Table Of Content

NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-AFSC-259 Community Profiles for North Pacific Fisheries - Alaska Volume 9 by A. Himes-Cornell, K. Hoelting, C. Maguire, L. Munger-Little, J. Lee, J. Fisk, R. Felthoven, C. Geller, and P. Little U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service Alaska Fisheries Science Center November 2013 NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS The National Marine Fisheries Service's Alaska Fisheries Science Center uses the NOAA Technical Memorandum series to issue informal scientific and technical publications when complete formal review and editorial processing are not appropriate or feasible. Documents within this series reflect sound professional work and may be referenced in the formal scientific and technical literature. The NMFS-AFSC Technical Memorandum series of the Alaska Fisheries Science Center continues the NMFS-F/NWC series established in 1970 by the Northwest Fisheries Center. The NMFS-NWFSC series is currently used by the Northwest Fisheries Science Center. This document should be cited as follows: Himes-Cornell, A., K. Hoelting, C. Maguire, L. Munger-Little, J. Lee, J. Fisk, R. Felthoven, C. Geller, and P. Little. 2013. Community profiles for North Pacific fisheries - Alaska. U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-AFSC-259, Volume 9, 514 p. Reference in this document to trade names does not imply endorsement by the National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-AFSC-259 Community Profiles for North Pacific Fisheries - Alaska Volume 9 by A. Himes-Cornell, K. Hoelting, C. Maguire, L. Munger-Little, J. Lee, J. Fisk, R. Felthoven, C. Geller, and P. Little Alaska Fisheries Science Center Resource Ecology and Fisheries Assessment Division Economics and Social Sciences Research Program 7600 Sand Point Way N.E. Seattle, WA 98115 www.afsc.noaa.gov U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Penny. S. Pritzker, Secretary National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Kathryn D. Sullivan, Under Secretary and Administrator National Marine Fisheries Service Samuel D. Rauch III, Acting Assistant Administrator for Fisheries November 2013 This document is available to the public through: National Technical Information Service U.S. Department of Commerce 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 www.ntis.gov NOAA-TM-AFSC-259 – Volume 9 Community Profiles for North Pacific Fisheries – Alaska: Kenai Peninsula and Cook Inlet Kenai Peninsula and Cook Inlet REGIONAL INTRODUCTION: KENAI PENINSULA AND COOK INLET ...................... 1 COMMUNITIES .............................................................................................................................. 1 PEOPLE AND PLACE...................................................................................................................... 2 Location .................................................................................................................................. 2 Demographic Profile .............................................................................................................. 2 History..................................................................................................................................... 3 NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT ................................................................................. 4 GOVERNANCE .............................................................................................................................. 5 INVOLVEMENT IN NORTH PACIFIC FISHERIES .............................................................................. 5 REGIONAL CHALLENGES .............................................................................................................. 8 ANCHOR POINT ........................................................................................................................ 9 PEOPLE AND PLACE...................................................................................................................... 9 Location ................................................................................................................................. 9 Demographic Profile .............................................................................................................. 9 History, Traditional Knowledge, and Culture ...................................................................... 12 NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................... 12 CURRENT ECONOMY .................................................................................................................. 13 GOVERNANCE ............................................................................................................................ 15 INFRASTRUCTURE ...................................................................................................................... 16 Connectivity and Transportation .......................................................................................... 16 Facilities ............................................................................................................................... 16 Medical Services ................................................................................................................... 17 Educational Opportunities .................................................................................................... 17 INVOLVEMENT IN NORTH PACIFIC FISHERIES ............................................................................ 18 History and Evolution of Fisheries ....................................................................................... 18 Processing Plants.................................................................................................................. 18 Fisheries-Related Revenue .................................................................................................... 18 Commercial Fishing.............................................................................................................. 18 Recreational Fishing ............................................................................................................. 27 Subsistence Fishing ............................................................................................................... 27 CLAM GULCH ........................................................................................................................... 31 PEOPLE AND PLACE.................................................................................................................... 31 Location ............................................................................................................................... 31 Demographic Profile ............................................................................................................ 31 History, Traditional Knowledge, and Culture ...................................................................... 34 NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................... 34 CURRENT ECONOMY .................................................................................................................. 35 GOVERNANCE ............................................................................................................................ 37 INFRASTRUCTURE ...................................................................................................................... 38 Connectivity and Transportation .......................................................................................... 38 Facilities ............................................................................................................................... 38 Medical Services ................................................................................................................... 39 iii NOAA-TM-AFSC-259 – Volume 9 Community Profiles for North Pacific Fisheries – Alaska: Kenai Peninsula and Cook Inlet Educational Opportunities .................................................................................................... 39 INVOLVEMENT IN NORTH PACIFIC FISHERIES ............................................................................ 39 History and Evolution of Fisheries ....................................................................................... 39 Processing Plants.................................................................................................................. 40 Fisheries-Related Revenue .................................................................................................... 41 Commercial Fishing.............................................................................................................. 41 Recreational Fishing ............................................................................................................. 49 Subsistence Fishing ............................................................................................................... 49 COOPER LANDING.................................................................................................................. 53 PEOPLE AND PLACE.................................................................................................................... 53 Location ............................................................................................................................... 53 Demographic Profile ............................................................................................................ 53 History, Traditional Knowledge, and Culture ...................................................................... 56 NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................... 56 CURRENT ECONOMY .................................................................................................................. 57 GOVERNANCE ............................................................................................................................ 61 INFRASTRUCTURE ...................................................................................................................... 62 Connectivity and Transportation .......................................................................................... 62 Facilities ............................................................................................................................... 62 Medical Services ................................................................................................................... 62 Educational Opportunities .................................................................................................... 62 INVOLVEMENT IN NORTH PACIFIC FISHERIES ............................................................................ 63 History and Evolution of Fisheries ....................................................................................... 63 Processing Plants.................................................................................................................. 63 Fisheries-Related Revenue .................................................................................................... 63 Commercial Fishing.............................................................................................................. 63 Recreational Fishing ............................................................................................................. 71 Subsistence Fishing ............................................................................................................... 72 FRITZ CREEK ........................................................................................................................... 75 PEOPLE AND PLACE.................................................................................................................... 75 Location ............................................................................................................................... 75 Demographic Profile ............................................................................................................ 75 History, Traditional Knowledge, and Culture ...................................................................... 78 NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................... 79 CURRENT ECONOMY .................................................................................................................. 80 GOVERNANCE ............................................................................................................................ 83 INFRASTRUCTURE ...................................................................................................................... 84 Connectivity and Transportation .......................................................................................... 84 Facilities ............................................................................................................................... 84 Medical Services ................................................................................................................... 84 Educational Opportunities .................................................................................................... 84 INVOLVEMENT IN NORTH PACIFIC FISHERIES ............................................................................ 85 History and Evolution of Fisheries ....................................................................................... 85 Processing Plants.................................................................................................................. 86 Fisheries-Related Revenue .................................................................................................... 86 iv NOAA-TM-AFSC-259 – Volume 9 Community Profiles for North Pacific Fisheries – Alaska: Kenai Peninsula and Cook Inlet Commercial Fishing.............................................................................................................. 86 Recreational Fishing ............................................................................................................. 95 Subsistence Fishing ............................................................................................................... 97 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ....................................................................................................... 97 HALIBUT COVE...................................................................................................................... 101 PEOPLE AND PLACE.................................................................................................................. 101 Location ............................................................................................................................. 101 Demographic Profile .......................................................................................................... 101 History, Traditional Knowledge, and Culture .................................................................... 104 NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................. 104 CURRENT ECONOMY ................................................................................................................ 106 GOVERNANCE .......................................................................................................................... 108 INFRASTRUCTURE .................................................................................................................... 109 Connectivity and Transportation ........................................................................................ 109 Facilities ............................................................................................................................. 110 Medical Services ................................................................................................................. 110 Educational Opportunities .................................................................................................. 110 INVOLVEMENT IN NORTH PACIFIC FISHERIES .......................................................................... 110 History and Evolution of Fisheries ..................................................................................... 110 Processing Plants................................................................................................................ 112 Fisheries-Related Revenue .................................................................................................. 113 Commercial Fishing............................................................................................................ 113 Recreational Fishing ........................................................................................................... 122 Subsistence Fishing ............................................................................................................. 124 HOMER .................................................................................................................................... 127 PEOPLE AND PLACE.................................................................................................................. 127 Location ............................................................................................................................. 127 Demographic Profile .......................................................................................................... 127 History, Traditional Knowledge, and Culture .................................................................... 130 NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................. 131 CURRENT ECONOMY ................................................................................................................ 132 GOVERNANCE .......................................................................................................................... 135 INFRASTRUCTURE .................................................................................................................... 136 Connectivity and Transportation ........................................................................................ 136 Facilities ............................................................................................................................. 137 Medical Services ................................................................................................................. 138 Educational Opportunities .................................................................................................. 139 INVOLVEMENT IN NORTH PACIFIC FISHERIES .......................................................................... 139 History and Evolution of Fisheries ..................................................................................... 139 Processing Plants................................................................................................................ 142 Fisheries-Related Revenue .................................................................................................. 144 Commercial Fishing............................................................................................................ 144 Recreational Fishing ........................................................................................................... 156 Subsistence Fishing ............................................................................................................. 158 v NOAA-TM-AFSC-259 – Volume 9 Community Profiles for North Pacific Fisheries – Alaska: Kenai Peninsula and Cook Inlet KASILOF .................................................................................................................................. 162 PEOPLE AND PLACE.................................................................................................................. 162 Location ............................................................................................................................. 162 Demographic Profile .......................................................................................................... 162 History, Traditional Knowledge, and Culture .................................................................... 165 NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................. 166 CURRENT ECONOMY ................................................................................................................ 168 GOVERNANCE .......................................................................................................................... 170 INFRASTRUCTURE .................................................................................................................... 171 Connectivity and Transportation ........................................................................................ 171 Facilities ............................................................................................................................. 172 Medical Services ................................................................................................................. 172 Educational Opportunities .................................................................................................. 172 INVOLVEMENT IN NORTH PACIFIC FISHERIES .......................................................................... 173 History and Evolution of Fisheries ..................................................................................... 173 Processing Plants................................................................................................................ 174 Fisheries-Related Revenue .................................................................................................. 175 Commercial Fishing............................................................................................................ 175 Recreational Fishing ........................................................................................................... 185 Subsistence Fishing ............................................................................................................. 187 KENAI ...................................................................................................................................... 190 PEOPLE AND PLACE.................................................................................................................. 190 Location ............................................................................................................................. 190 Demographic Profile .......................................................................................................... 190 History, Traditional Knowledge, and Culture .................................................................... 193 NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................. 193 CURRENT ECONOMY ................................................................................................................ 196 GOVERNANCE .......................................................................................................................... 199 INFRASTRUCTURE .................................................................................................................... 201 Connectivity and Transportation ........................................................................................ 201 Facilities ............................................................................................................................. 201 Medical Services ................................................................................................................. 202 Educational Opportunities .................................................................................................. 203 INVOLVEMENT IN NORTH PACIFIC FISHERIES .......................................................................... 203 History and Evolution of Fisheries ..................................................................................... 203 Processing Plants................................................................................................................ 205 Fisheries-Related Revenue .................................................................................................. 206 Commercial Fishing............................................................................................................ 206 Recreational Fishing ........................................................................................................... 217 Subsistence Fishing ............................................................................................................. 219 MOOSE PASS ........................................................................................................................... 224 PEOPLE AND PLACE.................................................................................................................. 224 Location .............................................................................................................................. 224 Demographic Profile .......................................................................................................... 224 vi NOAA-TM-AFSC-259 – Volume 9 Community Profiles for North Pacific Fisheries – Alaska: Kenai Peninsula and Cook Inlet History, Traditional Knowledge, and Culture, ................................................................... 227 NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................. 228 CURRENT ECONOMY ................................................................................................................ 229 GOVERNANCE .......................................................................................................................... 232 INFRASTRUCTURE .................................................................................................................... 233 Connectivity and Transportation ........................................................................................ 233 Facilities ............................................................................................................................. 233 Medical Services ................................................................................................................. 234 Educational Opportunities .................................................................................................. 234 INVOLVEMENT IN NORTH PACIFIC FISHERIES .......................................................................... 234 History and Evolution of Fisheries ..................................................................................... 234 Processing Plants................................................................................................................ 235 Fisheries-Related Revenue .................................................................................................. 235 Commercial Fishing............................................................................................................ 235 Recreational Fishing ........................................................................................................... 243 Subsistence Fishing ............................................................................................................. 244 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ..................................................................................................... 245 NANWALEK ............................................................................................................................ 248 PEOPLE AND PLACE.................................................................................................................. 248 Location .............................................................................................................................. 248 Demographic Profile .......................................................................................................... 248 History, Traditional Knowledge, and Culture .................................................................... 251 NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................. 252 CURRENT ECONOMY ................................................................................................................ 254 GOVERNANCE .......................................................................................................................... 257 INFRASTRUCTURE .................................................................................................................... 258 Connectivity and Transportation ........................................................................................ 258 Facilities ............................................................................................................................. 259 Medical Services ................................................................................................................. 259 Educational Opportunities .................................................................................................. 260 INVOLVEMENT IN NORTH PACIFIC FISHERIES .......................................................................... 260 History and Evolution of Fisheries ..................................................................................... 260 Processing Plants................................................................................................................ 261 Fisheries-Related Revenue .................................................................................................. 261 Commercial Fishing............................................................................................................ 262 Recreational Fishing ........................................................................................................... 270 Subsistence Fishing ............................................................................................................. 272 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ..................................................................................................... 273 NIKISKI .................................................................................................................................... 276 PEOPLE AND PLACE.................................................................................................................. 276 Location ............................................................................................................................. 276 Demographic Profile .......................................................................................................... 276 History, Traditional Knowledge, and Culture .................................................................... 279 NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................. 279 CURRENT ECONOMY ................................................................................................................ 281 vii NOAA-TM-AFSC-259 – Volume 9 Community Profiles for North Pacific Fisheries – Alaska: Kenai Peninsula and Cook Inlet GOVERNANCE .......................................................................................................................... 283 INFRASTRUCTURE .................................................................................................................... 284 Connectivity and Transportation ........................................................................................ 284 Facilities ............................................................................................................................. 285 Medical Services ................................................................................................................. 285 Educational Opportunities .................................................................................................. 285 INVOLVEMENT IN NORTH PACIFIC FISHERIES .......................................................................... 286 History and Evolution of Fisheries ..................................................................................... 286 Processing Plants................................................................................................................ 287 Fisheries-Related Revenue .................................................................................................. 288 Commercial Fishing............................................................................................................ 288 Recreational Fishing ........................................................................................................... 297 Subsistence Fishing ............................................................................................................. 299 NIKOLAEVSK ........................................................................................................................ 302 PEOPLE AND PLACE.................................................................................................................. 302 Location .............................................................................................................................. 302 Demographic Profile .......................................................................................................... 302 History, Traditional Knowledge, and Culture .................................................................... 305 NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................. 305 CURRENT ECONOMY ................................................................................................................ 307 GOVERNANCE .......................................................................................................................... 310 INFRASTRUCTURE .................................................................................................................... 311 Connectivity and Transportation ........................................................................................ 311 Facilities ............................................................................................................................. 311 Medical Services ................................................................................................................. 312 Educational Opportunities .................................................................................................. 312 INVOLVEMENT IN NORTH PACIFIC FISHERIES .......................................................................... 312 History and Evolution of Fisheries ..................................................................................... 312 Processing Plants................................................................................................................ 313 Fisheries-Related Revenue .................................................................................................. 313 Commercial Fishing............................................................................................................ 313 Recreational Fishing ........................................................................................................... 323 Subsistence Fishing ............................................................................................................. 325 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ..................................................................................................... 326 NINILCHIK .............................................................................................................................. 329 PEOPLE AND PLACE.................................................................................................................. 329 Location ............................................................................................................................. 329 Demographic Profile .......................................................................................................... 329 History, Traditional Knowledge, and Culture .................................................................... 332 NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................. 332 CURRENT ECONOMY ................................................................................................................ 334 GOVERNANCE .......................................................................................................................... 337 INFRASTRUCTURE .................................................................................................................... 339 Connectivity and Transportation ........................................................................................ 339 Facilities ............................................................................................................................. 339 viii

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NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-AFSC-259 Community Profiles for North Pacific Fisheries - Alaska Volume 9 by A. Himes-Cornell, K. Hoelting, C. Maguire, L. Munger-Little, J. Lee, J. Fisk, R. Felthoven, C. Geller, and P. Little U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service Alaska Fisheries Science Center November 2013 NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS The National Marine Fisheries Service's Alaska Fisheries Science Center uses the NOAA Technical Memorandum series to issue informal scientific and technical publications when complete formal review and editorial processing are not appropriate or feasible. Documents within this series reflect sound professional work and may be referenced in the formal scientific and technical literature. The NMFS-AFSC Technical Memorandum series of the Alaska Fisheries Science Center continues the NMFS-F/NWC series established in 1970 by the Northwest Fisheries Center. The NMFS-NWFSC series is currently used by the Northwest Fisheries Science Center. This document should be cited as follows: Himes-Cornell, A., K. Hoelting, C. Maguire, L. Munger-Little, J. Lee, J. Fisk, R. Felthoven, C. Geller, and P. Little. 2013. Community profiles for North Pacific fisheries - Alaska. U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-AFSC-259, Volume 9, 514 p. Reference in this document to trade names does not imply endorsement by the National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-AFSC-259 Community Profiles for North Pacific Fisheries - Alaska Volume 9 by A. Himes-Cornell, K. Hoelting, C. Maguire, L. Munger-Little, J. Lee, J. Fisk, R. Felthoven, C. Geller, and P. Little Alaska Fisheries Science Center Resource Ecology and Fisheries Assessment Division Economics and Social Sciences Research Program 7600 Sand Point Way N.E. Seattle, WA 98115 www.afsc.noaa.gov U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Penny. S. Pritzker, Secretary National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Kathryn D. Sullivan, Under Secretary and Administrator National Marine Fisheries Service Samuel D. Rauch III, Acting Assistant Administrator for Fisheries November 2013 This document is available to the public through: National Technical Information Service U.S. Department of Commerce 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 www.ntis.gov NOAA-TM-AFSC-259 – Volume 9 Community Profiles for North Pacific Fisheries – Alaska: Kenai Peninsula and Cook Inlet Kenai Peninsula and Cook Inlet REGIONAL INTRODUCTION: KENAI PENINSULA AND COOK INLET ...................... 1 COMMUNITIES .............................................................................................................................. 1 PEOPLE AND PLACE...................................................................................................................... 2 Location .................................................................................................................................. 2 Demographic Profile .............................................................................................................. 2 History..................................................................................................................................... 3 NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT ................................................................................. 4 GOVERNANCE .............................................................................................................................. 5 INVOLVEMENT IN NORTH PACIFIC FISHERIES .............................................................................. 5 REGIONAL CHALLENGES .............................................................................................................. 8 ANCHOR POINT ........................................................................................................................ 9 PEOPLE AND PLACE...................................................................................................................... 9 Location ................................................................................................................................. 9 Demographic Profile .............................................................................................................. 9 History, Traditional Knowledge, and Culture ...................................................................... 12 NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................... 12 CURRENT ECONOMY .................................................................................................................. 13 GOVERNANCE ............................................................................................................................ 15 INFRASTRUCTURE ...................................................................................................................... 16 Connectivity and Transportation .......................................................................................... 16 Facilities ............................................................................................................................... 16 Medical Services ................................................................................................................... 17 Educational Opportunities .................................................................................................... 17 INVOLVEMENT IN NORTH PACIFIC FISHERIES ............................................................................ 18 History and Evolution of Fisheries ....................................................................................... 18 Processing Plants.................................................................................................................. 18 Fisheries-Related Revenue .................................................................................................... 18 Commercial Fishing.............................................................................................................. 18 Recreational Fishing ............................................................................................................. 27 Subsistence Fishing ............................................................................................................... 27 CLAM GULCH ........................................................................................................................... 31 PEOPLE AND PLACE.................................................................................................................... 31 Location ............................................................................................................................... 31 Demographic Profile ............................................................................................................ 31 History, Traditional Knowledge, and Culture ...................................................................... 34 NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................... 34 CURRENT ECONOMY .................................................................................................................. 35 GOVERNANCE ............................................................................................................................ 37 INFRASTRUCTURE ...................................................................................................................... 38 Connectivity and Transportation .......................................................................................... 38 Facilities ............................................................................................................................... 38 Medical Services ................................................................................................................... 39 iii NOAA-TM-AFSC-259 – Volume 9 Community Profiles for North Pacific Fisheries – Alaska: Kenai Peninsula and Cook Inlet Educational Opportunities .................................................................................................... 39 INVOLVEMENT IN NORTH PACIFIC FISHERIES ............................................................................ 39 History and Evolution of Fisheries ....................................................................................... 39 Processing Plants.................................................................................................................. 40 Fisheries-Related Revenue .................................................................................................... 41 Commercial Fishing.............................................................................................................. 41 Recreational Fishing ............................................................................................................. 49 Subsistence Fishing ............................................................................................................... 49 COOPER LANDING.................................................................................................................. 53 PEOPLE AND PLACE.................................................................................................................... 53 Location ............................................................................................................................... 53 Demographic Profile ............................................................................................................ 53 History, Traditional Knowledge, and Culture ...................................................................... 56 NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................... 56 CURRENT ECONOMY .................................................................................................................. 57 GOVERNANCE ............................................................................................................................ 61 INFRASTRUCTURE ...................................................................................................................... 62 Connectivity and Transportation .......................................................................................... 62 Facilities ............................................................................................................................... 62 Medical Services ................................................................................................................... 62 Educational Opportunities .................................................................................................... 62 INVOLVEMENT IN NORTH PACIFIC FISHERIES ............................................................................ 63 History and Evolution of Fisheries ....................................................................................... 63 Processing Plants.................................................................................................................. 63 Fisheries-Related Revenue .................................................................................................... 63 Commercial Fishing.............................................................................................................. 63 Recreational Fishing ............................................................................................................. 71 Subsistence Fishing ............................................................................................................... 72 FRITZ CREEK ........................................................................................................................... 75 PEOPLE AND PLACE.................................................................................................................... 75 Location ............................................................................................................................... 75 Demographic Profile ............................................................................................................ 75 History, Traditional Knowledge, and Culture ...................................................................... 78 NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................... 79 CURRENT ECONOMY .................................................................................................................. 80 GOVERNANCE ............................................................................................................................ 83 INFRASTRUCTURE ...................................................................................................................... 84 Connectivity and Transportation .......................................................................................... 84 Facilities ............................................................................................................................... 84 Medical Services ................................................................................................................... 84 Educational Opportunities .................................................................................................... 84 INVOLVEMENT IN NORTH PACIFIC FISHERIES ............................................................................ 85 History and Evolution of Fisheries ....................................................................................... 85 Processing Plants.................................................................................................................. 86 Fisheries-Related Revenue .................................................................................................... 86 iv NOAA-TM-AFSC-259 – Volume 9 Community Profiles for North Pacific Fisheries – Alaska: Kenai Peninsula and Cook Inlet Commercial Fishing.............................................................................................................. 86 Recreational Fishing ............................................................................................................. 95 Subsistence Fishing ............................................................................................................... 97 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ....................................................................................................... 97 HALIBUT COVE...................................................................................................................... 101 PEOPLE AND PLACE.................................................................................................................. 101 Location ............................................................................................................................. 101 Demographic Profile .......................................................................................................... 101 History, Traditional Knowledge, and Culture .................................................................... 104 NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................. 104 CURRENT ECONOMY ................................................................................................................ 106 GOVERNANCE .......................................................................................................................... 108 INFRASTRUCTURE .................................................................................................................... 109 Connectivity and Transportation ........................................................................................ 109 Facilities ............................................................................................................................. 110 Medical Services ................................................................................................................. 110 Educational Opportunities .................................................................................................. 110 INVOLVEMENT IN NORTH PACIFIC FISHERIES .......................................................................... 110 History and Evolution of Fisheries ..................................................................................... 110 Processing Plants................................................................................................................ 112 Fisheries-Related Revenue .................................................................................................. 113 Commercial Fishing............................................................................................................ 113 Recreational Fishing ........................................................................................................... 122 Subsistence Fishing ............................................................................................................. 124 HOMER .................................................................................................................................... 127 PEOPLE AND PLACE.................................................................................................................. 127 Location ............................................................................................................................. 127 Demographic Profile .......................................................................................................... 127 History, Traditional Knowledge, and Culture .................................................................... 130 NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................. 131 CURRENT ECONOMY ................................................................................................................ 132 GOVERNANCE .......................................................................................................................... 135 INFRASTRUCTURE .................................................................................................................... 136 Connectivity and Transportation ........................................................................................ 136 Facilities ............................................................................................................................. 137 Medical Services ................................................................................................................. 138 Educational Opportunities .................................................................................................. 139 INVOLVEMENT IN NORTH PACIFIC FISHERIES .......................................................................... 139 History and Evolution of Fisheries ..................................................................................... 139 Processing Plants................................................................................................................ 142 Fisheries-Related Revenue .................................................................................................. 144 Commercial Fishing............................................................................................................ 144 Recreational Fishing ........................................................................................................... 156 Subsistence Fishing ............................................................................................................. 158 v NOAA-TM-AFSC-259 – Volume 9 Community Profiles for North Pacific Fisheries – Alaska: Kenai Peninsula and Cook Inlet KASILOF .................................................................................................................................. 162 PEOPLE AND PLACE.................................................................................................................. 162 Location ............................................................................................................................. 162 Demographic Profile .......................................................................................................... 162 History, Traditional Knowledge, and Culture .................................................................... 165 NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................. 166 CURRENT ECONOMY ................................................................................................................ 168 GOVERNANCE .......................................................................................................................... 170 INFRASTRUCTURE .................................................................................................................... 171 Connectivity and Transportation ........................................................................................ 171 Facilities ............................................................................................................................. 172 Medical Services ................................................................................................................. 172 Educational Opportunities .................................................................................................. 172 INVOLVEMENT IN NORTH PACIFIC FISHERIES .......................................................................... 173 History and Evolution of Fisheries ..................................................................................... 173 Processing Plants................................................................................................................ 174 Fisheries-Related Revenue .................................................................................................. 175 Commercial Fishing............................................................................................................ 175 Recreational Fishing ........................................................................................................... 185 Subsistence Fishing ............................................................................................................. 187 KENAI ...................................................................................................................................... 190 PEOPLE AND PLACE.................................................................................................................. 190 Location ............................................................................................................................. 190 Demographic Profile .......................................................................................................... 190 History, Traditional Knowledge, and Culture .................................................................... 193 NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................. 193 CURRENT ECONOMY ................................................................................................................ 196 GOVERNANCE .......................................................................................................................... 199 INFRASTRUCTURE .................................................................................................................... 201 Connectivity and Transportation ........................................................................................ 201 Facilities ............................................................................................................................. 201 Medical Services ................................................................................................................. 202 Educational Opportunities .................................................................................................. 203 INVOLVEMENT IN NORTH PACIFIC FISHERIES .......................................................................... 203 History and Evolution of Fisheries ..................................................................................... 203 Processing Plants................................................................................................................ 205 Fisheries-Related Revenue .................................................................................................. 206 Commercial Fishing............................................................................................................ 206 Recreational Fishing ........................................................................................................... 217 Subsistence Fishing ............................................................................................................. 219 MOOSE PASS ........................................................................................................................... 224 PEOPLE AND PLACE.................................................................................................................. 224 Location .............................................................................................................................. 224 Demographic Profile .......................................................................................................... 224 vi NOAA-TM-AFSC-259 – Volume 9 Community Profiles for North Pacific Fisheries – Alaska: Kenai Peninsula and Cook Inlet History, Traditional Knowledge, and Culture, ................................................................... 227 NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................. 228 CURRENT ECONOMY ................................................................................................................ 229 GOVERNANCE .......................................................................................................................... 232 INFRASTRUCTURE .................................................................................................................... 233 Connectivity and Transportation ........................................................................................ 233 Facilities ............................................................................................................................. 233 Medical Services ................................................................................................................. 234 Educational Opportunities .................................................................................................. 234 INVOLVEMENT IN NORTH PACIFIC FISHERIES .......................................................................... 234 History and Evolution of Fisheries ..................................................................................... 234 Processing Plants................................................................................................................ 235 Fisheries-Related Revenue .................................................................................................. 235 Commercial Fishing............................................................................................................ 235 Recreational Fishing ........................................................................................................... 243 Subsistence Fishing ............................................................................................................. 244 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ..................................................................................................... 245 NANWALEK ............................................................................................................................ 248 PEOPLE AND PLACE.................................................................................................................. 248 Location .............................................................................................................................. 248 Demographic Profile .......................................................................................................... 248 History, Traditional Knowledge, and Culture .................................................................... 251 NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................. 252 CURRENT ECONOMY ................................................................................................................ 254 GOVERNANCE .......................................................................................................................... 257 INFRASTRUCTURE .................................................................................................................... 258 Connectivity and Transportation ........................................................................................ 258 Facilities ............................................................................................................................. 259 Medical Services ................................................................................................................. 259 Educational Opportunities .................................................................................................. 260 INVOLVEMENT IN NORTH PACIFIC FISHERIES .......................................................................... 260 History and Evolution of Fisheries ..................................................................................... 260 Processing Plants................................................................................................................ 261 Fisheries-Related Revenue .................................................................................................. 261 Commercial Fishing............................................................................................................ 262 Recreational Fishing ........................................................................................................... 270 Subsistence Fishing ............................................................................................................. 272 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ..................................................................................................... 273 NIKISKI .................................................................................................................................... 276 PEOPLE AND PLACE.................................................................................................................. 276 Location ............................................................................................................................. 276 Demographic Profile .......................................................................................................... 276 History, Traditional Knowledge, and Culture .................................................................... 279 NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................. 279 CURRENT ECONOMY ................................................................................................................ 281 vii NOAA-TM-AFSC-259 – Volume 9 Community Profiles for North Pacific Fisheries – Alaska: Kenai Peninsula and Cook Inlet GOVERNANCE .......................................................................................................................... 283 INFRASTRUCTURE .................................................................................................................... 284 Connectivity and Transportation ........................................................................................ 284 Facilities ............................................................................................................................. 285 Medical Services ................................................................................................................. 285 Educational Opportunities .................................................................................................. 285 INVOLVEMENT IN NORTH PACIFIC FISHERIES .......................................................................... 286 History and Evolution of Fisheries ..................................................................................... 286 Processing Plants................................................................................................................ 287 Fisheries-Related Revenue .................................................................................................. 288 Commercial Fishing............................................................................................................ 288 Recreational Fishing ........................................................................................................... 297 Subsistence Fishing ............................................................................................................. 299 NIKOLAEVSK ........................................................................................................................ 302 PEOPLE AND PLACE.................................................................................................................. 302 Location .............................................................................................................................. 302 Demographic Profile .......................................................................................................... 302 History, Traditional Knowledge, and Culture .................................................................... 305 NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................. 305 CURRENT ECONOMY ................................................................................................................ 307 GOVERNANCE .......................................................................................................................... 310 INFRASTRUCTURE .................................................................................................................... 311 Connectivity and Transportation ........................................................................................ 311 Facilities ............................................................................................................................. 311 Medical Services ................................................................................................................. 312 Educational Opportunities .................................................................................................. 312 INVOLVEMENT IN NORTH PACIFIC FISHERIES .......................................................................... 312 History and Evolution of Fisheries ..................................................................................... 312 Processing Plants................................................................................................................ 313 Fisheries-Related Revenue .................................................................................................. 313 Commercial Fishing............................................................................................................ 313 Recreational Fishing ........................................................................................................... 323 Subsistence Fishing ............................................................................................................. 325 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ..................................................................................................... 326 NINILCHIK .............................................................................................................................. 329 PEOPLE AND PLACE.................................................................................................................. 329 Location ............................................................................................................................. 329 Demographic Profile .......................................................................................................... 329 History, Traditional Knowledge, and Culture .................................................................... 332 NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................. 332 CURRENT ECONOMY ................................................................................................................ 334 GOVERNANCE .......................................................................................................................... 337 INFRASTRUCTURE .................................................................................................................... 339 Connectivity and Transportation ........................................................................................ 339 Facilities ............................................................................................................................. 339 viii

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