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AAlllleennddeerr__FFMM..iinndddd xxiiii 44//33//22001133 55::3366::4499 PPMM C OMMUNITY & P H N UBLIC EALTH URSING Promoting the Public’s Health 8 th EDITION Judith Ann Allender, EdD, MSN, MEd, RN Professor Emeritus Department of Nursing, College of Health and Human Services California State University Fresno, California Cherie Rector, PhD, RN, PHN Professor Emeritus Department of Nursing California State University, Bakersfield Bakersfield, California Kristine D. Warner, PhD, MPH, RN Professor School of Nursing Director ASBSN Program California State University, Stanislaus Stockton, California AAlllleennddeerr__FFMM..iinndddd ii 44//33//22001133 55::3366::4477 PPMM Acquisitions Editor: Christina C. Burns Product Manager: Katherine Burland Production Project Manager: David Orzechowski Editorial Assistant: Dan Reilly Design Coordinator: Holly McLaughlin Illustration Coordinator: Brett MacNaughton Manufacturing Coordinator: Karin Duffi eld Prepress Vendor: SPi Global 8th edition Copyright © 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Copyright © 2010 by Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Copyright © 2005 and 2001 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Copyright © 1996 by Barbara Walton Spradley and Judith Ann Allender. Copyright © 1990, 1985, and 1981 by Barbara Walton Spradley. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their offi cial duties as U.S. government employees are not covered by the above-mentioned copyright. To request permission, please contact Lippincott Williams & Wilkins at Two Commerce Square, 2001 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103, via email at [email protected], or via our Web site at lww.com (products and services). 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed in China Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Community and public health nursing: promoting the public’s health / [edited by] Judith A. Allender, Kristine D. Warner, Cherie Rector. — 8th ed. p. ; cm. Rev. ed. of: Community health nursing / Judith A. Allender, Cherie Rector, Kristine D. Warner. 7th ed. c2010. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-60913-688-8 (alk. paper) I. Allender, Judith Ann. II. Warner, Kristine D. III. Rector, Cherie L. IV. Allender, Judith Ann. Community health nursing. [DNLM: 1. Community Health Nursing—United States. 2. Public Health Nursing—United States. 3. Health Promotion— United States. WY 108] 610.73'43—dc23 2012039468 Care has been taken to confi rm the accuracy of the information presented and to describe generally accepted practices. However, the author(s), editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for any consequences from application of the information in this book and make no warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the currency, completeness, or accuracy of the contents of the publication. Application of this information in a particular situation remains the professional responsibility of the practitioner; the clinical treatments described and recommended may not be considered absolute and universal recommendations. The author(s), editors, and publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accordance with the current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant fl ow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any change in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new or infrequently employed drug. Some drugs and medical devices presented in this publication have Food and Drug Administration (FDA) clearance for limited use in restricted research settings. It is the responsibility of the health care provider to ascertain the FDA status of each drug or device planned for use in his or her clinical practice. LWW.com AAlllleennddeerr__FFMM..iinndddd iiii 44//33//22001133 55::3366::4488 PPMM In memory of my husband, Gilbert F. Allender (1937–2009)—in my heart and thoughts forever. —Judy Allender To my husband—my greatest supporter—and to my children and grandchildren, who make it all worthwhile. This book is dedicated to them and to my parents, who always encouraged me to keep learning and growing. —Cherie Rector To my son Sean and his family, my daughters Erin and Kathleen Whalen, and the best mom in the world Dolores Warner—thank you for your unwavering love and support. —Kris Warner A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T S We are grateful for the feedback we have received from to acknowledge the work of former contributors whose nursing faculty and students, and have worked to incor- work may remain, in part. porate many of your suggestions into this new edition. To our hardworking editors, Katherine Burland, For the most part, feedback has been positive, but we Hillarie Surrena, and Christina Burns, along with other appreciate all comments and suggestions. We hope that staff at Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (Wolters Kluwer), this textbook meets your needs, and we encourage your we express our thanks. continued feedback. We are indebted to our family and friends who pro- We appreciate the efforts of many people who have vided support throughout this experience. assisted us in writing this textbook. We are grateful to We look forward to the new generation of public have such talented contributors and thank them for health nurses, and hope that this book may inspire stu- sharing their knowledge and expertise. We also want dents to consider this exciting nursing specialty! A B O U T T H E A U T H O R S Dr. Judith A. Allender has been a nurse since 1963. For Bakersfi eld, Department of Nursing. She served as lead 30 years she taught nursing—fi rst at Good Samaritan faculty in community health nursing, Director of the Hospital in Cincinnati, Ohio, and later at California School Nurse Credential Program and the RN to BSN State University, Fresno, where she retired as a Professor Program there, and formerly was the Coordinator of the Emeritus. Her nursing practice experiences were varied. School Nurse Credential Program at California State She worked with surgical patients, in intensive care University, Fresno, where she also taught community units, as a school nurse, in-patient hospice, home care, health nursing, health teaching, and leadership. She has and community health nursing. She has authored fi ve served as the Director of Allied Health and the Disabled nursing textbooks in addition to this one. During her Students Program at College of the Sequoias. She has long career, she received several awards. The fourth edi- consulted with school districts and hospitals in the areas tion of this textbook received a Robert Wood Johnson of child health, research, and evidence-based practice, award for the end-of-life care content in 2001. She was and has practiced community health and school nurs- voted RN of the Year in Education for the Central Valley ing as well as neonatal nursing in the acute care setting. of California in 1998. In 2005 she was inducted into She currenty consults with a local Magnet hospital on the Central San Joaquin Valley Nursing Hall of Fame. evidence-based practice and research. She has taught Presently, Dr. Allender consulted for a nonprofi t immi- graduate-level courses in community health, vulnerable grant and refugee center called Stone Soup of Fresno populations, research, family theories, interprofessional until 2010. She wrote a weekly health column for a development, and school nursing. Her grants, research, local newspaper from 2002 to 2010. Her undergradu- publications, and presentations have focused largely ate nursing degree is from the State University of New on child and adolescent health, school nursing, public York in Plattsburgh, master’s in guidance and counsel- health nursing, nursing education, and disadvantaged ing from Xavier University in Cincinnati, Ohio, mas- students. She earned an associate degree in nursing ter’s in nursing from Wright State University, Dayton, from College of the Sequoias over 40 years ago and, Ohio, and a doctorate in education from the University later, a bachelor of science in nursing degree from the of Southern California. When not busy at home, she Consortium of the California State Universities, Long can be found traveling around the world. She and her Beach. She completed a master’s degree in nursing late husband have a blended family with 7 children, (Clinical Nurse Specialist, Community Health) and a 14 grandchildren, and 3 great grandsons. school nurse credential from California State University, Fresno. Her PhD in educational psychology is from Dr. Cherie Rector is a native Californian who is an the University of Southern California. She is an active Emeritus Professor at California State University, iii AAlllleennddeerr__FFMM..iinndddd iiiiii 44//33//22001133 55::3366::4488 PPMM iv ABOUT THE AUTHORS member of the American Public Health Association, the urban settings. Her current professional interests include Western Institute of Nursing, and the Association of evidence-based practice, nursing education, emergency Community Health Nursing Educators. Dr. Rector and preparedness, and health needs of vulnerable popula- her husband have three grown sons, seven grandsons, tions. Her grants, research, publications, and presenta- and two granddaughters. tions have focused on emergency preparedness, poverty, chronic illness, and nutrition. Dr. Warner is a retired Dr. Kristine Warner, also a native Californian, is a Navy Nurse Corps Captain, ending a 29-year career of Professor at California State University, Stanislaus, both active and reserve service in 2002. She was recalled with a specialization in Public/Community Health to active duty and stationed in the Saudi Arabian desert Nursing. With over three decades in the fi eld of Public/ during the First Gulf War as Assistant Charge Nurse of a Community Health, she has taught in nursing programs 20-bed medical unit. She received her BSN from Harris in both Pennsylvania and California. Undergraduate College of Nursing, Texas Christian University, MPH and graduate courses she has taught include commu- (Community Health Nursing) and MS (Community nity health nursing, nursing research, program plan- Health Nursing & Nursing Education) from the ning and development, and health policy. Her nursing University of South Florida, and PhD in Nursing from career began in adult and pediatric acute care, and she the University of Pennsylvania. Dr. Warner has three has practiced home care and public health in rural and grown children and two grandchildren. AAlllleennddeerr__FFMM..iinndddd iivv 44//33//22001133 55::3366::4488 PPMM C O N T R I B U T O R S Sheila Adams-Leander, RN, PhD Paula Dorhout, RN, MSN, APHN-BC Roberta Lavin, PhD, APRN Assistant Professor Southeast Region Nursing Director Chair and Professor Coordinator, Accelerated BSN Children’s Medical Services Department of Nursing Program West Palm Beach, Florida Clarke University St. Louis University Chapter 10 Dubuque, Iowa St. Louis, Missouri Captain (Retired) Chapter 5 Mary Ann Drake, PhD, RN US Public Health Service Professor Washington, District of Columbia Elizabeth M. Andal, PhD, MSN, Webster University Chapter 17 APRN-BC, FAAN St. Louis, Missouri Mental Health Service Consultant Chapter 18 Jeanne M. Leffers, PhD, RN, APHN Las Vegas, Nevada Professor Chapter 27 Naomi E. Ervin, PhD, RN, University of Massachusetts, PHCNS-BC, FAAN Dartmouth Margaret Avila, PhD, PHN, RN/NP Professor (Retired) North Dartmouth, Massachusetts Assistant Professor School of Nursing Chapter 9 School of Nursing Eastern Michigan University California State University, Ypsilanti, Michigan Karin Lightfoot, MSN, RN-BC, PHN Los Angeles Chapter 25 Lecturer Los Angeles, California Community/Public Health Nursing Chapter 29 Marie P. Farrell, EdD, MPH, RN, California State University, Chico ACC Chico, California Barbara Blake, RN, PhD, ACRN Professor Chapter 14 Associate Professor Human and Organizational WellStar School of Nursing Development Barbara B. Little, DNP, MPH, RN, Kennesaw State University Fielding Graduate University APHN-BC Kennesaw, Georgia Santa Barbara, California Associate in Nursing Chapter 23 Chapter 16 Florida State University, College of Nursing Lydia C. Bourne, BSN, RN, Sheila Holcomb, EdD, RN, MSN, PHN Tallahassee, Florida MA, PHN School Nurse Chapter 10 Principal, Bourne & Associates Walnutwood High School Legislative Advocate Rancho Cordova, California Eileen Lukes, PhD, RN, COHN-S, El Macero, California Chapter 20 CCM, FAAOHN Chapter 13 Health Services Manager Katherine Laux Kaiser, PhD, RN, Boeing Company Bonnie Callen, PhD, RN, APHN, BC Mesa, Arizona C/PHCNS-BC Associate Professor Chapter 31 Associate Professor Department of Community-Based College of Nursing Health Erin D. Maughan, RN, PhD, APHN-BC University of Tennessee, Knoxville University of Nebraska Medical Director of Research Knoxville, Tennessee Center, College of Nursing National Association of School Chapter 24 Omaha, Nebraska Nurses Chapter 21 Silver Spring, Maryland Janna L. Deickmann, PhD, RN Chapter 30 Clinical Associate Professor Mary Lashley, PhD, RN, PHCNS-BC University of North Carolina, Professor Mary Ellen Miller, PhD, RN Chapel Hill Towson University Assistant Professor Chapel Hill, North Carolina Towson, Maryland DeSales University Chapter 26 Chapter 28 Center Valley, Pennsylvania Chapter 31 v AAlllleennddeerr__FFMM..iinndddd vv 44//33//22001133 55::3366::4488 PPMM vi CONTRIBUTORS Debra J. Millar, MSN, PHN Joann E. Smith, PhD, RN, APHN, CNE Gloria Ann Jones Taylor, DSN, RN Program Manager Assistant Professor Professor Public Health Institute College of Nursing and Allied Health WellStar School of Nursing Center for Health Leadership and Sciences Kennesaw State University Practice College of Medicine, Community and Kennesaw, Georgia Oakland, California Family Medicine Chapter 23 Chapter 11 Howard University Washington, District of Columbia Rose Utley, PhD, RN, CNE Barbara J. Polivka, PhD, RN Chapter 22 Professor Professor and Shirley B. Powers Missouri State University Endowed Chair in Nursing Research Karen Smith-Sayer, MSN, RN, PHN Springfield, Missouri University of Louisville School of Public Health Nurse Chapter 31 Nursing CA Department of Corrections Louisville, Kentucky Pelican Bay State Prison Kristine D. Warner, PhD, MPH, RN Chapter 4 Crescent City, California Professor Chapter 8 School of Nursing Cherie Rector, PhD, RN, PHN Director ASBSN Program Professor Emeritus Sharon S. Strand, MSN, PHN, RN-BC California State University, Stanislaus Department of Nursing Health Specialist Stockton, California California State University, Mountain States Early Head Start Chapters 2, 3, 7, 11, 12, 14, 19, Bakersfield Coeur d’Alene, Idaho and 32 Bakersfield, California Chapter 29 Chapters 1, 4, 5, 6, 10, 15, 21, 22, Joyce Zerwekh, EdD, RN 24, 25, and 29 Mary E. Summers, PhD, MSN, RN, Emeritus Professor of Nursing PHN Concordia University Bassam M. Salemeh, PhD Professor Emeritus Portland, Oregon Instructor Sacramento State University Chapter 32 Microbiology and Biology Sacramento, California Antelope Valley College Chapter 12 Lancaster, California Chapter 7 Phyllis G. Salopek, MSN, FNP Assistant Professor California State University, Chico Chico, California Chapter 19 R E V I E W E R S Jo Ann Abegglen, DNP, APRN, PNP Carolyn Braudaway, MS, RN Susan L. Fogarty, BSN, MSN Associate Professor of Nursing Assistant Professor, Nursing Associate Professor Brigham Young University College of Columbia Union College Ferris State University Nursing (as of July 1, Washington Adventist Big Rapids, Michigan Provo, Utah University) Takoma Park, Maryland Sue K. Goebel, RN, MS, NP, SANE Marie H. Ahrens, MS, RN Associate Professor of Nursing Assistant Clinical Professor Angeline Bushy, PhD, RN, FAAN Mesa State College The University of Tulsa Professor and Bert Fish Chair Grand Junction, Colorado Tulsa, Oklahoma University of Central Florida, College of Nursing Margaret Leahy Hopkins, MS, RN Mary T. Bouchaud, MSN, CNS, RN, Daytona Beach, Florida Associate Professor CRRN Elmira College Community Clinical Coordinator and Karen J. Egenes, RN, EdD Elmira, New York Nursing Faculty Associate Professor Thomas Jefferson University School Loyola University Chicago, Niehoff Katherine Howard, MS, RN-BC of Nursing School of Nursing Nursing Instructor Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Chicago, Illinois Middlesex County College Edison, New Jersey AAlllleennddeerr__FFMM..iinndddd vvii 44//33//22001133 55::3366::4499 PPMM REVIEWERS vii Kimberly Lacey, DNSc, MSN, BSN, Nadine F. Nelson, BSN, MN Julie Bertelson St. Clair, RN, MSN CNS Lecturer II Instructor Assistant Professor of Nursing School of Nursing University of Southern Indiana Southern CT State University University of Michigan Evansville, Indiana New Haven, Connecticut Ann Arbor, Michigan Sharon J. Thompson, PhD, RN, Susan Primm Lehmann, MSN, RN C. Virginia Palmer, PhD, RN MPH Clinical Assistant Professor Professor of Nursing Associate Professor of Nursing University of Iowa College of Millersville University Gannon University/Villa Maria School Nursing Millersville, Pennsylvania of Nursing Iowa City, Iowa Erie, Pennsylvania Rosemary Ricks-Saulsby, RN, BS, Ruth Elizabeth McShane, PhD, MSN, MA, PhD Joy E. Wachs, PhD, RN, PHCNS-BC, APRN, MAPS Assistant Professor of Nursing FAAOHN Faculty Member (Part-time) Chicago State University Professor Marquette University Chicago, Illinois East Tennessee State University Milwaukee, Wisconsin Johnson City, Tennessee Carol Sapp, RN Valerie Evans Minor, RN, BSN, Associate Professor Barbara Wind, MSN, RN MSN Georgia College & State University Instructor Associate Professor of Nursing Milledgeville, Georgia Community Health Nursing Alderson-Broaddus College Frankford Hospital School of Nursing Philippi, West Virginia Candide Sloboda, BN, MEd at Aria Health Faculty Lecturer Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Deborah Yoder Miranda, BSN, University of Alberta, Faculty of Nursing MSN, PhD, RNC-OB Assistant Professor Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Mississippi University for Women Columbus, Mississippi Linda Spencer, PhD, RN Director Judith Mouch, RSM, MSN, MA Public Health Nursing Leadership Associate Professor Program University of Detroit Mercy Emory School of Nursing Detroit, Michigan Atlanta, Georgia O T H E R R E V I E W E R S Janet Alexander Sue Bell Anne Bongiorno Samford University Minnesota State University, Mankato State University of New York, Birmingham, Alabama Mankato, Minnesota Plattsburgh Plattsburgh, New York Grace E. Ayton Carolanne Bianchi Missouri Southern State University University of Rochester School of Cindy Bork Joplin, Missouri Nursing Winona State University Rochester, New York Winona, Minnesota Dot Baker Wilmington University Elizabeth H. Bicknell Mary Lou Bost Georgetown, Delaware University of Maine Carlow University Orono, Maine Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Cynthia Banks Sentara College of Health Sciences Kelley Blackburn Bonnie Bowie Chesapeake, Virginia University of Iowa Seattle University Urbandale, Iowa Seattle, Washington Mary Bannon University of North Carolina at Debbie Bomgaars Jeri Brandt Greensboro Northwestern College Nebraska Wesleyan University Jamestown, North Carolina Orange City, Iowa Lincoln, Nebraska AAlllleennddeerr__FFMM..iinndddd vviiii 44//33//22001133 55::3366::4499 PPMM viii OTHER REVIEWERS Brandy Brown Barbara Cornett Kim Dinsey-Read Union University Otterbein University Northern Kentucky University Michie, Tennessee Westerville, Ohio Highland Heights, Kentucky Mary Bruun Ben Crandall Norma Hannigan University of Mary Indiana Wesleyan University Columbia University Bismarck, North Dakota Marion, Indiana New York, New York Kathleen Buck Elizabeth Crusse Barbara Harrison Huntington University Towson University College of Virginia Beach—Nursing Huntington, Indiana Towson, Maryland Virginia Beach, Virginia Angeline Bushy Sarah Coulter Danner Frances Long University of Central Florida College Castleton State College Coastal Carolina University of Nursing Castleton, Vermont College of Science Daytona Beach, Florida Conway, South Carolina Becky Davis Minnie Campbell BryanLGH College of Health Sciences Juan Carlos Ramirez, BSN, DHS, School of Nursing – Kean University Lincoln, Nebraska MBA Union, New Jersey Professional Training Centers Jean DeDonder Miami, Florida Sharon Canclini Emporia State University Texas Christian University Emporia, Kansas Cheryl Schlamb Fort Worth, Texas West Chester University of Glenda Dexter-Brown Pennsylvania Susan M. Cherry Indiana University Northwest West Chester, Pennsylvania University of Texas at Arlington Gary, Indiana Arlington, Texas Amy Spurlock Debra Dickman Troy University Jane Christianson Blessing-Rieman College of Nursing Troy, Alabama University of Cincinnati Quincy, Illinois Cincinnati, Ohio AAlllleennddeerr__FFMM..iinndddd vviiiiii 44//33//22001133 55::3366::4499 PPMM