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Editedby RichardM.DeLaRue,SiyuanYu,and Jean-MichelLourtioz CompactSemiconductorLasers RelatedTitles Ohtsu,M.(ed.) Choi,H.K.(ed.) FrequencyControl of Long-WavelengthInfrared Semiconductor Lasers Semiconductor Lasers 1996 2004 PrintISBN:978-0-471-39200-2 PrintISBN:978-0-471-01341-9 eMobi-liteISBN:978-0-470-31334-3 AdobePDFISBN:978-0-471-64980-9 Physicsof Optoelectronic ISBN:978-0-471-64981-6 Devices Luryi,S.,Xu,J.,Zaslavsky,A.(eds.) 1995 PrintISBN:978-0-471-10939-6 FutureTrendsin eMobi-liteISBN:978-0-470-30140-1 Microelectronics TheNano,theGiga,andtheUltra Coldren,L.A.,Corzine,S. Diode LasersandPhotonic 2004 PrintISBN:978-0-471-48405-9 IntegratedCircuits May,G.S.,Spanos,C.J. 1995 PrintISBN:978-0-471-11875-6 Fundamentals of eMobi-liteISBN:978-0-470-30154-8 Semiconductor Manufacturing Fukuda,M. andProcessControl OpticalSemiconductor Devices 2006 PrintISBN:978-0-471-79028-0 1999 PrintISBN:978-0-471-14959-0 eMobi-liteISBN:978-0-470-29851-0 Korvink,J.G.,Greiner,A. Semiconductors forMicro-and Saleh,B.E.,Teich,M.C. Nanotechnology Fundamentals ofPhotonics, AnIntroductionforEngineers OnlineVersion 2002 2ndEdition PrintISBN:978-3-527-30257-4 ISBN:978-3-527-60022-9 2001 AdobePDFISBN:978-3-527-61625-1 PrintISBN:978-0-471-21374-1 Epstein,R.,Sheik-Bahae,M.(eds.) Khanh,T.,Bodrogi,P.,Vinh,Q.,Winkler, H.(eds.) OpticalRefrigeration LEDLighting ScienceandApplicationsofLaserCooling ofSolids TechnologyandPerception 2009 2016 PrintISBN:978-3-527-40876-4 PrintISBN:978-3-527-41212-9 ISBN:978-3-527-62804-9 ISBN:978-3-527-67014-7 AdobePDFISBN:978-3-527-62805-6 eMobiISBN:978-3-527-67015-4 ePubISBN:978-3-527-67016-1 Okhotnikov,O.G.(ed.) AdobePDFISBN:978-3-527-67017-8 Semiconductor DiskLasers PhysicsandTechnology 2010 PrintISBN:978-3-527-40933-4 ISBN:978-3-527-63039-4 AdobePDFISBN:978-3-527-63040-0 Edited by Richard M. De La Rue, Siyuan Yu, and Jean-Michel Lourtioz Compact Semiconductor Lasers Editors AllbookspublishedbyWiley-VCHare carefullyproduced.Nevertheless,authors, editors,andpublisherdonotwarrantthe Prof.RichardM.DeLaRue informationcontainedinthesebooks, OptoelectronicsResearchGroup includingthisbook,tobefreeoferrors. SchoolofEngineering Readersareadvisedtokeepinmindthat UniversityofGlasgow statements,data,illustrations,procedural RankineBuilding detailsorotheritemsmayinadvertentlybe OakfieldAvenue inaccurate. GlasgowG128LT Scotland,U.K. LibraryofCongressCardNo.:appliedfor Prof.SiyuanYu Dept.ofElect.Engineering BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-Publication UniversityofBristol Data MerchantVenturersBuilding Acataloguerecordforthisbookisavailable Bristol,BS81UB fromtheBritishLibrary. UnitedKingdom Bibliographicinformationpublishedbythe Dr.(Prof.)Jean-MichelLourtioz DeutscheNationalbibliothek DirecteurdeRechercheCNRS TheDeutscheNationalbibliothek VicePresidentofUniversite´Paris-Sud liststhispublicationintheDeutsche MissionCampus Nationalbibliografie;detailedbibliographic Baˆtiment209E dataareavailableontheInternetat 91405OrsayCedex <http://dnb.d-nb.de>. France Cover (cid:2)c 2014Wiley-VCHVerlagGmbH&Co. CourtesyofGaborMezosi KGaA,Boschstr.12,69469Weinheim, Germany Allrightsreserved(includingthoseof translationintootherlanguages).Nopart ofthisbookmaybereproducedinany form–byphotoprinting,microfilm,orany othermeans–nortransmittedortranslated intoamachinelanguagewithoutwritten permissionfromthepublishers.Registered names,trademarks,etc.usedinthisbook, evenwhennotspecificallymarkedassuch, arenottobeconsideredunprotectedbylaw. PrintISBN:978-3-527-41093-4 ePDFISBN:978-3-527-65537-3 ePubISBN:978-3-527-65536-6 mobiISBN:978-3-527-65535-9 oBookISBN:978-3-527-65534-2 Cover-DesignAdam-Design,Weinheim, Germany Typesetting LaserwordsPrivateLimited, Chennai,India PrintingandBindingMarkonoPrintMedia PteLtd,Singapore Printedonacid-freepaper VII Contents PrefaceandIntroduction XIII ListofContributors XXI ColorPlates XXV 1 NanoscaleMetallo-DielectricCoherentLightSources 1 MaziarP.Nezhad,AleksandarSimic,AmitMizrahi,Jin-HyoungLee, MichaelKats,OlesyaBondarenko,QingGu,VitaliyLomakin,Boris Slutsky,andYeshaiahuFainman 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 CompositeMetallo-Dielectric-GainResonators 4 1.2.1 CompositeGain-Dielectric-MetalWaveguides 5 1.2.2 CompositeGain-Dielectric-Metal3DResonators 7 1.3 ExperimentalValidationsofSubwavelengthMetallo-DielectricLasers forOperationatRoom-Temperature 9 1.3.1 FabricationProcessesforSubwavelengthMetallo-Dielectric Lasers 10 1.3.2 CharacterizationandTestingofSubwavelengthMetallo-Dielectric Lasers 11 1.4 ElectricallyPumpedSubwavelengthMetallo-DielectricLasers 13 1.4.1 CavityDesignandModelingofElectricallyPumpedSubwavelength Metallo-DielectricLasers 13 1.4.2 FabricationofElectricallyPumpedSubwavelengthMetallo-Dielectric Lasers 17 1.4.3 MeasurementsandDiscussionofElectricallyPumpedSubwavelength Metallo-DielectricLasers 18 1.5 ThresholdlessNanoscaleCoaxialLasers 20 1.5.1 DesignandFabricationofThresholdlessNanoscaleCoaxial Lasers 22 1.5.2 CharacterizationandDiscussionofThresholdlessNanoscaleCoaxial Lasers 23 1.6 Summary,Discussions,andConclusions 27 Acknowledgments 29 References 29 VIII Contents 2 OpticallyPumpedSemiconductorPhotonicCrystalLasers 33 FabriceRaineri,AlexandreBazin,andRamaRaj 2.1 Introduction 33 2.2 PhotonicCrystalLasers:DesignandFabrication 35 2.2.1 Micro/NanoCavityBasedPhCLasers 36 2.2.1.1 LasersBasedon2DPhCCavities 36 2.2.1.2 LasersBasedon3DPhCCavities 44 2.2.2 Slow-LightBasedPhCLasers:DFB-LikeLasers 46 2.2.2.1 2DPhCDFB-LikeLasersforIn-PlaneEmission 47 2.2.2.2 2DPhCDFB-LikeLasersforSurfaceEmission 50 2.3 PhotonicCrystalLaserCharacteristics 52 2.3.1 RateEquationModelandPhCLaserParameters 52 2.3.1.1 LinearRateEquationModel 52 2.3.1.2 PhCLaserParameters 53 2.3.2 TheStationaryRegimeinPhCLasers 55 2.3.3 DynamicsofPhCLasers 60 2.4 TheFinalAssault:IssuesThatHaveBeenPartiallySolvedandOthers ThatRemaintoBeSolvedBeforePhotonicCrystalLasersBecome ReadyforApplication 65 2.4.1 RoomTemperatureContinuousWaveRoomTemperatureOperation ofPhotonicCrystalNano-Lasers 66 2.4.1.1 CWOperationviaNonradiativeRecombinationReduction 66 2.4.1.2 CWOperationviaIncreasedHeatSinking 69 2.4.2 InterfacingandPowerIssues 74 2.4.2.1 InterfacinganIsolatedPhCCavity-BasedDevicewiththeExternal World 74 2.4.2.2 InterfacingActive-PhCCavity-BasedDeviceswithinanOptical Circuit 77 2.5 Conclusions 82 References 83 3 ElectricallyPumpedPhotonicCrystalLasers:LaserDiodesand QuantumCascadeLasers 91 XavierChecoury,RaffaeleColombelli,andJean-MichelLourtioz 3.1 Introduction 91 3.2 Near-InfraredandVisibleLaserDiodes 93 3.2.1 PhotonicCrystalMicrocavityLasers 93 3.2.1.1 PhotonicCrystalsinSuspended(orSustained)Membrane 93 3.2.1.2 OtherPromisingDesigns 96 3.2.2 WaveguideLasersintheSubstrateApproach:WeakVertical Confinement 98 3.2.2.1 DFB-LikePhotonicCrystalWaveguideLasers 100 3.2.2.2 αDFBLasers 102 3.2.2.3 RidgeWaveguideLaserswithPhotonicCrystalMirrors 103 3.2.3 PhotonicCrystalSurface-EmittingLasers(PCSELs) 106