Table Of Content

NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-AFSC-259 Community Profiles for North Pacific Fisheries - Alaska Volume 4 by A. Himes-Cornell, K. Hoelting, C. Maguire, L. Munger-Little, J. Lee, J. Fisk, R. Felthoven, C. Geller, and P. Little U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service Alaska Fisheries Science Center November 2013 NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS The National Marine Fisheries Service's Alaska Fisheries Science Center uses the NOAA Technical Memorandum series to issue informal scientific and technical publications when complete formal review and editorial processing are not appropriate or feasible. Documents within this series reflect sound professional work and may be referenced in the formal scientific and technical literature. The NMFS-AFSC Technical Memorandum series of the Alaska Fisheries Science Center continues the NMFS-F/NWC series established in 1970 by the Northwest Fisheries Center. The NMFS-NWFSC series is currently used by the Northwest Fisheries Science Center. This document should be cited as follows: Himes-Cornell, A., K. Hoelting, C. Maguire, L. Munger-Little, J. Lee, J. Fisk, R. Felthoven, C. Geller, and P. Little. 2013. Community profiles for North Pacific fisheries - Alaska. U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-AFSC-259, Volume 4, 287 p. Reference in this document to trade names does not imply endorsement by the National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-AFSC-259 Community Profiles for North Pacific Fisheries - Alaska Volume 4 by A. Himes-Cornell, K. Hoelting, C. Maguire, L. Munger-Little, J. Lee, J. Fisk, R. Felthoven, C. Geller, and P. Little Alaska Fisheries Science Center Resource Ecology and Fisheries Assessment Division Economics and Social Sciences Research Program 7600 Sand Point Way N.E. Seattle, WA 98115 www.afsc.noaa.gov U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Penny. S. Pritzker, Secretary National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Kathryn D. Sullivan, Under Secretary and Administrator National Marine Fisheries Service Samuel D. Rauch III, Acting Assistant Administrator for Fisheries November 2013 This document is available to the public through: National Technical Information Service U.S. Department of Commerce 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 www.ntis.gov NOAA-TM-AFSC-259 – Volume 4 Community Profiles for North Pacific Fisheries – Alaska: Northern Alaska Northern Alaska REGIONAL INTRODUCTION: NORTHERN ALASKA COMMUNITIES .............................................................................................................................. 1 PEOPLE AND PLACE...................................................................................................................... 2 Location .................................................................................................................................. 2 Demographic Profile .............................................................................................................. 2 History..................................................................................................................................... 3 NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT ................................................................................. 4 GOVERNANCE .............................................................................................................................. 6 INVOLVEMENT IN NORTH PACIFIC FISHERIES .............................................................................. 6 REGIONAL CHALLENGES .............................................................................................................. 9 BARROW .................................................................................................................................... 11 PEOPLE AND PLACE.................................................................................................................... 11 Location ............................................................................................................................... 11 Demographic Profile, ............................................................................................................ 11 History, Traditional Knowledge, and Culture ...................................................................... 14 NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................... 15 CURRENT ECONOMY .................................................................................................................. 16 GOVERNANCE ............................................................................................................................ 18 INFRASTRUCTURE ...................................................................................................................... 19 Connectivity and Transportation .......................................................................................... 19 Facilities ............................................................................................................................... 20 Medical Services ................................................................................................................... 20 Educational Opportunities .................................................................................................... 20 INVOLVEMENT IN NORTH PACIFIC FISHERIES ............................................................................ 21 History and Evolution of Fisheries ....................................................................................... 21 Processing Plants.................................................................................................................. 21 Fisheries-Related Revenue .................................................................................................... 21 Commercial Fishing.............................................................................................................. 21 Recreational Fishing ............................................................................................................. 29 Subsistence Fishing ............................................................................................................... 30 KAKTOVIK ............................................................................................................................... 34 PEOPLE AND PLACE.................................................................................................................... 34 Location ................................................................................................................................ 34 Demographic Profile ............................................................................................................ 34 History, Traditional Knowledge, and Culture ...................................................................... 37 NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................... 38 CURRENT ECONOMY .................................................................................................................. 40 GOVERNANCE ............................................................................................................................ 42 INFRASTRUCTURE ...................................................................................................................... 44 Connectivity and Transportation .......................................................................................... 44 Facilities ............................................................................................................................... 45 iii NOAA-TM-AFSC-259 – Volume 4 Community Profiles for North Pacific Fisheries – Alaska: Northern Alaska Medical Services ................................................................................................................... 45 Educational Opportunities .................................................................................................... 46 INVOLVEMENT IN NORTH PACIFIC FISHERIES ............................................................................ 46 History and Evolution of Fisheries ....................................................................................... 46 Processing Plants.................................................................................................................. 47 Fisheries-Related Revenue .................................................................................................... 47 Commercial Fishing.............................................................................................................. 47 Recreational Fishing ............................................................................................................. 55 Subsistence Fishing ............................................................................................................... 56 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ....................................................................................................... 58 KIANA ........................................................................................................................................ 61 PEOPLE AND PLACE.................................................................................................................... 61 Location ................................................................................................................................ 61 Demographic Profile ............................................................................................................ 61 History, Traditional Knowledge, and Culture ...................................................................... 64 NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................... 65 CURRENT ECONOMY .................................................................................................................. 67 GOVERNANCE ............................................................................................................................ 70 INFRASTRUCTURE ...................................................................................................................... 71 Connectivity and Transportation .......................................................................................... 71 Facilities ............................................................................................................................... 72 Medical Services ................................................................................................................... 73 Educational Opportunities .................................................................................................... 73 INVOLVEMENT IN NORTH PACIFIC FISHERIES ............................................................................ 73 History and Evolution of Fisheries ....................................................................................... 73 Processing Plants.................................................................................................................. 74 Fisheries-Related Revenue .................................................................................................... 75 Commercial Fishing.............................................................................................................. 75 Recreational Fishing ............................................................................................................. 83 Subsistence Fishing ............................................................................................................... 85 KIVALINA ................................................................................................................................. 88 PEOPLE AND PLACE.................................................................................................................... 88 Location ............................................................................................................................... 88 Demographic Profile ............................................................................................................ 88 History, Traditional Knowledge, and Culture ...................................................................... 91 NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................... 91 CURRENT ECONOMY .................................................................................................................. 93 GOVERNANCE ............................................................................................................................ 96 INFRASTRUCTURE ...................................................................................................................... 98 Connectivity and Transportation, ......................................................................................... 98 Facilities, ............................................................................................................................... 98 Medical Services ................................................................................................................... 99 Educational Opportunities .................................................................................................... 99 INVOLVEMENT IN NORTH PACIFIC FISHERIES ............................................................................ 99 History and Evolution of Fisheries ....................................................................................... 99 iv NOAA-TM-AFSC-259 – Volume 4 Community Profiles for North Pacific Fisheries – Alaska: Northern Alaska Processing Plants................................................................................................................ 100 Fisheries-Related Revenue .................................................................................................. 100 Commercial Fishing............................................................................................................ 100 Recreational Fishing ........................................................................................................... 108 Subsistence Fishing ............................................................................................................. 109 KOTZEBUE ............................................................................................................................. 113 PEOPLE AND PLACE.................................................................................................................. 113 Location ............................................................................................................................. 113 Demographic Profile .......................................................................................................... 113 History, Traditional Knowledge, and Culture .................................................................... 116 NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................. 117 CURRENT ECONOMY ................................................................................................................ 119 GOVERNANCE .......................................................................................................................... 122 INFRASTRUCTURE .................................................................................................................... 122 Connectivity and Transportation ........................................................................................ 122 Facilities ............................................................................................................................. 123 Medical Services ................................................................................................................. 124 Educational Opportunities .................................................................................................. 124 INVOLVEMENT IN NORTH PACIFIC FISHERIES .......................................................................... 125 History and Evolution of Fisheries ..................................................................................... 125 Processing Plants................................................................................................................ 126 Fisheries-Related Revenue .................................................................................................. 126 Commercial Fishing............................................................................................................ 126 Recreational Fishing ........................................................................................................... 134 Subsistence Fishing ............................................................................................................. 137 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ..................................................................................................... 138 NOATAK .................................................................................................................................. 141 PEOPLE AND PLACE.................................................................................................................. 141 Location ............................................................................................................................. 141 Demographic Profile .......................................................................................................... 141 History, Traditional Knowledge, and Culture .................................................................... 144 NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................. 144 CURRENT ECONOMY ................................................................................................................ 147 GOVERNANCE .......................................................................................................................... 150 INFRASTRUCTURE .................................................................................................................... 151 Connectivity and Transportation ........................................................................................ 151 Facilities ............................................................................................................................. 151 Medical Services ................................................................................................................. 152 Educational Opportunities .................................................................................................. 152 INVOLVEMENT IN NORTH PACIFIC FISHERIES .......................................................................... 152 History and Evolution of Fisheries ..................................................................................... 152 Processing Plants................................................................................................................ 153 Fisheries-Related Revenue .................................................................................................. 153 Commercial Fishing............................................................................................................ 154 Recreational Fishing ........................................................................................................... 162 v NOAA-TM-AFSC-259 – Volume 4 Community Profiles for North Pacific Fisheries – Alaska: Northern Alaska Subsistence Fishing ............................................................................................................. 163 NUIQSUT ................................................................................................................................. 167 PEOPLE AND PLACE.................................................................................................................. 167 Location ............................................................................................................................. 167 Demographic Profile .......................................................................................................... 167 History, Traditional Knowledge, and Culture .................................................................... 170 NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................. 171 CURRENT ECONOMY ................................................................................................................ 174 GOVERNANCE .......................................................................................................................... 176 INFRASTRUCTURE .................................................................................................................... 178 Connectivity and Transportation ........................................................................................ 178 Facilities ............................................................................................................................. 178 Medical Services ................................................................................................................. 179 Educational Opportunities .................................................................................................. 179 INVOLVEMENT IN NORTH PACIFIC FISHERIES .......................................................................... 179 History and Evolution of Fisheries ..................................................................................... 179 Processing Plants................................................................................................................ 180 Fisheries-Related Revenue .................................................................................................. 180 Commercial Fishing............................................................................................................ 180 Recreational Fishing ........................................................................................................... 189 Subsistence Fishing ............................................................................................................. 191 POINT LAY (A.K.A. KALI) ..................................................................................................... 195 PEOPLE AND PLACE.................................................................................................................. 195 Location .............................................................................................................................. 195 Demographic Profile .......................................................................................................... 195 History, Traditional Knowledge, and Culture .................................................................... 198 NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................. 199 CURRENT ECONOMY ................................................................................................................ 201 GOVERNANCE .......................................................................................................................... 204 INFRASTRUCTURE .................................................................................................................... 205 Connectivity and Transportation ........................................................................................ 205 Facilities ............................................................................................................................. 206 Medical Services ................................................................................................................. 206 Educational Opportunities .................................................................................................. 207 INVOLVEMENT IN NORTH PACIFIC FISHERIES .......................................................................... 207 History and Evolution of Fisheries ..................................................................................... 207 Processing Plants................................................................................................................ 208 Fisheries-Related Revenue .................................................................................................. 208 Commercial Fishing............................................................................................................ 208 Recreational Fishing ........................................................................................................... 216 Subsistence Fishing ............................................................................................................. 217 PRUDHOE BAY ...................................................................................................................... 222 PEOPLE AND PLACE.................................................................................................................. 222 Location .............................................................................................................................. 222 vi NOAA-TM-AFSC-259 – Volume 4 Community Profiles for North Pacific Fisheries – Alaska: Northern Alaska Demographic Profile .......................................................................................................... 222 History, Traditional Knowledge, and Culture .................................................................... 225 NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................. 225 CURRENT ECONOMY ................................................................................................................ 226 GOVERNANCE .......................................................................................................................... 227 INFRASTRUCTURE .................................................................................................................... 228 Connectivity and Transportation ........................................................................................ 228 Facilities ............................................................................................................................. 228 Medical Services ................................................................................................................. 229 Educational Opportunities .................................................................................................. 229 INVOLVEMENT IN NORTH PACIFIC FISHERIES .......................................................................... 229 History and Evolution of Fisheries ..................................................................................... 229 Processing Plants................................................................................................................ 229 Fisheries-Related Revenue .................................................................................................. 230 Commercial Fishing............................................................................................................ 230 Recreational Fishing ........................................................................................................... 237 Subsistence Fishing ............................................................................................................. 237 SELAWIK ................................................................................................................................. 241 PEOPLE AND PLACE.................................................................................................................. 241 Location ............................................................................................................................. 241 Demographic Profile .......................................................................................................... 241 History, Traditional Knowledge, and Culture .................................................................... 244 NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................. 244 CURRENT ECONOMY ................................................................................................................ 245 GOVERNANCE .......................................................................................................................... 248 INFRASTRUCTURE .................................................................................................................... 249 Connectivity and Transportation ........................................................................................ 249 Facilities ............................................................................................................................. 250 Medical Services ................................................................................................................. 250 Educational Opportunities .................................................................................................. 250 INVOLVEMENT IN NORTH PACIFIC FISHERIES .......................................................................... 250 History and Evolution of Fisheries ..................................................................................... 250 Processing Plants................................................................................................................ 251 Fisheries-Related Revenue .................................................................................................. 251 Commercial Fishing............................................................................................................ 252 Recreational Fishing ........................................................................................................... 260 Subsistence Fishing ............................................................................................................. 261 WAINWRIGHT (A.K.A. ULGUNIQ) ..................................................................................... 264 PEOPLE AND PLACE.................................................................................................................. 264 Location ............................................................................................................................. 264 Demographic Profile .......................................................................................................... 264 History, Traditional Knowledge, and Culture .................................................................... 267 NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................. 268 CURRENT ECONOMY ................................................................................................................ 269 GOVERNANCE .......................................................................................................................... 271 vii NOAA-TM-AFSC-259 – Volume 4 Community Profiles for North Pacific Fisheries – Alaska: Northern Alaska INFRASTRUCTURE .................................................................................................................... 273 Connectivity and Transportation ........................................................................................ 273 Facilities ............................................................................................................................. 274 Medical Services ................................................................................................................. 274 Educational Opportunities .................................................................................................. 274 INVOLVEMENT IN NORTH PACIFIC FISHERIES .......................................................................... 274 History and Evolution of Fisheries ..................................................................................... 274 Processing Plants................................................................................................................ 275 Fisheries-Related Revenue .................................................................................................. 275 Commercial Fishing............................................................................................................ 275 Recreational Fishing ........................................................................................................... 283 Subsistence Fishing ............................................................................................................. 284 viii

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NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-AFSC-259. Community The NMFS- AFSC Technical Memorandum series of the Alaska Fisheries. Science Center
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NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-AFSC-259 Community Profiles for North Pacific Fisheries - Alaska Volume 4 by A. Himes-Cornell, K. Hoelting, C. Maguire, L. Munger-Little, J. Lee, J. Fisk, R. Felthoven, C. Geller, and P. Little U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service Alaska Fisheries Science Center November 2013 NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS The National Marine Fisheries Service's Alaska Fisheries Science Center uses the NOAA Technical Memorandum series to issue informal scientific and technical publications when complete formal review and editorial processing are not appropriate or feasible. Documents within this series reflect sound professional work and may be referenced in the formal scientific and technical literature. The NMFS-AFSC Technical Memorandum series of the Alaska Fisheries Science Center continues the NMFS-F/NWC series established in 1970 by the Northwest Fisheries Center. The NMFS-NWFSC series is currently used by the Northwest Fisheries Science Center. This document should be cited as follows: Himes-Cornell, A., K. Hoelting, C. Maguire, L. Munger-Little, J. Lee, J. Fisk, R. Felthoven, C. Geller, and P. Little. 2013. Community profiles for North Pacific fisheries - Alaska. U.S. Dep. Commer., NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-AFSC-259, Volume 4, 287 p. Reference in this document to trade names does not imply endorsement by the National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-AFSC-259 Community Profiles for North Pacific Fisheries - Alaska Volume 4 by A. Himes-Cornell, K. Hoelting, C. Maguire, L. Munger-Little, J. Lee, J. Fisk, R. Felthoven, C. Geller, and P. Little Alaska Fisheries Science Center Resource Ecology and Fisheries Assessment Division Economics and Social Sciences Research Program 7600 Sand Point Way N.E. Seattle, WA 98115 www.afsc.noaa.gov U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE Penny. S. Pritzker, Secretary National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Kathryn D. Sullivan, Under Secretary and Administrator National Marine Fisheries Service Samuel D. Rauch III, Acting Assistant Administrator for Fisheries November 2013 This document is available to the public through: National Technical Information Service U.S. Department of Commerce 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA 22161 www.ntis.gov NOAA-TM-AFSC-259 – Volume 4 Community Profiles for North Pacific Fisheries – Alaska: Northern Alaska Northern Alaska REGIONAL INTRODUCTION: NORTHERN ALASKA COMMUNITIES .............................................................................................................................. 1 PEOPLE AND PLACE...................................................................................................................... 2 Location .................................................................................................................................. 2 Demographic Profile .............................................................................................................. 2 History..................................................................................................................................... 3 NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT ................................................................................. 4 GOVERNANCE .............................................................................................................................. 6 INVOLVEMENT IN NORTH PACIFIC FISHERIES .............................................................................. 6 REGIONAL CHALLENGES .............................................................................................................. 9 BARROW .................................................................................................................................... 11 PEOPLE AND PLACE.................................................................................................................... 11 Location ............................................................................................................................... 11 Demographic Profile, ............................................................................................................ 11 History, Traditional Knowledge, and Culture ...................................................................... 14 NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................... 15 CURRENT ECONOMY .................................................................................................................. 16 GOVERNANCE ............................................................................................................................ 18 INFRASTRUCTURE ...................................................................................................................... 19 Connectivity and Transportation .......................................................................................... 19 Facilities ............................................................................................................................... 20 Medical Services ................................................................................................................... 20 Educational Opportunities .................................................................................................... 20 INVOLVEMENT IN NORTH PACIFIC FISHERIES ............................................................................ 21 History and Evolution of Fisheries ....................................................................................... 21 Processing Plants.................................................................................................................. 21 Fisheries-Related Revenue .................................................................................................... 21 Commercial Fishing.............................................................................................................. 21 Recreational Fishing ............................................................................................................. 29 Subsistence Fishing ............................................................................................................... 30 KAKTOVIK ............................................................................................................................... 34 PEOPLE AND PLACE.................................................................................................................... 34 Location ................................................................................................................................ 34 Demographic Profile ............................................................................................................ 34 History, Traditional Knowledge, and Culture ...................................................................... 37 NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................... 38 CURRENT ECONOMY .................................................................................................................. 40 GOVERNANCE ............................................................................................................................ 42 INFRASTRUCTURE ...................................................................................................................... 44 Connectivity and Transportation .......................................................................................... 44 Facilities ............................................................................................................................... 45 iii NOAA-TM-AFSC-259 – Volume 4 Community Profiles for North Pacific Fisheries – Alaska: Northern Alaska Medical Services ................................................................................................................... 45 Educational Opportunities .................................................................................................... 46 INVOLVEMENT IN NORTH PACIFIC FISHERIES ............................................................................ 46 History and Evolution of Fisheries ....................................................................................... 46 Processing Plants.................................................................................................................. 47 Fisheries-Related Revenue .................................................................................................... 47 Commercial Fishing.............................................................................................................. 47 Recreational Fishing ............................................................................................................. 55 Subsistence Fishing ............................................................................................................... 56 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ....................................................................................................... 58 KIANA ........................................................................................................................................ 61 PEOPLE AND PLACE.................................................................................................................... 61 Location ................................................................................................................................ 61 Demographic Profile ............................................................................................................ 61 History, Traditional Knowledge, and Culture ...................................................................... 64 NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................... 65 CURRENT ECONOMY .................................................................................................................. 67 GOVERNANCE ............................................................................................................................ 70 INFRASTRUCTURE ...................................................................................................................... 71 Connectivity and Transportation .......................................................................................... 71 Facilities ............................................................................................................................... 72 Medical Services ................................................................................................................... 73 Educational Opportunities .................................................................................................... 73 INVOLVEMENT IN NORTH PACIFIC FISHERIES ............................................................................ 73 History and Evolution of Fisheries ....................................................................................... 73 Processing Plants.................................................................................................................. 74 Fisheries-Related Revenue .................................................................................................... 75 Commercial Fishing.............................................................................................................. 75 Recreational Fishing ............................................................................................................. 83 Subsistence Fishing ............................................................................................................... 85 KIVALINA ................................................................................................................................. 88 PEOPLE AND PLACE.................................................................................................................... 88 Location ............................................................................................................................... 88 Demographic Profile ............................................................................................................ 88 History, Traditional Knowledge, and Culture ...................................................................... 91 NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................... 91 CURRENT ECONOMY .................................................................................................................. 93 GOVERNANCE ............................................................................................................................ 96 INFRASTRUCTURE ...................................................................................................................... 98 Connectivity and Transportation, ......................................................................................... 98 Facilities, ............................................................................................................................... 98 Medical Services ................................................................................................................... 99 Educational Opportunities .................................................................................................... 99 INVOLVEMENT IN NORTH PACIFIC FISHERIES ............................................................................ 99 History and Evolution of Fisheries ....................................................................................... 99 iv NOAA-TM-AFSC-259 – Volume 4 Community Profiles for North Pacific Fisheries – Alaska: Northern Alaska Processing Plants................................................................................................................ 100 Fisheries-Related Revenue .................................................................................................. 100 Commercial Fishing............................................................................................................ 100 Recreational Fishing ........................................................................................................... 108 Subsistence Fishing ............................................................................................................. 109 KOTZEBUE ............................................................................................................................. 113 PEOPLE AND PLACE.................................................................................................................. 113 Location ............................................................................................................................. 113 Demographic Profile .......................................................................................................... 113 History, Traditional Knowledge, and Culture .................................................................... 116 NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................. 117 CURRENT ECONOMY ................................................................................................................ 119 GOVERNANCE .......................................................................................................................... 122 INFRASTRUCTURE .................................................................................................................... 122 Connectivity and Transportation ........................................................................................ 122 Facilities ............................................................................................................................. 123 Medical Services ................................................................................................................. 124 Educational Opportunities .................................................................................................. 124 INVOLVEMENT IN NORTH PACIFIC FISHERIES .......................................................................... 125 History and Evolution of Fisheries ..................................................................................... 125 Processing Plants................................................................................................................ 126 Fisheries-Related Revenue .................................................................................................. 126 Commercial Fishing............................................................................................................ 126 Recreational Fishing ........................................................................................................... 134 Subsistence Fishing ............................................................................................................. 137 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ..................................................................................................... 138 NOATAK .................................................................................................................................. 141 PEOPLE AND PLACE.................................................................................................................. 141 Location ............................................................................................................................. 141 Demographic Profile .......................................................................................................... 141 History, Traditional Knowledge, and Culture .................................................................... 144 NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................. 144 CURRENT ECONOMY ................................................................................................................ 147 GOVERNANCE .......................................................................................................................... 150 INFRASTRUCTURE .................................................................................................................... 151 Connectivity and Transportation ........................................................................................ 151 Facilities ............................................................................................................................. 151 Medical Services ................................................................................................................. 152 Educational Opportunities .................................................................................................. 152 INVOLVEMENT IN NORTH PACIFIC FISHERIES .......................................................................... 152 History and Evolution of Fisheries ..................................................................................... 152 Processing Plants................................................................................................................ 153 Fisheries-Related Revenue .................................................................................................. 153 Commercial Fishing............................................................................................................ 154 Recreational Fishing ........................................................................................................... 162 v NOAA-TM-AFSC-259 – Volume 4 Community Profiles for North Pacific Fisheries – Alaska: Northern Alaska Subsistence Fishing ............................................................................................................. 163 NUIQSUT ................................................................................................................................. 167 PEOPLE AND PLACE.................................................................................................................. 167 Location ............................................................................................................................. 167 Demographic Profile .......................................................................................................... 167 History, Traditional Knowledge, and Culture .................................................................... 170 NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................. 171 CURRENT ECONOMY ................................................................................................................ 174 GOVERNANCE .......................................................................................................................... 176 INFRASTRUCTURE .................................................................................................................... 178 Connectivity and Transportation ........................................................................................ 178 Facilities ............................................................................................................................. 178 Medical Services ................................................................................................................. 179 Educational Opportunities .................................................................................................. 179 INVOLVEMENT IN NORTH PACIFIC FISHERIES .......................................................................... 179 History and Evolution of Fisheries ..................................................................................... 179 Processing Plants................................................................................................................ 180 Fisheries-Related Revenue .................................................................................................. 180 Commercial Fishing............................................................................................................ 180 Recreational Fishing ........................................................................................................... 189 Subsistence Fishing ............................................................................................................. 191 POINT LAY (A.K.A. KALI) ..................................................................................................... 195 PEOPLE AND PLACE.................................................................................................................. 195 Location .............................................................................................................................. 195 Demographic Profile .......................................................................................................... 195 History, Traditional Knowledge, and Culture .................................................................... 198 NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................. 199 CURRENT ECONOMY ................................................................................................................ 201 GOVERNANCE .......................................................................................................................... 204 INFRASTRUCTURE .................................................................................................................... 205 Connectivity and Transportation ........................................................................................ 205 Facilities ............................................................................................................................. 206 Medical Services ................................................................................................................. 206 Educational Opportunities .................................................................................................. 207 INVOLVEMENT IN NORTH PACIFIC FISHERIES .......................................................................... 207 History and Evolution of Fisheries ..................................................................................... 207 Processing Plants................................................................................................................ 208 Fisheries-Related Revenue .................................................................................................. 208 Commercial Fishing............................................................................................................ 208 Recreational Fishing ........................................................................................................... 216 Subsistence Fishing ............................................................................................................. 217 PRUDHOE BAY ...................................................................................................................... 222 PEOPLE AND PLACE.................................................................................................................. 222 Location .............................................................................................................................. 222 vi NOAA-TM-AFSC-259 – Volume 4 Community Profiles for North Pacific Fisheries – Alaska: Northern Alaska Demographic Profile .......................................................................................................... 222 History, Traditional Knowledge, and Culture .................................................................... 225 NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................. 225 CURRENT ECONOMY ................................................................................................................ 226 GOVERNANCE .......................................................................................................................... 227 INFRASTRUCTURE .................................................................................................................... 228 Connectivity and Transportation ........................................................................................ 228 Facilities ............................................................................................................................. 228 Medical Services ................................................................................................................. 229 Educational Opportunities .................................................................................................. 229 INVOLVEMENT IN NORTH PACIFIC FISHERIES .......................................................................... 229 History and Evolution of Fisheries ..................................................................................... 229 Processing Plants................................................................................................................ 229 Fisheries-Related Revenue .................................................................................................. 230 Commercial Fishing............................................................................................................ 230 Recreational Fishing ........................................................................................................... 237 Subsistence Fishing ............................................................................................................. 237 SELAWIK ................................................................................................................................. 241 PEOPLE AND PLACE.................................................................................................................. 241 Location ............................................................................................................................. 241 Demographic Profile .......................................................................................................... 241 History, Traditional Knowledge, and Culture .................................................................... 244 NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................. 244 CURRENT ECONOMY ................................................................................................................ 245 GOVERNANCE .......................................................................................................................... 248 INFRASTRUCTURE .................................................................................................................... 249 Connectivity and Transportation ........................................................................................ 249 Facilities ............................................................................................................................. 250 Medical Services ................................................................................................................. 250 Educational Opportunities .................................................................................................. 250 INVOLVEMENT IN NORTH PACIFIC FISHERIES .......................................................................... 250 History and Evolution of Fisheries ..................................................................................... 250 Processing Plants................................................................................................................ 251 Fisheries-Related Revenue .................................................................................................. 251 Commercial Fishing............................................................................................................ 252 Recreational Fishing ........................................................................................................... 260 Subsistence Fishing ............................................................................................................. 261 WAINWRIGHT (A.K.A. ULGUNIQ) ..................................................................................... 264 PEOPLE AND PLACE.................................................................................................................. 264 Location ............................................................................................................................. 264 Demographic Profile .......................................................................................................... 264 History, Traditional Knowledge, and Culture .................................................................... 267 NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................. 268 CURRENT ECONOMY ................................................................................................................ 269 GOVERNANCE .......................................................................................................................... 271 vii NOAA-TM-AFSC-259 – Volume 4 Community Profiles for North Pacific Fisheries – Alaska: Northern Alaska INFRASTRUCTURE .................................................................................................................... 273 Connectivity and Transportation ........................................................................................ 273 Facilities ............................................................................................................................. 274 Medical Services ................................................................................................................. 274 Educational Opportunities .................................................................................................. 274 INVOLVEMENT IN NORTH PACIFIC FISHERIES .......................................................................... 274 History and Evolution of Fisheries ..................................................................................... 274 Processing Plants................................................................................................................ 275 Fisheries-Related Revenue .................................................................................................. 275 Commercial Fishing............................................................................................................ 275 Recreational Fishing ........................................................................................................... 283 Subsistence Fishing ............................................................................................................. 284 viii

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NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-AFSC-259. Community The NMFS- AFSC Technical Memorandum series of the Alaska Fisheries. Science Center
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