Companion Encyclopedia of Anthropology (Routledge Reference)

1162 Pages·1993·5.54 MB·English

by  Tim Ingold

COMPANION ENCYCLOPEDIA
OF ANTHROPOLOGY

COMPANION
ENCYCLOPEDIA
OF
ANTHROPOLOGY
EDITED BY
TIM INGOLD

London and New York
First published in 1994
by Routledge
11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE

This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2003.

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge, Inc.
29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001

Structure and editorial matter © 1994 Tim Ingold
The chapters © 1994 Routledge
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in
any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter
invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available on request.

ISBN 0-203-03632-8 Master e-book ISBN

ISBN 0-203-19104-8 (Adobe eReader Format)
ISBN 0-415-02137-5 (Print Edition)
CONTENTS
Preface ix
General introduction
Tim Ingold xiii
The contributors xxiii
PART I: HUMANITY 1
1. Introduction to humanity
Tim Ingold 3
2. Humanity and animality
Tim Ingold 14
3. The evolution of early hominids
Phillip V.Tobias 33
4. Human evolution: the last one million years
Clive Gamble 79
5. The origins and evolution of language
Philip Lieberman 108
6. Tools and tool behaviour
Thomas Wynn 133
7. Niche construction, evolution and culture
F.J.Odling-Smee 162
8. Modes of subsistence: hunting and gathering to agriculture
and pastoralism
Roy Ellen 197
9. The diet and nutrition of human populations
Igor de Garine 226
10. Demographic expansion: causes and consequences
Mark N.Cohen 265
11. Disease and the destruction of indigenous populations
Stephen J.Kunitz 297
PART II: CULTURE 327
12. Introduction to culture
Tim Ingold 329
v
CONTENTS
13. Why animals have neither culture nor history
David Premack and Ann James Premack 350
14. Symbolism: the foundation of culture
Mary LeCron Foster 366
15. Artefacts and the meaning of things
Daniel Miller 396
16. Technology
François Sigaut 420
17. Spatial organization and the built environment
Amos Rapoport 460
18. Perceptions of time
Barbara Adam 503
19. Aspects of literacy
Brian V.Street and Niko Besnier 527
20. Magic, religion and the rationality of belief
Gilbert Lewis 563
21. Myth and metaphor
James F.Weiner 591
22. Ritual and performance
Richard Schechner 613
23. The anthropology of art
Howard Morphy 648
24. Music and dance
Anthony Seeger 686
25. The politics of culture: ethnicity and nationalism
Anthony D.Smith 706
PART III: SOCIAL LIFE 735
26. Introduction to social life
Tim Ingold 737
27. Sociality among humans and non-human animals
R.I.M.Dunbar 756
28. Rules and prohibitions: the form and content of human
kinship
Alan Barnard 783
29. Understanding sex and gender
Henrietta L.Moore 813
30. Socialization, enculturation and the development of personal
identity
Fitz John Porter Poole 831
31. Social aspects of language use
Jean DeBernardi 861
32. Work, the division of labour and co-operation
Sutti Ortiz 891
vi
CONTENTS
33. Exchange and reciprocity
C.A.Gregory 911
34. Political domination and social evolution
Timothy Earle 940
35. Law and dispute processes
Simon Roberts 962
36. Collective violence and common security
Robert A.Rubinstein 983
37. Inequality and equality
André Béteille 1010
38. The nation state, colonial expansion and the contemporary
world order
Peter Worsley 1040
Index 1067

vii

PREFACE

This volume started life on the initiative of Jonathan Price, at that time
Reference Books Editor at Croom Helm. His idea was for an Encyclopedia of
Human Society whose subject would span the disciplines of anthropology,
sociology and archaeology. We first met to discuss the project in August 1986,
and it was then that he charmed me into agreeing to become the volume’s
editor. It has been a big job, to put it mildly. In hindsight, it seems to me that I
must have been mad to take it on at all, let alone single-handed. No doubt my
motives were in part honourable, since I was strongly committed to the idea of
anthropology as a bridging discipline, capable of spanning the many divisions
of the human sciences. I wanted to prove that the possibility of synthesis
existed not just as an ideal, but as something that could be realized in practice.
No doubt, too, I was motivated by a certain vanity: if a synthesis was to be built,
I wanted to be the one to build it, and to reap the credit! Seven years on, I am
both older and perhaps a little wiser—no less committed to the ideal of
synthesis, but a great deal more aware of the complexities involved, and rather
less confident about my own abilities to bring it about.
Following my initial meeting with Jonathan Price, over a year passed before I
was able to begin serious work on the project, which we had decided to call
Humanity, Culture and Social Life. In October 1987 I drew up a prospectus for
the entire volume, which included a complete list of forty articles, divided
between the three parts spelled out in the title, and a rough breakdown of the
contents for each. Then, during the first half of 1988, I set about recruiting
authors for each of the articles. Meanwhile, Croom Helm had been subsumed
under Routledge, from whose offices Jonathan continued to oversee the project.
My original schedule had been for authors to write their first drafts during
1989, allowing a further nine months for consultation and editorial comment,
with a deadline for final versions of September 1990 and a projected
publication date of April 1992. As always, things did not go entirely according
to schedule, and I soon found that I was receiving final drafts of some articles
while a pile of first drafts of others were awaiting editorial attention, and while
for yet others I was still trying to fill the gaps in my list of contributors. To my
great embarrassment, I found that I was quite unable to keep to my own
deadlines. The inexorable growth of other commitments meant that drafts,
ix