Commercialising Security in Europe: Political Consequences for Peace Operations

241 Pages·2013·7.413 MB·English

by  Anna Leander

Commercialising Security in Europe
This book examines the political consequences of European security
commercialisation through increased reliance on private military and security
companies (PMSCs).
The role of commercial security in the domestic setting in Europe is widely
acknowledged; after all, the biggest private security company globally – G4S
Group – has its roots in Scandinavia. However, the use of commercial security
contracting by European states for military purposes in international settings is
mostly held to be marginal.
This book examines the implications of commercialisation for the peace and
reconciliation strategies of European states, focusing specifically on European
contracting in Afghanistan. Drawing upon examples from Scandinavia, Central
Europe and Continental Europe, each chapter considers three key factors:
(cid:2) the national contexts that give security contracting inAfghanistan its meaning;
(cid:2) the national contracting practices;
(cid:2) the political consequences for the operation in Afghanistan.
This book will be of much interest to students of critical security studies, global
governance, peace and conflict studies, European politics and IR in general.
Anna Leander is Professor of International Political Sociology at the Depart-
ment of Management, Politics and Philosophy of the Copenhagen Business
School. Her research focuses on the development of sociological approaches in
international relations and on the commercialisation of military practices.
PRIO New Security Studies
Series Editor: J. Peter Burgess, PRIO, Oslo
The aim of this book series is to gather state-of-the-art theoretical reflexion and
empirical research into a core set of volumes that respond vigorously and
dynamically to the new challenges to security scholarship.
The Geopolitics of American The Ethical Subject of Security
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EditedbyFrançoisDebrixandMarkJ.Lacy J. Peter Burgess
Security, Risk and the Biometric Politics of Catastrophe
State Genealogies of the unknown
Governing borders and bodies Claudia Aradau and Rens van Munster
Benjamin J. Muller
Security, the Environment and
Security and Global Emancipation
Governmentality Contestation over environmental
Globalization,governanceandthestate change
Edited by Miguel de Larrinaga and Marc Matt McDonald
G. Doucet
Securitization, Accountability
Critical Perspectives on Human and Risk Management
Security TransformingthePublicSecurity
Rethinking emancipation and power Domain
in international relations Edited by Karin Svedberg Helgesson and
Edited by David Chandler and Nik Hynek Ulrika Mörth
Securitization Theory Commercialising Security
Howsecurityproblemsemergeand in Europe
dissolve Political consequences for peace
Edited by Thierry Balzacq operations
Edited by Anna Leander
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Annick T. R. Wibben
Commercialising Security
in Europe
Political consequences for peace operations
Edited by Anna Leander
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Firstpublished2013
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operations/editedbyAnnaLeander.
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
1.Privatemilitarycompanies--Politicalaspects--Europe.2.Privatesecurity
services--Politicalaspects--Europe.3.Contractingout--Politicalaspects--
Europe.4.Peacekeepingforces--Europe.5.Combinedoperations(Military
science)--Europe.6.Europe--Militarypolicy.7.Nationalsecurity--Europe.
I.Leander,Anna.
UB149.C662013
355.3’5--dc23
2012034231
ISBN:978-0-415-50988-6(hbk)
ISBN:978-0-415-50989-3(pbk)
ISBN:978-0-203-37534-1(ebk)
TypesetinBaskerville
byTaylor&FrancisBooks
D3pZ4i & bhgvld, Dennixxx & rosea (for softarchive)
Stole src from http://avaxho.me/blogs/exLib/
Contents
List of figures and tables vii
List of contributors viii
Acknowledgements xii
1 Introduction 1
ANNALEANDER
2 Norway: keeping up appearances 18
ÅSEGILJEØSTENSEN
3 Denmark: how not if to outsource military services 39
THOMASMANDRUP
4 Sweden: public servants from the private sector 58
JOAKIMBERNDTSSONANDMARIASTERN
5 Poland: indirect and ad hoc 79
MARCINTERLIKOWSKI,MAREKMADEJANDBEATAGÓRKA-WINTER
6 Hungary: from outsourcing to insourcing 100
KRISZTIANVARGA
7 Romania: the high and low politics of commercialization 121
LILIANAPOP
8 France: making both ends meet? 141
CHRISTIANOLSSON
vi Contents
9 Germany: civilian power revisited 161
ELKEKRAHMANN
10 Italy: keeping or selling stocks? 181
STEFANORUZZA
11 Conclusion 202
ANNALEANDERANDCHRISTOPHERSPEARIN
Index 218
Figures and tables
Figure
1.1 The political consequences of security commercialisation 8
Tables
3.1 Danish defence expenditure for private contractors used in
international operations 2003–07 (in € million) 45
3.2 Cost of commercial strategic transport in Denmark 2005–08 48
4.1 Sweden’s engagement in Afghanistan and use of PMSCs 67
6.1 Hungarian Ministry of Defence companies in 2010 103
6.2 Hungarian Defence Forces deployments to Afghanistan in
November 2011 109
9.1 Hybrid public–private joint ventures in Germany 167
10.1 Summary of main Italian contracting practices in Afghanistan and
their impact 191
11.1 Contrasting military contracting in Europe and in the US 203
Contributors
Joakim Berndtsson is an associate senior lecturer and researcher at the School
of Global Studies, University of Gothenburg. His research examines the role
and remit of private security actors in stable societies and armed conflicts.
Recent work on security privatisation and the case of Sweden has been pub-
lished in the Millennium Journal of International Studies and International Political
Sociology (with Maria Stern). For more information, www.globalstudies.gu.se/
kontakt/personal/berndtsson_j/ (accessed on 24 September 2012).
Beata Górka-Winter is a research fellow at the Polish Institute of International
Affairs where she coordinates the programme in international security. Her
research concentrates on different aspects of Polish security policy, including
NATO,CommonSecurityandDefencePolicyoftheEuropeanUnion,missile
defence, and Security Sector Reform. Her latest publications include Afghani-
stan in Transition: Crafting a Strategy for Enduring Stability (edited with Wis´niewski);
‘From Followers to Leaders as “Coalition Servants”: The Polish Engagement
in Afghanistan’ in Hynek and Morton (ed.), Statebuilding in Afghanistan; and
‘Poland’sparticipation intheISAF:mission (notyet) accomplished’,inYearbook
of Polish Foreign Policy.
Elke Krahmann is Professor of Security Studies at Brunel University, London.
She has published widely on non-state actors in foreign and security policy
making, including the proliferation of private military and security companies
and the political, normative and practical implications of the commodification
of security. Her latest publications include ‘From “Mercenaries” to “Private
Security Contractors”: The (Re)Construction of Armed Security Providers in
International Legal Discourses’ (Millennium, 2012) and ‘Beck and Beyond:
Selling Security in the World Risk Society’ (Review of International Studies, 2011).
Her monograph States, Citizens and the Privatization of Security was published by
Cambridge University Press in 2010.
Anna Leander is Professor MSO at the Department of Management, Politics
and Philosophy of the Copenhagen Business School. Her research focuses on
the development of sociological approaches in international relations and on
the commercialisation of military practices. She has recently published ‘The
List of contributors ix
Promises, Problems and Potentials of a Bourdieu Inspired Approach to Inter-
national Relations’ (International Political Sociology, 2011) and‘What Do Codes of
Conduct Do? Hybrid Constitutionalization and Militarization in Military
Markets’ (Global Constitutionalism, 2012). She is associate editor of Security
Dialogue and International Political Sociology. For more information and a list of
publications see www.cbs.dk/staff/ale.
Marek Madej, PhD, born 1978, is Assistant Professor at the Institute of Inter-
national Relations, University of Warsaw. In the years 2006–2010 he was a
research fellow at the Polish Institute of International Affairs, programme on
International Security. His research focuses on contemporary transatlantic
relations, Polish security policy and non-traditional threats to state security.
Author oftwomonographs and numerous articlespublishedinPolishscientific
journals and books (in Polish). Co-editor (with Beata Górka-Winter) of the
report: NATO Members States and the New Strategic Concept: An Overview
(PISM, Warsaw, 2010). For more information and the list of publication see:
www.en.ism.uw.edu.pl (accessed 24 September 2012).
Thomas Mandrup holds a PhD in international relations, University of
Copenhagen, an MSc in public administration and history, Roskilde
University and an MA in area studies Africa, University of Copenhagen. He is
currently an assistant professor at the Institute of Strategy, Royal Danish
Defence College. From 2001–2006 he was a PhD candidate at the Institute of
Political Science, University of Copenhagen and the Danish Institute of Inter-
national Studies. Security governance in Africa is his primary area of research
andhehaspublishedarticlesandbookchaptersonthesecuritisationprocessin
South African foreign policy, sovereignty and the post-colonial state and
privatisation of security in Africa.
ChristianOlsson isassociateprofessor ininternationalrelationsattheUniversité
Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) in Belgium. He received his PhD in political sciences
from Sciences Po Paris. He is associate editor of the journal Cultures & Conflicts
(http://conflits.revues.org/, accessed 26 September 2012). His research con-
cerns amongst others the use of military force in the context of overseas mili-
tary operations (Afghanistan and Iraq), political violence and security practices
and international political sociology. Publications include: (with Bigo D. et al.)
‘SecurityPractices’inR.Denemark(ed.)InternationalStudiesEncyclopedia.Blackwell
Publishing, 2010. For more information and electronic versions of publica-
tions, see: http://repi.ulb.ac.be/fr/membres_olsson-christian.html (accessed
26 September 2012).
Liliana Pop is an independent researcher and writer based in London. She has
a doctorate in politics from the University of Warwick and held academic
posts at universities in Romania and the UK. She is the author of Democratising
capitalism? The political economy of post-communist transformations in Romania, 1989–
2001 (Manchester University Press, 2006) and has published articles in peer-
reviewed journals such as Review of International Studies, Perspectives on European