Community-Acquired Respiratory Infections (Infectious Disease and Therapy)

407 Pages·2003·2.69 MB·English

by  Charles H. Nightingale

Community-Acquired
Respiratory Infections
Antimicrobial Management
edited by
Charles H. Nightingale
Hartford Hospital
Hartford
and University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy
Storrs, Connecticut, U.S.A.
Paul G. Ambrose
Cognigen Corporation
Buflalo, New York, U.S.A.
Thomas M. File, Jr.
Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine
Rootstown
and Summa Health System
Akron, Ohio, U.S.A.
rn
U.. A .. R .. C- E..L
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INFECTIOUS DISEASE AND THERAPY
Series Editor
Burke A. Cunha
Winthrop-U niversity Hospital
Mineola, and
State University of New York School of Medicine
Stony Brook, New York
1. Parasitic Infections in the Compromised Host, edited by Peter D.
Walzer and Robert M. Genta
2. Nucleic Acid and Monoclonal Antibody Probes: Applications in
Diagnostic Methodology, edited by Bala Swaminathan and Gyan
Prakash
3. Opportunistic Infections in Patients with the Acquired Immuno-
deficiency Syndrome, edited by Gifford Leoung and John Mills
4. Acyclovir Therapy for Herpesvirus Infections, edited by David A.
Baker
5. The New Generation of Quinolones, edited by Clifford Siporin, Carl L.
Heifetz, and John M. Domagala
6. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Clinical Management
and Laboratory Aspects, edited by Mary T. Cafferkey
7. Hepatitis B Vaccines in Clinical Practice, edited by Ronald W. Ellis
8. The New Macrolides, Azalides, and Streptogramins: Pharmacology
and Clinical Applications, edited by Harold C. Neu, Lowell/ S. Young,
and Stephen H. Zinner
9. Antimicrobial Therapy in the Elderly Patient, edited by Thomas T.
Yoshikawa and Dean C. Norman
10. Viral Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract: Second Edition, Revised
and Expanded, edited by Albert Z. Kapikian
11. Development and Clinical Uses of Haemophilus b Conjugate Vac-
cines, edited by Ronald W. Ellis and Dan M. Granoff
12. Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections and Treatment, edited by
Aldona L. Baltch and Raymond P. Smith
13. Herpesvirus Infections, edited by Ronald Glaser and James F. Jones
14. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, edited by Stephen E. Straus
15. lmmunotherapy of Infections, edited by K. Noel Masihi
16. Diagnosis and Management of Bone Infections, edited by Luis E.
Jauregui
17 . Drug Transport in Antimicrobial and Anticancer Chemotherapy, edited
by Nafsika H. Georgopapadakou
18. New Macrolides, Azalides, and Streptogramins in Clinical Pr4actice,
edited by Harold C. Neu, Lowell S. Young, Stephen H. Zinner, and
Jacques F. Acar
19. Novel Therapeutic Strategies in the Treatment of Sepsis, edited by
David C. Morrison and John L. Ryan
20. Catheter-Related Infections, edited by Harald Seifed, Bernd Jansen,
and Barry M. Farr
21. Expanding Indications for the New Macrolides, Azalides, and
Streptogramins, edited by Stephen H. Zinner, Lowell S. Young,
Jacques F. Acar, and Harold C. Neu
22. Infectious Diseases in Critical Care Medicine, edited by Burke A.
Cunha
23. New Considerations for Macrolides, Azalides, Streptogramins, and
Ketolides, edited by Stephen H. Zinner, Lowell S. Young, Jacques F.
Acar, and Carmen Ortiz-Neu
24. Tickborne Infectious Diseases: Diagnosis and Management, edited
by Burke A. Cunha
25. Protease Inhibitors in AIDS Therapy, edited by Richard C. Ogden and
Charles W. Flexner
26. Laboratory Diagnosis of Bacterial Infections, edited by Nevi0 Cimolai
27. Chemokine Receptors and AIDS, edited by Thomas R. O’Brien
28. Antimicrobial Pharmacodynamics in Theory and Clinical Practice,
edited by Charles H. Nightingale, Take0 Murakawa, and Paul (3. Am-
brose
29. Pediatric Anaerobic Infections: Diagnosis and Management, Third
Edition, Revised and Expanded, ltzhak Brook
30. Viral Infections and Treatment, edited by Helga Riibsamen-Waig-
mann, Karl Deres, Guy Hewleff, and Reinhold Welker
3 1. Commundy-Acquired Respiratory Infections: Antimicrobial Managiement,
edited by Charles H. Nightingale, Paul G. Ambrose, and Thornas M.
File, Jr.
Additional Volumes in Production
Preface
Eveninthisageofmodernmedicine,community-acquiredrespiratorytract
infectionscontinuetoplaguemankind. Mostrecently,withtheoutbreakof
the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus, we have seen the
potentialdangertheseinfectionsposeinourincreasinglyglobalworld.
Inthispublicationourobjectiveistoaddressthecurrentandemerging
issues and problems facing the clinician in the treatment of community-
acquired respiratory tract infections. One of these problems is the lack of
rapid diagnostic tools, which may result in treatments that focus around
empiricaltherapy.Anissueofconcernistheincreasedreportingofantibiotic-
resistant organisms, indicating that some antimicrobial agents have limited
utility.Thisinturnincreasesthepressureonthecliniciantoprescribenewer
andnewermedications.
The questionbecomeshowmuch ofthis isareal issue andhowmuch
involves the marketing strategies of drug manufacturers. Out of necessity,
issuesrelatedtodrugchoiceanddosesanddosingregimensbecomeimpor-
tant considerations. Concurrently, most modern approaches to dosage and
dosage issues involve incorporating the pharmacodynamic properties of
antibiotics into the decision-making process. In addition, the pressures of
managedcaretoseeasmanypatientsaspossibleintheshortestperiodoftime
presentrealchallengesforthepractitioner.
The book reviews each important community-acquired disease state
andfocusesontheobjectivesdescribedabove.Thediscussionofantibiotics
is from two perspectives: clinical use and pharmacodynamics, for use in
prescribingdosesanddosingregimensbasedonthemostrecentinformation.
iii
iv Preface
Recognized experts in the pharmacology and pharmacodynamics of
antibiotics have contributed chapters on specific classes of antibiotics.
Specialists in infectious disease and experts in the treatment of community-
acquired respiratory infections have written the clinical chapters. These
chaptersfocusonclinicalpresentation,diagnosticmodalities,andtreatment.
This book is a practical guide for the treatment of the most common
community-associated respiratory infections. In addition to the medical
aspectsofthetreatmentofpatients,thebookprovidesthepharmacodynamic
basis for some of the treatment drug choices, especially for the dose and
dosing regimen. It incorporates the most recent data and combines it with
proven clinical approaches. Antimicrobial recommendations from practice
management guidelines have been included whenever appropriate. This
material will be useful and practical for clinicians in the management of
patientswithcommunity-acquiredrespiratoryinfections.
Thisbookisacollaborativeeffortofpharmacologists,clinicalpharma-
cists,andphysiciansthatwillbeinvaluabletoall.Inparticular,itshouldbeof
interest and service to family practitioners, general internists, infectious
diseasespecialists,pulmonologists,andpharmacists.
CharlesH.Nightingale
PaulG.Ambrose
ThomasM.File,Jr.
Contents
Preface iii
Contributors ix
Part One Overview
1. Overview of Community-Acquired Respiratory Tract
Infections 1
Thomas M. File, Jr.
2. Current Issues Involved in the Treatment of
Community-Acquired Pneumonia 31
Richard Quintiliani, Naomi R. Florea, and Charles H.
Nightingale
3. Cost Considerations in the Use of Antibiotics for the
Treatment of Community-Acquired Respiratory Tract
Infections 43
Joseph L. Kuti
Part Two Antibiotics and Their Usage in Community-Acquired
Respiratory Tract Infections
4. The Role of Macrolides in the Treatment of
Community-Acquired Pneumonia 59
William R. Bishai and Charles H. Nightingale
v
vi Contents
5. Treatment of Community-Acquired Respiratory Tract
Infections with Ketolides 75
Paul B. Iannini
6. Treatment of Community-Acquired Respiratory Tract
Infections with Quinolone Antibacterial Agents 95
Vincent T. Andriole, Paul G. Ambrose,
and Robert C. Owens, Jr.
7. Treatment of Community-Acquired Respiratory Tract
Infections with Penicillins and Cephalosporins 121
Sandra L. Preston and George L. Drusano
8. Treatment of Community-Acquired Respiratory Tract
Infections with Other Antibiotics 145
William A. Craig and David R. Andes
Part Three Treatment of Commonly Encountered Community-
Acquired Respiratory Tract Infections
9. Acute Community-Acquired Rhinosinusitis 155
James A. Hadley
10. Otitis Media 181
Scott F. Dowell
11. Acute Pharyngitis 201
James S. Tan and Blaise L. Congeni
12. Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary
Disease 215
Antonio Anzueto and Sandra G. Adams
13. Treatment of Pneumonia in Nonhospitalized Patients 255
Thomas M. File, Jr.
14. Treatment of Hospitalized Patients with Community-
Acquired Pneumonia 279
Michael S. Niederman
15. Anaerobic Pleuropulmonary Infection 307
Matthew E. Levison
Contents vii
16. Treatment of the Common Cold and Viral Bronchitis 321
Harley A. Rotbart
17. Treatment of Influenza-Related Respiratory Tract
Infections 341
Ann L. N. Chapman and Martin J. Wood
18. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome 365
Thomas M. File, Jr.
Index 375