Comparative Government and Politics, 6th Edition (Comparative Government & Polit) PDF
Preview Comparative Government and Politics, 6th Edition (Comparative Government & Polit)
Comparative Government and Politics An Introduction 6th Edition Rod Hague and Martin Harrop Comparative Government and Politics Visit the companion website for this text at: http://www.palgrave.com/politics/hague COMPARATIVE GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS Founding Series Editor: The late Vincent Wright Published Rudy Andeweg and Galen A. Irwin Government and Politics of the Netherlands Nigel Bowles Government and Politics of the United States (2nd edition) Paul Brooker Non-Democratic Regimes: Theory, Government and Politics Robert Elgie Political Leadership in Liberal Democracies Rod Hague and Martin Harrop Comparative Government and Politics (6th edition) Paul Heywood The Government and Politics of Spain B. Guy Peters Comparative Politics: Theories and Methods [Rights: World excluding North America] Tony Saich Governance and Politics of China (2nd edition) Anne Stevens The Government and Politics of France (3rd edition) Ramesh Thakur The Government and Politics of India Forthcoming Judy Batt Government and Politics in Eastern Europe Robert Leonardi Government and Politics in Italy Comparative Government and Politics Series Standing Order ISBN 0–333–71693–0 hardcover ISBN 0–333–69335–3 paperback (outside North America only) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in the case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and an ISBN quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England Comparative Government and Politics An Introduction 6th Edition Rod Hague and Martin Harrop © Rod Hague and Martin Harrop 1982, 1987, 2001, 2004 © Rod Hague, Martin Harrop and Shaun Breslin 1992, 1998 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First edition 1982 Second edition 1987 Third edition 1992 Fourth edition 1998 Fifth edition 2001 Sixth edition 2004 Published by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the new global academic imprint of St. Martin’s Press LLC Scholarly and Reference Division and Palgrave Publishers Ltd (formerly Macmillan Press Ltd). ISBN 1–4039–1314–5 hardcover ISBN 1–4039–1315–3 paperback This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 0 6 05 04 Printed in China Summary of Contents PART I Foundations 1 Politics and government 1 2 The state in a global context 17 3 Democracy 35 4 Authoritarian rule 51 5 The comparative approach 69 PART II Politics and society 6 Political culture 89 7 Political communication 105 8 Political participation 122 PART III Linking society and government 9 Elections and voters 145 10 Interest groups 166 11 Political parties 185 PART IV Government and policy 12 Constitutions and the legal framework 209 13 Federal, unitary and local government 228 14 Legislatures 247 15 The political executive 268 16 The bureaucracy 290 17 The policy process 309 v Contents List of illustrative material viii Comparing institutions, societies and states 75 Preface x Techniques of comparison 79 Key reading 85 PART I Foundations PART II Politics and society 1 Politics and government Politics 3 6 Political culture Government 4 The civic culture 89 Governance 6 Political trust and social capital 90 The state and sovereignty 7 Postmaterialism 93 Nations and nationalism 8 Political culture in new democracies 95 Nations and states 10 Political culture in authoritarian states 96 Power 12 Elite political culture 98 Authority 13 Political socialization 100 Legitimacy 15 Islam and the West 102 Key reading 16 Key reading 104 2 The state in a global context 7 Political communication How the state emerged 17 Development of the mass media 106 The Western state 19 The media: contemporary trends 108 The post-colonial state 21 The media in established democracies 112 The state and international organizations 25 The media in new democracies 115 The state in the global economy 30 Public opinion 116 Key reading 34 The media in authoritarian states 119 Key reading 121 3 Democracy Direct democracy 36 8 Political participation Representative and liberal democrac y 38 Participation in established democracies 122 Waves of democratization 39 Participation in new democracies 124 New democracies 43 Social movements 127 Semi-democracy 46 Participation in authoritarian states 131 Key reading 49 Political violence and terror 134 Revolution 136 4 Authoritarian rule Key reading 141 Traditional authoritarian rule 51 Communist, fascist and military rule 53 The Arab and Muslim worlds 62 PART III Linking society and China in transition 66 government Key reading 68 9 Elections and voters 5 The comparative approach Scope and franchise Why compare? 69 Electoral systems: legislatures 146 The risks of comparison 71 Electoral systems: presidents 154 vi CONTENTS vii Voting behaviour 156 Unitary government 236 Turnout 159 Local government 239 Referendums 160 Subnational government in new Elections in new democracies 163 democracies 244 Elections in authoritarian states 164 Subnational government in authoritarian Key reading 165 states 245 Key reading 246 10 Interest groups Classifying interest groups 167 14 Legislatures Channels of access 169 Structure 248 Iron triangles and issue networks 172 Functions 252 Conditions of influence 175 Recruitment 259 Pluralism and corporatism 177 Legislatures in new democracies 263 Interest groups in new democracies 181 Legislatures in authoritarian states 264 Interest groups in authoritarian states 182 Key reading 267 Key reading 184 15 The political executive 11 Political parties Presidential government 268 Party organization 186 Parliamentary government 274 Selecting candidates and leaders 189 Semi-presidential government 281 Membership and finance 191 The executive in new democracies 284 The social base 193 The executive in authoritarian states 285 Party systems 194 Key reading 289 Parties in new democracies 200 Parties in authoritarian states 201 16 The bureaucracy Key reading 205 Evolution 291 Recruitment 292 Organization 293 PART IV Government and policy Accountability 299 New public management 301 12 Constitutions and the legal framework Bureaucracy in new democracies 303 Constitutions 210 Bureaucracy in authoritarian states 304 Judicial review and constitutional courts 212 Key reading 307 Judicial activism, independence and recruitment 216 17 The policy process Administrative law 221 Stages of the policy process 309 Law in new democracies 223 Public policy in established democracies 315 Law in authoritarian states 224 Public policy in new democracies 319 International law 225 Public policy in authoritarian states 322 Key reading 227 Key reading 324 13 Federal, unitary and local government Federalism 228 Appendix: list of boxes 325 Federal-state relations 231 References 326 Assessing federalism 235 Index 348 List of illustrative material Maps 11.1 Falling party membership in some Map of the world xii European democracies, 1960–99 192 4.1 Post-communist Eastern Europe and 13.1 Some federations in established Central Asia 55 democracies 230 4.2 Asia and the Middle East 65 13.2 Subnational government in unitary 10.1 The European Union 173 states: some European examples 238 13.3 Average population of elected local authorities in some European Tables democracies 241 3.1 The British electorate as a percentage 14.1 Selection to the upper chamber in of the adult population, 1831–1931 42 some established democracies 250 4.1 Post-communist states in Eastern 14.2 Average length of service in national Europe and the former Soviet Union 54 parliaments 263 4.2 Islam and democracy, 2001 62 16.1 The structure of Germany’s Ministry 6.1 Confidence in political institutions, of Economics and Labour 296 2001 92 17.1 Introduction of social insurance to 7.1 The development of communication some democracies 316 media 107 17.2 Case-by-case privatization in the 7.2 Countries in which a majority of United Kingdom, 1980s 319 people use the internet, 2002/03 109 7.3 Time taken for new media to reach 50 million households in the USA 111 Figures 7.4 Countries ranked by press freedom, 1.1 Number of states belonging to the 2001/02 116 United Nations, 1949–2002 8 8.1 Female representation in national 2.1 Number of intergovernmental legislatures, 1950s–2000s 125 organizations, 1909–97 26 8.2 The ten larger demonstrations against 3.1 The direct democracy of ancient Athens 37 the Iraq War, by city, 15–16 February 3.2 Liberal democracy: the separation of 2003 130 powers in the United States 41 8.3 World Trade Center fatalities by 4.1 The ending of military rule in Latin nationality, September 11, 2001 135 America 60 8.4 The ten most lethal governments, 5.1 Easton’s model of the political system 77 1900–87 136 5.2 Population and assembly size 83 9.1 The Canadian elections of 1993 and 6.1 Almond and Verba’s theory of the 2000 150 civic culture 90 9.2 Explicit thresholds of representation in 6.2 Americans’ trust in the ‘government in some PR systems 152 Washington’, 1964–2002 91 9.3 How the additional member system 6.3 How elite political culture affects works: Germany, 2002 153 political stability 99 9.4 Declining turnout at national elections, 6.4 Political learning and participation 1950s–1990s 159 across the life cycle 101 9.5 Turnout in some countries with 7.1 The transmission model of political compulsory voting 161 communication 105 viii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIVE MATERIAL ix 8.1 Patterns of participation in democracies 123 The political significance of the internet 111 8.2 The J-curve theory of revolutions 138 Bowling alone 126 9.1 Methods for selecting presidents 155 Compulsory voting 161 10.1 A peak association: Britain’s CBI 169 Is the USA a pluralist political system? 179 10.2 Channels of interest group influence 169 Parties as vote-maximizers 197 10.3 Iron triangles: how subgovernments A political role for the judiciary 219 operated in the USA 174 A federalEurope? 237 11.1 A bell-shaped distribution: parties The decline of legislatures? 265 converge at the centre 196 Presidential government for a new 11.2 Organization of the Chinese democracy 273 Communist Party 204 A representative bureaucracy? 295 12.1 Establishing constitutional courts in Western Europe 215 12.2 Levels of judicial activism in selected Profiles democracies 218 The world 24 12.3 Administrative courts in France 222 Mexico 45 14.1 Population and assembly size 248 Nigeria 61 14.2 Typical steps in making a law 256 Germany 94 15.1 Presidential government 269 Russia 128 15.2 Parliamentary government 274 The United States 147 15.3 Formateursand coalition governments 277 The European Union 176 15.4 Semi-presidential government 282 Italy 198 15.5 Typical executive structure in South Africa 213 communist states 287 Canada 232 16.1 Delimiting the bureaucracy 290 United Kingdom 261 16.2 Founding of cabinet-level departments France 283 in the USA 294 Japan 305 17.1 Stages of the policy process 309 50 years of Debates The European Union 29 State sovereignty or humanitarian The European Court of Justice 217 intervention? 31 The European Parliament 255 ‘Asian democracy’ 48 Authoritarian rule as a recipe for economic Boxes development 57 A full list of boxes is provided in the Appendix.
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