Common Birds of East Africa PDF
Preview Common Birds of East Africa
SafGauriid es C mm nB irds o o f EAfarsitc a o MartiBn.W ithe&r sD aviHdo sking •- HaroerCollinsPublishers FORS ALLY& AMY HarperCollinsPublishers 77-8F5u lhaPma lacReo ad London W68JB ©MartiBn.W ithe&r sD aviHdo skin1g9 96 Thea uthoarsss etrhte imro rarli ghttobs e i dentiafiesad u thoorfs thiwso rk Allr ighrtess erved CSBN0 0 02 200314 Colourre producbtyiC oonl ourscSainn,g apore Printedb oaunnddb yR otoliLtohmob ardIat,a ly ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Theraer ec ountlepseso plteo w hom thea uthorosw ea debto f gratitfuodre tphreod uctoifot nh ibso okT.h eyw ouldl ikteoe xpress specitahla nktsoM ylesA rchibaalnddh iss taaftfH arpeCrolliTnos . thes taafft U niteTdo urinIgn ternatiLotdn,La oln doni,np articular JoannPee erVse,r shVae ghalaC,o rdelRioab bH,e leSni mmanasn d JonathBaonl deTno.N eiOlu tram, GenMaenraagle Urn iteTdou ring CompanyA,r ushaT,a nzanainad t oJ ohn GlGeenn,e raMla nager UniteTdo urinCgo mpanyN,a irobKien,y aW.e wouldl ikteo m ake special meonfto iuordn r iveJross epNhi cholKawse lukilMwoas,e s Sengenagned S uleimaKinr wua inT anzaniaan dD ominiGci chinga inK enyaw ithowuhto sde rivisnkgi lalnsds harepy esigmhatn yo ft he illustrafteiaotnusrw eodu ldn oth aveb eeno btainTehda.n ks aalrseo duet ot he managemaendns tt aoffft heF ranLka neP ictuArgee ncy, GrahamA rmitaCgZe S cientific InsLttrduG,mr eanhtasmR udaford FujLio,n donP,h iWla rda ndt oa lcll ienotfHs o skinTgo urwsh oh ave helpetdom akem ucho fo urt imei nE asAtfr icsau cha ne noromus pleasure. Lastlyw,eo wea h uget hanyko ut oo urw iveasn df amilfioetrsh eir suppoarntd t oleradnucrei ntgh ep roductiotnh ibosof o k. MartBi.nW itheFrRsP S DaviHdo skiFnRgP S PREFACE Them aino bjectoifvt eh ibso oki st op rovivdies ittoorE sa sAtfr ica witha guidteo t heb irdmso stl iketloyb ee ncountedruerdi ntgh e coursoefa s afairnia nda rountdh em ainN ationPaalr kasn dG ame ReservoefsK enya,T anzanainad U ganda, althougohf t mhaen y specifeesa turaerdea lscoo mmonly foiunna dd jacecnotu ntriIets . wasn oto uri ntenttioop nr oduce complete ocfot vheebr iargdoesf EasAtfr icaT.h es peciiensc ludiendt his edwietrieos ne lectbeads ed ont hep ersonal expertiheean uctehso orgfsa ,in eddu rinvgi sittots h e regioonv era perioodfa lmosttw entyye arAsn.y onew ishintgo obtaignr eataenrd m ored etailiendf ormatoinos np ecisehso uld consutlhteb ibliography. An attemphta s been mtaodp er ovidaes f ulal diagnostic descriptoifeo anc shp ecifeesa turaessd p acweo uldp ermiItn.m ost casetsh iisn formateinoanb ltehse s peciteosb ei dentifbiyes di ze, plumage coalnodus rh apeI.ts houlbde r emembered itnhm aatn y species plumage vcaarnbi eaq tuiiotnes m aarska er de sulta goeaf n d thes exo ft hes pecieWse. h avea ttempted wheproesvseirbt lobe r ing thitsot hea ttentoifot nh er eader. A TRAVELLERGSU IDE TO SAFARPIH OTOGRAPHY Beforey ourD eparture Asa g enerraull ieti su nwisteoc ommencaep hotographicw istahfa ri anyu ntesteeqdu ipmenAtl.wa ypsu ta tl eaostn er ololff iltmh rough an ewc ameraan dc arroyu ta fu llt esotn a nyn ewlyp urchasoerud n trielden sY.o us houladl seon deavotuofar m iliaryiosuer sewlift thh e usea ndf unctioofna sl elq uipmeanctc,e ssoarnidefi sl ms tocpkr ior toy oudr eparture. Times penrte searchtihneag r eayso uw ilble v isitcianngp rove invaluaabnldeh, a vinegs tablitshheefl do raan df aunay oua rel ikely toe ncountewri,l la idy oui ns electitnhgem osta ppropriate equipmetnost a tisyfyo uorw np hotograpnheeidcs . Iti sa lsgoo odp racttiocc eh ectkh ayto uh avea dequaitnes urance covefro ra lylo ure quipmenEtn.s urteh ayto urp olicy fully covers equipmefnotlr o sosrd amagien a ll ctohuen tryioeusp latno v isaintd fotrh ed uratioofyn o utro ur. WHAT TO TAKE Cameras Thec hoicoef c ameraasv ailabthlees e diasyv sa stF.o rr eally successsfualf aprhio tograapt hospb ranSdi nglLee nsR efle(xS LR) camerwai tahn i nterchangleeanbfsla ec iliisit dye aMla.n yo ft oday's topm odelhsa vea na utofocfuasc ilwihtiyc hi sa greaats settot he wildlipfheo togprhaerT.h issy stecma ns avve aluabsleec ondasn d consequenstelcyu rpei cturtehsa mta y haveb een missed with manuaflo cuesq uipmenDtu.et ot her igouarnsd s trestsheasat n y safari polnae cqeusi pmenwte ,s trongaldyv icyeo ut ot akaet l east twoc amerbao die-st herwei lble l ittolrne o c hancoef g ettianngy camerrae piarusn dertakoeunt simdaej ocri tieIsti. so bviously benefictioha alv et woi denticcaamle rbao diebsu,t i ft hiiss n ot feasiyboleus houledn surteh at y'obuarc ukp 'c amera acctehpet s samer angoefl ensaensd a ccessoarsiy eosu rp rincicpalmee ra body. Fora lrlo unvde rsatialnidet ays oef u set he3 5mmformaits b yf atrhe bestMe.d iumf ormacta merauss,i n1g2 0fi lma rea lsiod eablu,tt hese generadlelmya nd grepahtoetro grapshkiiclo lfst heo perattohra n does 35mm. Whichevefro rmaty ou selecatn important consideraitshi aovni ntgh ea bilittooy v er-rtihdee' au-tsoettiinngs ', ordetro m anually atdhjeua spetr tuarned s peeds ettinMgasn.u al adjustmweinltal l loywo ut ou tilifuslel ayp,e rture steoto tbitnagisn fuldle ptohf f ieladn ds peesde ttintgof sr eeze aacntyi oMno.s t moderdna yc amerahsa veb uilitnm otordriwvheisc hw indt hefi lm ona utomatically ebxeptsowuereenTs h.i hsa st hea dvantaogvee ar manual wionnds ysteomf a llowiynogu t ok eepy oure yet ot he viewfinadtea rl tli metsh,e relbeys sentihnegr isokf m issitnhge a ll importasnhto t. Compaccta meraosf,t ewni thaz ooml ensp,e rforwme laln dc an bea u seful addtioyt oiuorSn L R outHfiotw.e veirn,m anyi nstances, thes horfto calle ngth foirxz eodo ml enosf t hec ompaccta merias unablteo s ecurae l arge enoiumagghe o fw ildlisfueb jecftosr satisfarcetsourlyt s. 4 Lenses Thew idev arieotfpy h otograopphpiocr ntiutitehsaa trper esenttoet dh e photograpwhhielros tns afadreim andan e qualwliyd er angoefl enses. Wide-anglleen seosfb etwee2n0 mm & 35mm arei deaflo rm any landscsaipteu atainodnf sos rh owinhge rdosfa nimalosrf, l ocokfbsi rds, withitnh enira tural habitats. Slheonrstoe fs8t 0emlme,p1 h3o5tmom , 180mma nd2 00mma ried eaflomr a nyo ft hel argmearm malasn df otrh e morea pproachabbilrsedp eciFeosr.t hem orew arym amm alasn dt he vasmta joroitfbyi rdlso,n gteerl ephloetnos es are requliernesde.s These areu sual3l0y0 mm,4 00mmo r5 00mma nda,l thouogfthe nh eavayn d rathlearr gaer,ee ssentfoirat lh em ores eriowuisl dlpihfoet ographer. Mirrolre nsoefsf ear l ightweailgthetr nattoti hveel ongetre lephoto lensebsu,th avet hed rawbacokfa f ixeadp ertuarnedo ccasionally produac' ed oughneuffte'ct tob ackgrohuingdh ligwhhtisc,ch a nb ev ery distracitnti hnerge sultpiincgt ures. Manyo ft odayl'osn gteerl ephloetnos aree sa utofocbusu,tt h osteh at are notrequirryeavcecuartefocusingotwoitnhgveeirryslhoawldepthoffocus. Whenp urchasai lnogn tge lephloetnoss o mea ttentnieoend tso b e givetnot hem aximuma pertuorr'e fs 't oTph. icsa nb ef 2.f84,f, 5 .f66,. 3, fBo rs imilTahre.' fs't opi ndicattheeas m ounotf l igphats sitnhgr ough thlee ntsot hefi lmt,h es malltehren umbetrh el argtehrep assaogflei ght. Consequentthlemy a ximuma pertuorfea nyl ends etermintehse brightnoefts hsie m agien t hev iewfindTehri.is s ian mportafnatc tor in non-autofloecnusse wsh enc ritifcoaclu sihnagst ob ee stablished manulaly-t heb righttheeir m agteh ee asitehref ocusing. 5 ZoomL enses Mosto ft odayl'esa diwnigl dlpihfoet ograpuhseera sr angoef z oom lenseTsh.e yo ffetrh ef acilfiotrvy e rpyr ecifrsaem inogf s ubjects withotuhten eedf otrh ep hotograpthoce hra ngpeo sition. Them ostu sefualn dv ersatzioloem l ensefso rw ildlife/safari photografpahlywl i thitnh er angeosf2 8mmt o8 0mma nd7 0mm to 300mm. Althougahtl, e asitn itiazloloym, lencsaenbs e m ored iffictuol t operatteh,e cya no ffetrh et ravellpihnogt ograpchoenrs iderable savinignsw eighatn db ulkb,y r educitnhgen umbeorf fi xedf ocus lensreesq uirMeadn.y z ooml ensaerse h,o weveorn,e o rt wos tops slower tahna avne rafgiex elde nosf s imilfaorc alle ngth. MacroL enses Thei nclusoifoa nm acrloe nisn y oure quipmebnatg i se ssential if youprh otograpihnitce reasrteis nr ecordcilnogs e-oufpi sn secatnsd flowerTsh.e m ostu sefmualc rloe nsheasv eaf ocalle ngotfhb etween 90mma nd1 80mmt,h esael loawr easonawbolrek indgi stanfrcoem mosts ubjects.e xIpn eroiuermn accer loe nsoefsa roun5d0 mmh ave toos horat w orkindgi stanwchei,c cha nd istusrobm es ubjecTthsi.s shorwto rkindgi stanccaen also oftelni ghcatuidsniegff iculties, particulwahrelnuy s infgl asThh.e m acrof aciloiftfye rbeyds ome zooml ensecsa nb eu sefublu ti sr atherre stricatnedid n n ow ay matchetsh eq ualiotfay t rumea crloe ns. Cheapearl ternattioav m easc rloe nisn clutdheeu seo fe xtension tubesp,l aced betweelne naasnn yd t hec amera botdhye,r eby reducitnhgem inimumf ocusidnigs tantcheeu, s eo freversriinngg s andt heu seo fc lose-luepn saetst achteotd h efr onotf a ne xistlienngs . Converters Manyw ildlpihfoet ograpuhseer sc onvetroit necrrse atsheee ffective focalle ngotfht heiprr imlee nseTsh.em ostw ideluys edc onverters are1 4. xa nd2 x,ho wevearsw, e lals t her espectgiaviienn f ocalle ngth theraer er espectliovses oefss peeodf a ne quafla ctoFro.re xamplae 300mmf 4l enwsh enc oupletdoa 1 .4cxo nverbteecro meas4 20mm f5.a6n,d i fc oupletdoa 2xc onvertbeerc omeas6 00mmf aW.h en couplewdi th good qualilteyn spterhsie rm ees ulatrseu sualvleyr y acceptaWbel ed.o N OT recommencdo nvertfeorrus s ew ithz oom lenseasst, h eyo fteand verseelfyf ect defiDnoi rteimoenm.b etro purchatsheeb esqtu alictoyn vertthearyt o uc ana fforpdo,o qru ality convertleirkspe,o orq ualilteyn sewsi,l gli vpeo orq ualirteys ults. Alscoh ectkh aatn yc onverytoeurp urchaissce o mpatiwbilteyh o ur 6 lense-sso mea ren ota ndt hecya nc ausqeu itsee riopurso bleomsf vignettriensgu,l tiinnt gh eo uteerd geosf p hotograpphasr,t icularly thec ornerbse,i nugn deerx posed. Filters We strongrleyc ommentdh ues eo fu ltrvaio loerst k yligfhitl toenrt sh e fronto fa llle nsse,th ibse inag r elaticvheelaymp e thoodf p rotecting thee xpensievnede lemeonftt hel enfrso m impacdta mager,a idnu,s t, scratcahnedsf ingmearr ks. We alssou ggetshta yto uc arrayp olarisfiilntgfe orur s ei nr educing unwanterde flectiaonndds a rkenibnlgus ek ieisnl andscappiec tures. Thed rawbactkou sinpgo larisfiilntge irsst her esultlionsgos f 2 'f' stopPso.l ariasreera sv ailaibnlb eoh t lineaanrd c ircuvlearrs ioBnes . suret op urchawshei chevoenre b esstu ityso urc amersay steams somem eterianngd a utofocsuyss temasr e atpomt a lfunctwihoenn fittewdi tthh ei ncorrteycpteI .fa ,sw es uggeysotu,lr e nsheasv eu ltra violoerst k yligfihltt epresr manenitnlp yl acdeo,r emembetror emove themb efore fitthtei npgo laortihseerrw,it shee riesa s tropnogs sibility ofv ignetting. Film Whetheyro ur equinreeg atifvoeprsr inotrsc oloutrr ansparefnocri es projectithoenr,ie sa vast array of nfoiwl am vasitloacbkTl hee. developmeonfft i nger aifinl me mulsioinnrs e ceyneta rnso wa llows thep hotograpthoce arp tusruep er-shiamrapg eosn f ilmrsa ngiinng speed fr2om5t o4 00I SOT.h eh ighetrh eI SOn umbeorf a g ivefinl m thef astietirs o,r t hem ores ensitiitiv set o liIgth tt.h erfeoflolroew s thafti lms with IlSoOrw aetri n(gis. 2e5. ISwOi)l rle quilroen ger exposurtehsa dno fi lmsw ithhi gheIrS Or atin(gis.4 e0.0I SO). Thel ighcto nditiionnE sa sAtf ricaar eu sualvleyr gyo odw,i th sunshinoera, t l easbtr ighcto nditipornesd ominatFionrgt .h ese conditiwoen wso uldr ecommentdh eu seo ff ilmwsi tsh peedosf5 0 to1 00I SOI.n d ullceorn ditioonris n,t hep artigallo oomf d awna nd duskf,li msw itshp eedosf2 00t o4 00I SOw ouldb eb etteemrp loyed. As wella st hel ighcto nditioynosur c hoicoef f ilms houlbde influenbcyet dh el ensyeosu p roposeu steoL. e nsewsi thm aximum apertuorfesf. 28o rf 4w ilall lotwh eu seo fs lowefirl ms( 2t5o 1 00I SO) thawni llle nsewsi thm aximuma pertuorfef s5 .o6rf 8w,h enf aster film(s2 0t0o 4 00I SOm)a yb er equired. Iti su ndoubtedaldyv antagetoouf sa miliayroiusres ewlift ht he characteroifso tniepc asr ticuflialsrmt octkh,e rebbeyi nbge ttaebrl e toj udge eixtp'oss ulraet itaunddeo theqru alitMiaensy.p rofessional photograptheenrtdso u ndeorr o veerx posteh eifirl ms tocbky 1 /3rd ofa s totpo s uitth eiorw np articutlaasrtI ens. o mef iltmy peass light under expoisnucrree atsheesc olousra turatwihoinl,si tno theras sligohvte re xposuarded ss park-lei ta'lsal mattoefyr o ur own particuplraerf eresnocd eo,n 'bte a fraitdo e xperimeintct a,n m ake quitaed ifference. How much fidlomy oun eedt ot akeT?h iiss a questimoann y peoplaes ka nda,s a g enerraull ew,e suggetshta yto ur eatdh rough yourd ailiyt nierarayn da tetmptt oe stimaytoeu rd ailfyi lm requiremHeanvti.n cga lculattheids tdootuablli,et I !it s u nliketlhya t you will tamkuech fit lomob, u ti ti sh ighly lyiokuem layy t ake too littTlheea! v ailaboiflfi iltmoy u tsimdaej ocri tiiesos f teunn reliable, isu sualelxyp ensimvaey,n oth aveb eens toreidni deaclo nditions andm ayw elble o uto fd ate. Manyp hotographic treaxvperlelaselsra sra mt t hep rospeocft theifri lbme insgu bjectteo'd X r ays'e curicthye ckasta irporAtts . most maajiorrp otrhtess dea ysse curisttya ff eitheorra rreve efruys e relucttaohn atn ds earcfhi lsmt ocIkn.o ure xperiefniclem osf2 5t o 400I SOs uffneord amagaes a r esuolft' Xr aye'x aminat-iaolnt hough thec umulateivffee cotfsm ult'iX r ayc'h eckmsa yc ausper oblemIsf. youa rec oncernweed r ecommenydo up acky ourf ilsmt ociknl ead film baangdsc arry tihney mo ur habnadg gagHeo.w evers,om e airpoarutt horiwtiileclsa rroyu th ands earchaensd i,n o rdetros peed upt hep rocesisti, sb estto c arryyo urf ilmisnt ransparpeanctk aging. Ane xcellweanytt oc arrfiyl mi st ou tiloilsdes lidbeo xetsh,e stea ke 4r ololfs3 5mm filmo, ffeprr otectfiroonmi mpacatn dd usatn dt heir transparleindftsa cilitateh anqudsi ecakr ches. CamerBaa gs A goodq ualictaym erbaa g that prwoitlele cxtp ensicvaem era equipmefrnotm d amaged,u satn d raiisen s sentfioarl tthreav elling photographTehre.r aer em any well designebd agcosan mt ehrea marketto dayw,i ths evermaolr er ecendte sigtnask intgh ef ormo f rucksac-tkhse saer ee xcellent paritfiy couuel xaprelctyto h avet o carryyo ure quipmeannty g readti stanIcnes .e lectais nugi table bag, resitshtet emptattioo np urchoansete h aitst oob ig- yowui loln lfye el obligteodfi lilt W!i the vetri ghtencionngt roalnsdr estricbteiionngs imposebdy a irlionnet sh es izaen dw eighotf c abibna ggagteh,e smalltehreb ettWeari.s t-mounctaemde ra andp oluecnhsec sa nh elp tos preatdh el oad. CamerSau pports Thec ommonescta usoef p ictufraei luirsue n doubtedllayc okf definitaisao r ne suolftc a mersah akeO.v ercomingp rtohbilse wmi ll increaysoeu r succesesn orramtoeu s.Ml oystc amerian struction manualgsi vdee taiolfs' Howt oh oldy ourC ameraa'n di ti sw ell wortdhe velopaig nogo dt echniqiunte h is awrietaeh,l bowlso cked tightilnytt oh eb ody. Whenevepro ssibwlee w ouldr ecommentdh eu seo fa tripod. Theraer mea nyl ighyte,st t urdy moodnet lhse market whifciht will comfortaibnltyto h ea verasguei tcaosrre o lbla g. Monopaordeas l so a good meaonfss t eadyitnhgec amerab,u tt hedyo r equiar lei ttle 8 practiOcne .m ostp hotograpshaifca rtiosE ast Aftrhiecv aa ts majoriotffy i lmiwnigl ble u ndertakfreonm av ehicdluer ingga me driveisnm, o stc asetsh ipsr ecludtehseu seo fa t ripoordm onopod. Theb etsa lternaftoiprvh eo tograpfrhoimna gv ehicilste o e mplotyh e useo fa b eanbaag v,e rys implbeu,t e xtremeelfyfc etivmee thoodf camersau pporAtl.t houbgeha nbaagrsec ommerciaalvlayi latbhleey aren otd ififcultto m akeA.l lt hati sn eedeids a sectioofnc lotohr canvasse wn ftoor maz ipperbeadgo farou3n0d0 mmx 150mm.T his canb ep ackeidn y ourl uggage oann da,r rivaly ouartc hosen destinatbieof ni,l lweidt hr icep,e aosr b eansW.h ent heb eanbaigs placeodn t her oooff y ours afavreih iciltqe u ickmloyu ldasr ound youcra meraan dl en,sfo rminagv ereyff icienstu pport. Riflset ocakn dp istoglr ispu pporatlsl ofrwe edomo fm ovement whena ttempttionp gh otogrampohv insgu bjtescs ucha sa,n imals runninogrb, i rdisnfl ight. Ify ouh aven oo ptioont hetrh atno h andh oldy ourc amerwah ile shotoinygo,u s houladl wayesn sutrhea yto urs hutter spaesge rde aits org reattehra n ftohce alle ngotfht hel enisn u se,i .e5.0 mm-1/60t.h.• 100mm- l/152th2.0,0 mm- 1/250t5h0.0,m m- 1/500teht.c . Flash Ane lectroflnaisch gunw eilswl o rtiht p'lsa cieny our cambeargan, o t onltyo r ecoarndy n octurcnraela tsut rheat myaoyue ncountbeurta, l so asa 'fiilnt'lo s oftheanr sshh adoswd urintgh e daytainmdt eol igahnty close-muapc rpoh otograpMhoys.tm oderdna yfl ashgufnesa tuTrTeL (Throutghhe L ense)x pousrec ontrwohli chw ilglu arantceoer rect exposuaruet omaticMaalnlyyo .ft hesfel hagsunasl sfoe atuarnei nfra reda utocfuoss ystem, wohviecrhc osmt ehep robleomff ocusiinntg h e darkI.nt hea bsenocfet hifsa cilaih teya,d -mountteodr ccha np rove invaluaabllleo,w iynogut oi lluminyaotuecr h osesnu bjtew chilaett he samet imlee avibnogt hha ndfrse et of ocumsa nually. !l Batteries Thed raionn b atteproyw erb ya utofocsuyss temissf agrr eattehra n thaotfm anuaflo cussy stemAss.a r esuylotu s houledn surteh ayto u carray g oods upployf c ameraan df lash batteryioeus. T hwei th diversoiftb ya tteries embplyo dyiefdf ermiangn ufacturiesr s enormouasn d, eivnem na jocri tiienEs a st Afrtihceaa v,a ilaboifl ity batterfiorey so upra rticumloadre mla yb ei nd oubt. Thev arieotfey l ectrsiucpapll iaensd t hev ariatiinoe nl ectrical sockeetnsc ounteornes da farcia,nr educteh ee ffectviavleu oef rechargebaabtltee ries. CARE& M AINTENANCE Asa g enerraull ieti s a dvisatbolt eh orougchhleyc akn dc leaanl ylo ur camera boadnidel se nseastt hee ndo fe ach dasyh'oso tinAgl.l equipmeunste do ns afairsis ubjetcott hep otentidaalmlayg ing effecotfss unligdhatm,p r,a in adnudst D.o r emembetrok eecpa mera bagasn dfi lms tocoku to fd irescutn ligwhhte nevepro ssibDlues.it s probabtlhye m ostd amaginogfa lla, s ingglrea ionn t hec amera pressuprlea te iontr h,ej awosf a f ilcma ssetctaenb, a dlsyc ratac h complertoel olff ilmA. r ubbebrl owebrr usihs i deaflo kre epitnhge insidoefy ourc ameracsl eawnh,i llee nesl emenatrseb esctl eaned withs peciaplulryc hascelde anifnlgu iadn dt issueTsh.eo uter casinogfsb othc ameraasn dl ensecsa nb esbte c leaneuds inagn ordinahroyu sehopladi nbtr ushI.ti sa lwaywso rthha vinags upply ofl argpel astic wbiatghys o ui,n twoh ichy ouc ans eaylo ure ntire camerbaa go nt hed aywsh eny ou atrrea vellfrionmgo ne locattoi on anotheTrh.i wsi lglre atlrye ducteh er isokf d uset nteritnhgem ost sensitpiavreto sfy ourc ameras. 0
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