaw:Formulation60
4.6 Phonemicizationofchanges60
4.7 Typesofsoundchangeandthephonemicsystem61
4.8 Phoneticclassificationofsoundchanges:Consonants63
 4.8.1 Assimilation63
 4.8.2 Deletion64
 4.8.3 Insertion64
 4.8.4 Dissimilation64
 4.8.5 Metathesis64
4.9 Phoneticclassificationofsoundchanges:Shortvowels65
4.10 Phoneticclassificationofsoundchanges:Longvowelsanddiphthongs67
4.11 Causesofsoundchange69
Table of contents vii
Language change
chapter5
Analogy 75
5.1 Introduction75
5.2 Proportionalanalogy75
5.3 Non-proportionalanalogy:Leveling76
5.4 Replacement,secondaryfunctionandsplit78
5.5 Analogyandsoundlaw78
5.6 Modelandmotive79
5.7 Theregularityofanalogy:Direction80
5.8 Theregularityofanalogy:Changeornochange81
5.9 Thelimitsofanalogy82
chapter6
Other Form-Changes 83
6.1 Additions83
6.2 Adoptedforms83
6.3 Thecreationofnewformations84
chapter7
Vocabulary Changes 85
7.1 Introduction85
7.2 Thedisappearanceofoldwordsandtheappearanceofnewones86
7.3 Changesofmeaning:Reductionorexpansionoffeatures88
7.4 Changesofmeaning:Othercases89
7.5 Causes:WörterundSachen90
7.6 Othercauses91
chapter8
Morphological and Syntactic Change 93
8.1 Introduction93
8.2 Morphologicalchange93
 8.2.1 Thedisappearanceofmorphologicalcategories93
 8.2.2 Theriseofnewcategories94
 8.2.3 Change96
8.3 Syntacticchange96
8.4 Causes98
viii Comparative Indo-European Linguistics
Reconstruction
chapter9
Internal Reconstruction 99
9.1 Introduction99
9.2 Examples99
9.3 Vowelalternation(Ablaut)100
9.4 Thelaryngealtheory102
9.5 Theplaceofinternalreconstruction103
chapter10
The Comparative Method 107
10.1 Introduction107
10.2 VoicedstopsinAvestan109
10.3 OCSnebese–Gr.népheos  110
10.4 ThepassiveaoristofIndo-Iranian112
10.5 Themiddleparticiple113
Part II. Comparative Indo-European Linguistics 117
Phonology
chapter11
The Sounds and the Accent 119
11.1 ThePIEphonemicsystem119
11.2 Preliminaryremarksonablaut120
11.3 Thestops121
 11.3.1 Labialsanddentals121
 11.3.2 Palatals,velarsandlabiovelars122
 11.3.3 Thethreevelarseries124
 11.3.4 Centumandsatemlanguages126
 11.3.5 Thevoicelessaspirates127
 11.3.6 Theglottalizedconsonants128
 11.3.7 Grassmann’sandBartholomae’sLaws129
 11.3.8 TheGermanicandtheHighGermansoundshifts130
 11.3.9 Skt.ks ̣—Gr.ktetc.135
11.4 PIE*s137
11.5 Thesonants137
 11.5.1 r,l,m,n,i,uasconsonants;Sievers’Law138
 11.5.2 r, l, m, n, i, uasvowels139
Table of contents ix
11.6 Thevowels141
 11.6.1 Theshortvowels(*e,*o)141
 11.6.2 NoPIE*a 141
 11.6.3 Thelongvowels(*ē,*ō)143
11.7 Thediphthongs143
 11.7.1 Theshortdiphthongs143
 11.7.2 Thelongdiphthongs144
11.8 Thelaryngeals146
 11.8.1 Laryngealbetweenconsonants148
 11.8.2 Laryngealbeforeconsonantatthebeginningoftheword148
 11.8.3 Laryngealbeforevowel148
 11.8.4 Laryngealaftervowelbeforeconsonant149
 11.8.5 Laryngealaftersonant151
 11.8.6 Laryngealbeforesonant152
11.9 Accentuation154
 11.9.1 Introduction154
 11.9.2 TheIndo-Europeanlanguages154
 11.9.3 Sanskrit,GreekandGermanic155
 11.9.4 Balto-Slavic156
 11.9.5 PIEatonelanguage?159
11.10 FromProto-Indo-EuropeantoEnglish162
 11.10.1 Theconsonants163
 11.10.2 Thevowels165
Morphology
chapter12
Introduction 171
12.1 Thestructureofthemorphemes171
 12.1.1 Theroot171
 12.1.2 Thesuffixes172
 12.1.3 Theendings172
 12.1.4 Pronouns,particles,etc.172
 12.1.5 Pre-andinfixes172
 12.1.6 Wordtypes173
12.2 Ablaut174
 12.2.1 Introduction174
 12.2.2 Thenormalseries174
 12.2.3 Ablautwithlaryngeals174