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Communication Satellite Antennas: System Architecture, Technology, and Evaluation PDF

344 Pages·2009·3.83 MB·English
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Robert Dybdal i Communication Satellite Antennas: System Architecture, Technology, and Evaluation Robert Dybdal New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto Robert Dybdal ii Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Dybdal, Robert. Communication satellite antennas : system architecture, technology, and evaluation / Robert Dybdal. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13:978-0-07-160918-0 (alk. paper) ISBN-10:0-07-160918-0 1. Artificial satellites—Radio antennas. 2. Satellite dish antennas. 3. Artificial satellites in telecommunication. I. Title. TL3035.D93 2009 621.382’54—dc22 2009017847 McGraw-Hill books are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. To contact a special sales representative, please visit the Contact Us page at www.mhprofessional.com. Communication Satellite Antennas:System Architecture, Technology, and Evaluation Copyright © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. All trademarks or copyrights mentioned herein are the possession of their respective owners and McGraw-Hill makes no claim of ownership by the mention of products that contain these marks. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 FGR FGR 0 1 9 ISBN 978-0-07-160918-0 MHID 0-07-160918-0 Sponsoring Editor Wendy Rinaldi Editorial Supervisor Jody McKenzie Project Manager Madhu Bhardwaj, International Typesetting and Composition Acquisitions Coordinator Joya Anthony Copy Editor Michael McGee Proofreader Andy Saff Indexer Steve Ingle Production Supervisor George Anderson Composition International Typesetting and Composition Illustration International Typesetting and Composition Art Director, Cover Jeff Weeks Cover Designer 12E Design Information has been obtained by McGraw-Hill from sources believed to be reliable. However, because of the possibility of human or mechanical error by our sources, McGraw-Hill, or others, McGraw-Hill does not guarantee the accuracy, adequacy, or completeness of any information and is not responsible for any errors oromissions or the results obtained from the use of such information. Robert Dybdal iv ABOUT THE AUTHOR BOB DYBDAL has supported a broad base of military and commercial communication satellite programs and is affiliated with The Aerospace Corporation. His interest in antennas and RF systems developed at the ElectroScience Laboratory at Ohio State University, where he received a BSEE, MSc, and PhD in Electrical Engineering. He has been involved in a wide range of IEEE technical activities and is a past president of the Antenna Measurement Techniques Association. He holds patents in instrumentation, adaptive antennas, antenna tracking, satellite transponder designs, interferometry, and microwave components. Professional Engineering 6X9 / Communication Satellite Antennas / Bob Dybdal / 918-0 / Front Matter Contents at a Glance Chapter 1. Fundamental Parameters 1 Chapter 2. Technology Survey 25 Chapter 3. Communication Satellite System Architectures 73 Chapter 4. Propagation Limitations and Link Performance 105 Chapter 5. Interference Susceptibility and Mitigation 137 Chapter 6. Space Segment Antenna Technology 167 Chapter 7. User Segment Antennas 197 Chapter 8. Antenna Test Facilities and Methodologies 225 Chapter 9. Satellite Antenna System Evaluation 277 Index 311 v FM.indd 5 5/6/09 7:55:15 PM Professional Engineering 6X9 / Communication Satellite Antennas / Bob Dybdal / 918-0 / Front Matter Contents Preface ix Introduction xi Chapter 1. Fundamental Parameters 1 1.1 Overview 1 1.2 Antenna Parameters 1 References 23 Chapter 2. Technology Survey 25 2.1 Overview 25 2.2 Wide Coverage Antennas 26 2.3 Earth Coverage Antennas 32 2.4 Narrow Coverage Antennas 35 2.5 Array Antennas 41 2.6 Antenna Tracking 49 References 70 Chapter 3. Communication Satellite System Architectures 73 3.1 Overview 73 3.2 Space Segment Architectures 74 3.3 User Segment Architectures 95 3.4 Orbital Alternatives 98 References 102 Chapter 4. Propagation Limitations and Link Performance 105 4.1 Overview 105 4.2 Propagation Limitations 106 4.3 Modulation and Multiple Access 125 4.4 Link Analyses 129 References 133 vii FM.indd 7 5/6/09 7:55:16 PM Professional Engineering 6X9 / Communication Satellite Antennas / Bob Dybdal / 918-0 / Front Matter viii Contents Chapter 5. Interference Susceptibility and Mitigation 137 5.1 Overview 137 5.2 Interference Environment Definition 138 5.3 Susceptibility Analyses 149 5.4 Interference Mitigation Techniques 159 References 165 Chapter 6. Space Segment Antenna Technology 167 6.1 Overview 167 6.2 Spot Beam Antennas 168 6.3 Multiple-Beam Designs 171 6.4 Adaptive Uplink Antennas 180 6.5 Active Aperture Antennas 188 6.6 Point-to-Point Antennas 192 References 194 Chapter 7. User Segment Antennas 197 7.1 Overview 197 7.2 User Antenna Technology 198 7.3 Antenna Sidelobe Control 201 7.4 Adaptive User Antennas 207 7.5 Mission Control Assets 212 References 223 Chapter 8. Antenna Test Facilities and Methodologies 225 8.1 Overview 225 8.2 General-Purpose Test Facilities 226 8.3 Radio Source Techniques 244 8.4 Adaptive Antenna Evaluation 257 8.5 Evaluation of Antennas Having Integrated Electronics 262 8.6 Antenna Tracking Evaluation 266 8.7 System Evaluation 272 References 274 Chapter 9. Satellite Antenna System Evaluation 277 9.1 Overview 277 9.2 Space Segment Antenna Testing 278 9.3 Space Segment Test Issues 291 9.4 User Segment Antenna Testing 296 9.5 User Segment Test Issues 304 References 309 Index 311 FM.indd 8 5/6/09 7:55:16 PM Robert Dybdal ix Preface Antenna systems are a fundamental part of communication satellite systems. Antenna technology has a long development history beginning with the fundamental experiments performed by Hertz in the 1880s, the development of broadcast antennas in the 1920s where fundamental concepts of antenna pattern shaping and array synthesis began, the microwave technology demonstrated during World War II, and today’s technology and analysis capabilities. Antenna technology has had a significant impact not only on communication systems but also in radar, remote sensing, and other applications. Antenna technology is extensively documented in IEEE publications and those of other organizations, including the Antenna Measurement Techniques Association. A number of excellent textbooks are available to educate future antenna developers, and a variety of books address specific antenna technologies. This book describes the way in which antenna technology is used in communication satellite systems. The book is motivated by a belief that practicing system designers and technology developers would benefit from a system view of antenna applications, a description of antenna technology, and guidance on methodologies needed in their evaluation. On an educational level, the material would be suitable for academic courses on applications of antenna technology to systems that have a major importance worldwide. The material in this book has evolved from an innumerable collection of people spanning the development history and application of anten-nas. The technology heritage is very rich, spanning a variety of system applications, innovative designs, well-developed analysis capabilities, and instrumentation and measurement facilities. Future system development and application likewise depend on the efforts of a large number of people. Clearly, this publication is indebted to the efforts of many. On a personal level, the author is likewise indebted to many people, including peers, members of professional organizations, and the contractor and customer communities. One of life’s riches is the opportunity to benefit from lively Robert Dybdal x technical debate, learn and teach, collaborate, and create and evolve in a technology area as vibrant as antennas and their system applications. The enthusiasm and encouragement of Wendy Rinaldi of McGraw-Hill and the careful editing of Madhu Bhardwaj and her colleagues are gratefully acknowledged.

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A Practical Approach To Antenna Technology For Communication SatellitesThis authoritative resource discusses antenna technology for communication satellites, addressing both the space and user segments. The book provides a system view of antenna applications, a description of various antenna technol
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