COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF CARDIAC VALVES IN SHEEP (Ovis aries)

120 Pages·2017·1.87 MB·English

COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF CARDIAC VALVES
IN SHEEP (Ovis aries) AND GOAT (Capra hircus)

By
RUDRAKSHA VIJAYA KUMAR
B.V.Sc and AH
RVM/2014-26

THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE
P.V.NARSIMHA RAO TELANGANA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR
THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

MASTER OF VETERINARY SCIENCE
(IN THE MAJOR FIELD OF VETERINARY ANATOMY)
IN THE FACULTY OF VETERINARY SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY ANATOMY
COLLEGE OF VETERINARY SCIENCE, RAJENDRANAGAR, HYD
P.V.NARSIMHA RAO TELANGANA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY
HYDERABAD-30
FEBRUARY, 2017
CERTIFICATE

Mr. RUDRAKSHA VIJAYA KUMAR has satisfactorily prosecuted the course of
research and that the thesis entitled “COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF CARDIAC
VALVES IN SHEEP (Ovis aries) AND GOAT (Capra hircus)” submitted is the result of
original research work and is of sufficiently high standard to warrant its presentation to the
examination. I also certify that the thesis or part thereof has not been previously submitted by
him for a degree of any University.

(Dr. G. PURUSHOTHAM)
Major Advisor
Date: -02-2017
Place: HYDERABAD
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the thesis entitled “COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF
CARDIAC VALVES IN SHEEP (Ovis aries) AND GOAT (Capra hircus)” submitted in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of “Master of Veterinary Science” in
Anatomy of the P.V.Narsimha Rao Telangana Veterinary University, Hyderabad, is a record of
the bonafide research work carried out by RUDRAKSHA VIJAYA KUMAR under our
guidance and supervision. The subject of the thesis has been approved by the Student‟s
Advisory Committee.
No part of the thesis has been submitted by the student for any other degree or diploma.
The published part has been fully acknowledged. All assistance and help received during the
course of the investigations have been duly acknowledged by the author of the thesis.

(Dr G. PURUSHOTHAM)
Chairman of the Advisory Committee

Thesis approved by the Student Advisory Committee:
Chairman: Dr. G. PURUSHOTHAM, Ph.D. ____________________
Professor
Department of Veterinary Anatomy
College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar,
Hyderabad – 500030.

Member: Dr. N.RAJENDRANATH, Ph.D. _______________________
Associate Professor and Head
Department of Veterinary Anatomy
College of Veterinary Science, Korutla,
Karimnagar – 505326.

Member: Dr. K.B.P.RAGHAVENDER, Ph.D. ________________________
Professor and Univ. Head
Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology
College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar,
Hyderabad – 500030
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER CONTENTS PAGE
No.
1-3
I INTRODUCTION

II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 4-13

2.1. Gross morphology and morphometry
2.1.1. Gross morphology 4-8
2.1.1.1. Tricuspid valve 4-5
2.1.1.2. Bicuspid valve 5-6
2.1.1.3. Aortic valve 6-7
2.1.1.4. Pulmonary valve 7-8
2.1.2. Morphometry 8-10
2.1.2.1. Tricuspid valve 8
2.1.2.2. Bicuspid valve 8
2.1.2.3. Aortic valve 9
2.1.2.4.Pulmonary valve 10
2.2. Histomorphology and histometry
2.2.1. Histomorphology 10-12
2.2.1.1. Tricuspid valve 10-11
2.2.1.2. Bicuspid valve 11
2.2.1.3. Aortic valve 11-12
2.2.1.4. Pulmonary valve 12
2.2.2. Histometry 13
2.3. Histochemical features 13

III MATERIALS AND METHODS 14-15

IV RESULTS 16-26
4.1. Gross morphology and morphometry

4.1.1. Gross morphology 16
4.1.1.1. Tricuspid valve 17
4.1.1.2. Bicuspid valve 18
4.1.1.3. Aortic valve 18
4.1.1.4. Pulmonary valve 18-19
4.1.2. Morphometry 19-22
4.1.2.1. Tricuspid valve 19-20
4.1.2.2. Bicuspid valve 20
4.1.2.3. Aortic valve 21
4.1.2.4.Pulmonary valve 21-22
4.2. Histomorphology and histometry
4.2.1. Histomorphology 22-24
4.2.1.1. Tricuspid valve 22
4.2.1.2. Bicuspid valve 22-23
4.2.1.3. Aortic valve 23
4.2.1.4. Pulmonary valve 23-24
4.2.2. Histometry 24-25
4.2.2.1. Tricuspid valve 24
4.2.2.2. Bicuspid valve 24
4.2.2.3. Aortic valve 24
4.2.2.4. Pulmonary valve 25
4.3. Histochemical features 25-26
4.3.1. Tricuspid valve 25
4.3.2. Bicuspid valve 25-26
4.3.3. Aortic valve 26
4.3.4. Pulmonary valve 26
V DISCUSSION 27-42
5.1. Gross morphology and morphometry
5.1.1. Gross morphology 27-32
5.1.1.1. Tricuspid valve 27-28
5.1.1.2. Bicuspid valve 28-30
5.1.1.3. Aortic valve 30-31
5.1.1.4. Pulmonary valve 31-32
5.1.2. Morphometry 32-35
5.1.2.1. Tricuspid valve 32-33
5.1.2.2. Bicuspid valve 33
5.1.2.3. Aortic valve 34
5.1.2.4.Pulmonary valve 35
5.2. Histomorphology and histometry
5.2.1. Histomorphology 35-39
5.2.1.1. Tricuspid valve 35-36
5.2.1.2. Bicuspid valve 36-37
5.2.1.3. Aortic valve 37-38
5.2.1.4. Pulmonary valve 38-39
5.2.2. Histometry 39-40
5.2.2.1. Tricuspid valve 39
5.2.2.2. Bicuspid valve 39
5.2.2.3. Aortic valve 40
5.2.2.4. Pulmonary valve 40
5.3. Histochemical features 40-42
5.3.1. Tricuspid valve 40-41
5.3.2. Bicuspid valve 41
5.3.3. Aortic valve 41
5.3.4. Pulmonary valve 41-42
VI SUMMARY 43-49
LITERATURE CITED 60-64
ILLUSTRATIONS 65-90
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Fig Page
Details of illustrations
No. No.
1 Photograph showing cardiac valves in the sheep heart 65
2 Photograph showing cardiac valves in the goat heart 65
3 Photograph showing tricuspid valve in sheep 66
4 Photograph showing tricuspid valve in goat 66
5 Photograph showing bicuspid valve in sheep 67
6 Photograph showing bicuspid valve in goat 67
7 Photograph showing aortic valve in sheep 68
8 Photograph showing aortic valve in goat 68
9. Photograph showing pulmonary valves in sheep 69
10. Photograph showing pulmonary valve in goat 69
11. Schematic diagram showing individual leaflet anatomy 70
12. Schematic diagram showing arterial root structure at aortic and 70
pulmonary orifices
13. Photomicrograph of tricuspid valve in sheep showing atrial surface, 71
Connective tissue, Ventricular surface, Endothelial lining ( ).
14. Photomicrograph of tricuspid valve in goat showing Atrial surface, 71
Collagen fibers, Ventricular surface, Annulus, Myocardium.
15. Photomicrograph of tricuspid valve in goat showing atrial surface, 72
Ventricular surface, Lamina spongiosa, Lamina fibrosa, Lamina
radialis, Endothelial lining ( ).
16. Photomicrograph of tricuspid valve in sheep showing atrial surface 72
(AtS), Ventricular surface (VS), Elastic fibers (EF).
17. Photomicrograph of tricuspid valve in sheep showing Atrial surface 73
(AtS), Ventricular surface (VS), Reticular fibers (RF), Lamina
radialis (LR).
18. Photomicrograph of bicuspid valve in sheep showing atrial surface 73
(AtS), Collagen fibers (CF), Ventricular surface (VS), Annulus (A).
19. Photomicrograph of bicuspid valve in sheep showing atrial surface 74
(AtS), Ventricular surface (VS), Lamina spongiosa (LS), Lamina
fibrosa (LF), Lamina radialis (LR), Endothelial lining ( ).
20. Photomicrograph of bicuspid valve in goat showing atrial surface 74
(AtS), Ventricular surface (VS), Endothelial lining and folds ( )
21. Photomicrograph of bicuspid valve in goat showing atrial surface 75
(AtS), Ventricular surface (VS), Lamina spongiosa (LS), Lamina
fibrosa (LF), Lamina radialis (LR), Collagen fibers (CF).
22. Photomicrograph of bicuspid valve in sheep showing atrial surface 75
(AtS), Collagen fibers (CF), Ventricular surface (VS), Muscle fibers
(MF).
23. Photomicrograph of aortic valve in sheep showing arterial surface 76
(AS), Myocardium (M), Lamina fibrosa (LF), Lamina radialis
(LR), Annulus ( ), Aortic root (AR).
24 Photomicrograph of aortic valve in goat showing arterial surface 76
(AS), Collagen fibers (CF), Ventricular surface (VS)
25. Photomicrograph of aortic valve in sheep showing arterial surface 77
(AtS), Ventricular surface (VS), Lamina spongiosa (LS), Lamina
fibrosa (LF), Lamina radialis (LR), Endothelial lining ( )
26. Photomicrograph of aortic valve in goat showing arterial surface 77
(AtS), Ventricular surface (VS), Lamina spongiosa (LS), Lamina
fibrosa (LF), Lamina radialis (LR), Endothelial lining ( )
27. Photomicrograph of aortic valve in sheep showing ventricular surface 78
(VS), Elastic fibers (EF)
28. Photomicrograph of pulmonary valve in goat showing arterial surface 78
(AS), Myocardium (M), Ventricular surface (VS), Annulus
( )
29. Photomicrograph of pulmonary valve in goat showing arterial surface 79
(AS), Ventricular surface (VS), Lamina spongiosa (LS), Lamina
fibrosa (LF), Lamina radialis (LR), Endothelial lining ( ).
30. Photomicrograph of pulmonary valve in sheep showing arterial 79
surface (AS), Ventricular surface (VS), Elastic fibers (EF).
31. Photomicrograph of pulmonary valve in goat showing Arterial 80
surface (AS), Ventricular surface (VS), Lamina spongiosa (LS),
Lamina fibrosa (LF), Lamina radialis (LR)
32 Photomicrograph showing Pas Activity ( ) in sheep tricuspid valve 80
Arterial surface (AS), Ventricular Surface (VS), Connective Tissue
(CT).
33. Photomicrograph showing PAS AB activity in sheep tricuspid valve: 81
Atrial surface (AtS), Ventricular surface (VS), Lamina spongiosa
(LS), Lamina fibrosa (LF), Lamina radialis (LR),
Endothelial lining ( )
34. Photomicrograph showing alkanine phosphatase activity in goat 81
tricuspid valve Lamina radialis (LR), endothelial lining ( )
35. Photomicrograph showing negative activity for the lipids in sheep 82
tricuspid valve
36. Photomicrograph showing succinic dehydrogenase activity in 82
endothelial cells ( ) of sheep tricuspid valve
37. Photomicrograph showing PAS activity ( ) in goat bicuspid valve 83
Ventricular surface (VS), Lamina fibrosa (LF)
38. Photomicrograph showing PAS AB activity in goat bicuspid valve 83
Atrial surface (AtS), Ventricular surface (VS), Endothelial lining
( )
39. Photomicrograph showing PAS AB activity in goat bicuspid valve 84
Atrial surface (AtS), Ventricular surface (VS), Endothelial lining
( )
40. Photomicrograph showing acid phosphatase activity in sheep 84
bicuspid valve:Atrial surface (AtS), Ventricular surface (VS),
Lamina spongiosa (LS), Lamina fibrosa (LF), Lamina radialis (LR).
41. Photomicrograph showing negative activity for the cholesterol in 85
sheep bicuspid valve
42. Photomicrograph showing succinic dehydrogenase activity in 85
endothelial surfaces ( ) of sheep bicuspid valve
43. Photomicrograph showing PAS activity in sheep aortic valve 86
Arterial surface (AtS), Ventricular surface (VS), Lamina spongiosa
(LS), Lamina fibrosa (LF), Lamina radialis (LR), Endothelial lining
( )
44. Photomicrograph showing PAS AB activity in sheep aortic valve 86
Arterial surface (AtS), Ventricular surface (VS), Lamina spongiosa
(LS), Lamina fibrosa (LF), Lamina radialis (LR), Endothelial lining
( )
45. Photomicrograph showing alkaline phosphatase activity in sheep 87
aortic valve: Atrial surface (AtS), Ventricular surface (VS), Lamina
radialis (LR), Endothelial lining ( )
46. Photomicrograph showing negative activity for lipids in sheep aortic 87
valve
47. Photomicrograph showing sheep pulmonary valve Arterial surface 88
(AtS), Ventricular surface (VS), Lamina spongiosa (LS),
Lamina fibrosa (LF), Lamina radialis (LR)
48. Photomicrograph showing sheep pulmonary valve Arterial surface 88
(AtS), Ventricular surface (VS), Lamina spongiosa (LS),
Lamina fibrosa (LF), Lamina radialis (LR), Endothelial lining
49. Photomicrograph showing alkaline phosphatase activity in goat 89
pulmonary valve Connective tissue (CT), Endothelial lining ( )
50. Photomicrograph showing acid phosphatase activity in goat 89
pulmonary valve Connective tissue (CT), Endothelial lining ( )
51. Photomicrograph showing negative activity for the lipids goat 90
pulmonary valve
LIST OF TABLES
Table Title Page
No No
1. Tricuspid valve annular mean diameter (cm) in sheep & goat 50
2. Tricuspid valve free edge mean length (cm) in sheep & goat 50
3. Tricuspid valve leaflet mean depth (cm) in sheep & goat 51
4. Tricuspid valve commissure mean height (cm) in sheep & goat 51

5. Bicuspid valve annular mean diameter (cm) in sheep & goat 52

6. Bicuspid valve free edge mean length (cm) in sheep & goat 52
7. Bicuspid valve leaflet mean depth (cm) in sheep & goat 53
8. Bicuspid valve commissure mean height (cm) in sheep & goat 53
9. Aortic valve annular mean diameter (cm) in sheep & goat 54
10. Aortic valve free edge mean length (cm) in sheep & goat 54

11. Aortic valve leaflet mean depth (cm) in sheep & goat 55
12. Aortic valve commissure mean height (cm) in sheep & goat 55
13. Pulmonary valve annular mean diameter (cm) in sheep & goat 56
14. Pulmonary valve free edge mean length (cm) in sheep & goat 56
15. Pulmonary valve leaflet mean depth (cm) in sheep & goat 57

16. Pulmonary valve commissure mean height (cm) in sheep & goat 57
17. Tricuspid valve mean thickness (µm) in sheep & goat 58

18. Bicuspid valve mean thickness (µm) in sheep & goat 58
19. Aortic valve mean thickness (µm) in sheep & goat 59
20. Pulmonary valve mean thickness (µm) in sheep & goat 59