Communicable Diseases in Developing Countries: Stopping the Global Epidemics of HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, Malaria and Diarrhea PDF
Preview Communicable Diseases in Developing Countries: Stopping the Global Epidemics of HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, Malaria and Diarrhea
Communicable Diseases in Developing Countries This page intentionally left blank Communicable Diseases in Developing Countries Stopping the Global Epidemics of HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, Malaria and Diarrhea John Malcolm Dowling and Chin-Fang Yap palgrave macmillan ©JohnMalcolmDowlingandChin-FangYap2014 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2014 978-1-137-35477-8 Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthis publicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission. Noportionofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedortransmitted savewithwrittenpermissionorinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,orunderthetermsofanylicence permittinglimitedcopyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency, SaffronHouse,6–10KirbyStreet,LondonEC1N8TS. Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorizedactinrelationtothispublication maybeliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivilclaimsfordamages. Theauthorshaveassertedtheirrightstobeidentifiedastheauthorsofthis workinaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Firstpublished2014by PALGRAVEMACMILLAN PalgraveMacmillanintheUKisanimprintofMacmillanPublishersLimited, registeredinEngland,companynumber785998,ofHoundmills,Basingstoke, HampshireRG216XS. PalgraveMacmillanintheUSisadivisionofStMartin’sPressLLC, 175FifthAvenue,NewYork,NY10010. PalgraveMacmillanistheglobalacademicimprintoftheabovecompanies andhascompaniesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld. Palgrave®andMacmillan®areregisteredtrademarksintheUnitedStates, theUnitedKingdom,Europeandothercountries. ISBN 978-1-349-46999-4 ISBN 978-1-137-35478-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137354785 Thisbookisprintedonpapersuitableforrecyclingandmadefromfully managedandsustainedforestsources.Logging,pulpingandmanufacturing processesareexpectedtoconformtotheenvironmentalregulationsofthe countryoforigin. AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Dowling,J.Malcolm(JohnMalcolm),author. Communicablediseasesindevelopingcountries:stoppingtheglobal epidemicsofHIV/AIDS,tuberculosis,malariaand diarrhea/JohnMalcolmDowling,Chin-FangYap. p. ; cm. ISBN 978-1-349-46999-4 I. Yap,Chin-Fang,author. II. Title. [DNLM:1. CommunicableDiseases. 2. DevelopingCountries. 3. CommunicableDiseaseControl. 4. HIVInfections. 5. Malaria. 6. Tuberculosis.WC100] RA643 362.1969009172(cid:2)4—dc23 2014024166 Contents ListofFiguresandTables vi ListofAcronyms ix 1 Introduction 1 2 HIV/AIDS 16 3 Tuberculosis 67 4 Malaria 132 5 DiarrheaandOtherWater-BorneDiseases 169 Notes 201 Bibliography 202 Index 211 v Figures and Tables Figures 2.1 Cascadeofinfectionsandcancersthatdevelopas immunefunctionisdepleted 24 4.1 Reportedcasesofmalaria,2011 136 4.2 ReportedmalariadeathsinAfrica,2000–2012 140 4.3 Estimatednumberofchildren’slivessavedbymalaria prevention,2000,2005and2010 160 Tables 1.1 Levelsandchangesinlifeexpectancy,1960–2011 3 1.2 SelectedindicatorsforChina,Cuba,SriLanka,Costa Rica,Kerala(India),TamilNadu(India),Bangladesh, Ethiopia,KyrgyzstanandThailand 5 1.3 Determinantsoflifeexpectancymodel 10 1.4 Determinantsofinfantmortalitymodel 11 1.5 Tuberculosiscases,HIVcasesandmalariadeathsover time 12 1.6 Under-fivemortality,humandevelopmentandlife expectancyranksforselectedAfricancountries 13 1.7 Relativespendingonpublichealth(%ofGDPand%of governmentbudget,respectively) 14 2.1 GlobaldistributionofHIV/AIDS,2011 19 2.2 Regionalantiretroviralcoverageasof2011 30 2.3 ARTcoverageamongeligiblepregnantwomeninthe21 AfricanprioritycountriesintheGlobalPlan,2011and 2012 39 2.4 Children(0–14yearsold)eligibleforandreceiving antiretroviraltherapy,andantiretroviraltherapy coverageinthe22prioritycountriesintheGlobalPlan, 2011and2012 41 2.5 PrevalenceofHIV,total(%ofpopulationages15–49)in Sub-SaharanAfrica 47 vi ListofFiguresandTables vii 2.6 PEPFARreportoncountryprogressinreducingHIV infectionsandscalingupART 57 2.7 StatisticalanalysisofAIDSmortalityusingGLS 66 3.1 TBcases,2000and2007 70 3.2 MTB/RIFmachinesorderedthroughQ42011 74 3.3 TBincidence,mortalityandincidenceofHIVinTBcases 81 3.4 TB,coinfectionwithHIVandanindexof economicfreedom 99 3.5 ProvisionofTBtreatment,HIVtestingandART2007 101 3.6 Tuberculosisscreeningquestionnaire 102 3.7 GroupsofdrugstotreatMDR-TBa 104 3.8 GeneralprinciplesfordesigningMDR-TB treatmentregimens 105 3.9 EstimatedMDR-TBcasesamongnotifiedTBpatients, 2012 107 3.10 CriticalchallengesinthecontrolofMDRtuberculosis andXDRtuberculosisandpotentialsolutionssupported bytheWHO 108 3.11 HeritageFoundationIndexandHDIfor selectedcountries 124 3.12 StatisticalanalysisofTBmortalityrateusingGLS 131 4.1 Malariadeaths,2000and2012 134 4.2 ChloroquinetreatmentfailureinAfrica,1997–2002 143 4.3 MalariacasesanddeathsinAfrica,2012 148 4.4 Insecticide-treatednet(ITN)andindoorresidual spraying(IRS)inAfrica,2000–2012 151 4.5 Childrenagedfiveoryoungersleepingunder insecticide-treatedbednetsintopeightaffectedAfrican countries 153 4.6 Bednetdistributionandusageintopeightaffected Africancountries 154 4.7 MalariainmostaffectedAfricancountries 158 4.8 Proportionsofpatientstreatedwithantimalarialdrugs 162 4.9 Humandevelopmentindex(HDI)andaverageyearsof educationforcountrieswithmostglobaldeathsfrom malaria2012 164 4.10 StatisticalanalysisofmalariamortalityusingGLS 166 4.11 StatisticalanalysisofmalariamortalityusingGLS (withoutGNIpercapitaandHDI) 167 5.1 Burdenofdiarrheaperyearinchildrenaged0–4years, byWHOregion,2010 172 viii ListofFiguresandTables 5.2 Allpersonsreceivingoralrehydrationsalts(inpercent), 2007–2012 176 5.3 Underfiveyearoldswithdiarrheareceivingoral rehydrationsalts(inpercentage),2007–2012 180 5.4 HDIandhealthindicatorsforselectedcountries 189 5.5 Maternalmortalityratio(modeledestimate,per100,000 livebirths) 195 5.6 Statisticalanalysisofinfantmortalityduetodiarrhea 198 5.7 Statisticalanalysisofinfantmortalityduetodiarrhea disease(withoutGNIpercapitaandORS) 199 Acronyms ACT ArtemisininCombinationalTherapy AIDS AcquiredImmunodeficiencySyndrome API AnnualParasiteIndex ARV Antiretroviral ART AntiretroviralTherapy BCG BacillusCalmette–Guérin CDC CenterforDiseaseControlandPrevention CPT Co-trimoxazoleProphylaxis DDT Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane DOT DirectlyObservedTreatment DOTS DirectlyObservedTreatmentShort-Course EIR EntomologicalInoculationRate EMS ElectronicMedicalrecordSystem GDP GrossDomesticProduct GEMS GlobalEntericMulticenterStudy GFATM GlobalFundtoFightAIDS,TuberculosisandMalaria GLS GeneralizedLeastSquares GMAP GlobalMalariaActionPlan GNI GrossNationalIncome HDI HumanDevelopmentIndex HIV HumanImmunodeficiencyVirus ICF IntensifiedCaseFinding INH Isoniazid IPM InternationalPartnershipforMicrobicides IPT IsoniazidPreventiveTreatment IRS IndoorResidentialSpraying MDA MassDrugAdministration MDG MillenniumDevelopmentGoals MDR-TB Multidrug-ResistantTuberculosis MSM MenWhoHaveSexWithOtherMen ORT OralRehydrationTherapy PEPFAR President’sEmergencyPlanforAIDSRelief PPP PurchasingPowerParity RDTs RapidDiagnosticTests SP Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine ix
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