Cometary Plasma Processes

358 Pages·38.068 MB·English

CotnetarPyl satnaP rocesses
GeophysMiocnaolg raSpehr ies
Including
IUGGV olumes
MauriEcwei nVgo lumes
MinerPahly siVcosl umes
GEOPHYSICALM ONOGRAPH SERIES
GeophysicMaoln ograpVho lumes
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3 AtmospherCihce mistorfyC hlorianned S ulfur IndicePs. N .M ayaud
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(Ed.) HandinV olume N.L .C arteMr., F riedman,
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8 TerrestHreiaatlF low WilliHa.mK .L ee( Ed.) 27T heT ectonaincd G eologEivco lutioofn
9 GravitAyn omalieUsn:s urveyAerde asH yman SoutheaAssti anS easa ndI slandPsa:r t
Orli(nE d.) 2 DenniEs.H aye(sE d.)
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ofG eophysicSatlu dieisnH onoro fM erleA . (Ed.)
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(Eds.) (MauriEcwei ngV olume5 ) JameEs. H ansen
11I sotoTpeec hniquienst heH ydrologic andT arToa kahas(hEid s.)
CycleG lenEn. S tou(tE d.) 30M agnetiRce connectiinoS np acaen d
12T heC rusatn dU pperM antloef t heP acific LaboratoPrlya smasE dwarWd. HonesJ,r (.E d.)
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15T heU seo fA rtificSiaatle lliftoers Geochemistarnyd,t heE nvironmenCt. C.
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17M an-MadeL akesT:h eiPrr oblemasn d Tsurut(aEndis .)
EnvironmenEtffaelc tsW illiCa.mA ckermann, 35C ollisionSlheoscsk isn t heH eliosphere:
GilbeFr.Wt h itea,n dE .B .W orthing(tEodns .) Reviewosf C urrenRte searcBhr ucTe.
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Colleagues Studies-ThPea tersVoonl ume B.E .H obbs
19T heG eophysiocfst heP acifiOcc eanB asiann d andH .C .H ear(dE ds.)
ItMsa rginA: V olumei nH onoro fG eorgPe. 37E arthquaSkoeu rcMee chanic(sM auriEcwei ng
WoollardG eorHge.S uttoMnu,r lHi. M anghnani, Volume6 ) ShamiDtaas J,o hBno atwriagnhdt ,
andR alpMho ber(lEyd s.) ChristoHp.hS ecrh o(lEzd s.)
38I onA cceleraitnti hoeMn a gnetospahnedr e 60Q uoV adimuGse ophfyotsrhiN ece sx t
IonospheTroemC han(gE d.) Gener(aIUtGiGV oolnu m1e0 )G eorDg.e
39H ighP ressuRrees earicnMh i nerPahly sics GarlaannddJ ohRn. A pe(lE ds.)
(MinerPahly siVcosl um2e) MurlHi.
Manghnaannid YasuShyoink(ooE ds.)
MauriEcwei nVgo lumes
40G ondwanSai xS:t ructTuercet,o naincds ,
GeophysiGcasr ryD .M cKenz(iEed) . 1 IslaAnrdc sD,e epS eaT renchaensd,B ack-Arc
41G ondwanSai xS:t ratigrSaepdhiymn,et olo,g y BasinMsa niTka lwaannidW altCe.rP itmaIInI
andP aleontolGoagryryD .M cKenz(iEed) . (Eds.)
42F lowa ndT ranspTohrrto ugUhn saturated 2 DeepD rillRiensgu litnts h eA tlanOtcieca n:
FractuRroecdk D aniDe.lE vanasn dT homaIs. OceaCnr ustM aniTka lwaCnhir,i stoGp.h er
Nichol(sEod)ns . HarrisaonndD, e nnEi.sH ayes( Eds.)
43S eamounItssl,a nadnsd,A tollBsa rbaHr.a 3 DeepD rillRiensgu litnts h eA tlanOtcieca n:
KeatiPnagt,r iFcryiearR ,o deBya tiaznad,G eorge ContineMnatragli annsd P aleoenvironment
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44M odeliMnagg netosphPelraiscm aT .E .M oore Ryan( Eds.)
andI .H .W aitJer,(. E d)s . 4 EarthquParkeed iction-An International
45P erovskAi Stter:u ctoufGr ree aItn terteos t ReviewD aviWd. S impsaonndP auGl. R ichards
GeophysaincdsM ateriSaclise ncAel exandra (Ed)s .
NavrotasnkydD onaldW]e.i dn(eErd s.) 5 ClimaPtreo cesasnedsC limate
46S tructaunrdDe y namiocfsE arthD'ese p SensitiJvaimteyEs .H anseann dT arToa kahashi
Inter(iIoUrG GV olum1e) D.E .S mylained (Eds.)
RaymonHdi d(eE d)s . 6 EarthquSaokuer cMee chanicSsh amiDtaas ,
47H ydrologRiecgailm easn dT heiSru bsurface JohBno atwriagnhdCt h,r istoHp.Sh cehro (lEzd )s .
ThermaElff ect(sI UGGV olum2e) AlaEn.
BeckG,ra ntG arveann,dL ajSotse ge(nEad s.) IUGGV olumes
48O rigainn dE volutoifoS ne dimentBaarsyi ns 1 StructaunrdDe y namiocfsE arthD'ese p
andT heiErn ergayn dM inerRaels ources InteriDo.rE . S mylainedRa ymondH id(eE ds.)
(IUGGV olum3e) RaymonAd.P ri(cEed .) 2 HydrologRiecgailm easn dT heiSru bsurface
49S lowD eformatainodTn r ansmisosfiS otnr ess ThermEaffle ctAsl aEn. B eckG,r anGta rven,
int heE art(hI UGGV olum4e) Stenv Ce.C ohen andL ajSotse ge(nEad s.)
andP etVra nfc(eEkd s.) 3 Origainn dE volutoifoS ne dimentBaarsyi ns
50D eepS tructaunrdPe a sKti nematoifc s andT heiErn ergayn dM ineral
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Hillho(uEsd)e. 4 SlowD eformatainodTn r ansmisosfiS otnr ess
51P roperatnideP sr ocesosfeE sa rthL'osw eCrr ust int heE arth StevCe.nC oheann dP etVra nfcek
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Muellaenrd,D aviMd. F ount(aEidns .) 5 DeepS tructaunrdPe a sKti nematoifc s
52U nderstanCdliinmga Cthea ng(eI UGGV olume AccretTeedr ranJeosh Wn. Hillho(uEsde. )
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I.K ids(oEnd )s . CrustR obeFr.tM ereuS,t ephMaune llaenrd,
53P lasmWaa vesa ndI stabilaitCt oimeest asn di n
DaviMd. F ount(aEidns .)
MagnetospheBrreuscT e.T surutaanndHi i roshi 7 UnderstanCdliinmga Cthea ngeA ndrLe.
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I.L .B urcahn,dR .L .M oor(eE ds.)
Sint(oEnd .)
55A specotfsC limaVtaer iabiilnti htePy a cific
9 VariatiionEn asr tRho tatioDne nniDs.M c­
andW esteArmne ricaDsa viHd. P eter(sEodn. )
Cartahnyd W illiEa.Cm a rt(eErd s.)
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57E volutoifoM ni dO cean Ri(dIgUeGsGV olume MinerPahly siVcosl umes
8)J ohMn. Sint(oEnd .)
58P hysiocfsM agnetFilcu Rxo pesC .T .R ussell, 1 PoinDte fecitnsM ineralRso beNr.tS chock
E.R .P rieasntdL, . C .L ee( Eds.) (Ed).
2 HighP ressuRrees earicnMh i nerPahly sics
59 VariatioinnEs a rtRho tati(oInU GGV olume
MurlHi. M anghnaannidY asuhSiykoon (oE ds.)
6) DennDi.sM cCartahnydW illiEa.Cm a rter
(Eds.)
GeophysicMaoln ograph 61
CometarPyl sama Processes
Alan Johnstone
D.
Editor
�
AmericaGne ophysiUcnailo n
Publisuhneddet rh aee goifst hAeG UG eophysMiocnaolg raBpoha rd.
LibraorfyC ongreCsast alogiinPn ugb licaDtaitoan
Cometarpyl asmpar ocess/Ae lsa nD .J ohnstone.
p.c m.-(Geophysmiocnaolg rap:h 61)
ISBN0 -87590-027-5
1.C omets.2 .S pacpel asmas3.. A strophysiIc.Js o.h nstone,
AlanD . IIS.e ries.
QB721.6.C16969 1 91-11777
523.6-dc20 CIP
ISBN0 -87590-027-5
Copyrig1h9t9 b1 yt heA mericGaeno physiUcnailo n2,00 0F loriAdvae nueN,W , Washington,
DC 20009,U .S.A.
Figuretsa,b leasn,ds horetx cerpmtasy b er eprinitnes dc ientbiofiock asn dj ournalisft he
sourciesp ropercliyt ed.
Authorizattopi hoont ocoiptye mfso irn ternoarlp ersonuasleo ,r t hei nternoarlp ersonuasle
ofs pecicfilci enitsgs r,a ntbeydt heA mericGaeno physiUcnailo fno rl ibraarnideo st heurs ers
registewrietdht heC opyrigChlte aranCceen te(rC CC)T ransactional RSeeprovritcien,g
providtehda tth eb asef eeo f$ 1.p0e0r c opyp lu$s 0.p1e0r p agei sp aiddi recttolC yC C,2 1
CongreSstsr eeSta,l emM,A 10970006.5 -8448/$809.1/+ .01.
Thisc onsednote sn ote xtentdoo thekri ndosf c opyinsgu,c ha sc opyifnogr c reatinnegw
collecwtoirvkeos r f orre salTeh.er eproducotfim ounl ticpolpei aensd t heu seo ffulalr ticolre s
theu seo fe xtracitnsc,l udfiignugr easn dt ablefso,rc ommercipaulrp oserse quipreesr mission
fromA GU.
Printiendt heU niteSdt atoefsA merica.
CONTENTS
Preface
A.DJ.o hnstone
1.T hef uturoef c ometarpyl asmrae search.
�.� eugebauer1
2.T hes olawri ndi nteractwiiotnhV enusa nd� ars:c ometarayn alogies
and contrasts.
J.GL.u hmann 5
3.D ust-plasimnat eractiinot nhse c ometareyn vironment.
D.A�.e ndiasn d� .H oranyi1 7
4.C ollisiopnraolc essiens c ometarpyl asmas.
T.EC.r avens2 7
5.T heorya nds imulatioofnc ometarsyh ocks.
�.Om idia ndD .W inske 37
6.M HD modelosf c ometarpyl asmaan dc ompariswoint ho bservations.
H.D.S chmiadntd R .W egmann 49
7.A parametrsitcu doyf t hes olawri ndi nteractwiiotnhc omets.
C.TR.u sseGl.lL ,e ,1 .GL.u hmanann dJ A..F edder 65
8.S imulatisotnu dioefst hei nteractoifoa n n eutragla sa nda n ambient
plasma.
R.B inghaRm.,B olleFn.sK ,a zemineajnad1d . �D.a wson 73
9.C ometarpyl asmoab servatiboentsw eetnh es hocka ndt hec ontact
surface.
H.R eme 87
10.P ermanenatn dn onstationpalrays mpah enomenian c ometH alley's
head.
K.1G.r ingaaunzd� .I.Verig1i0n7
11.F rictiloany eirn c ometH alleyi'osn osheath.
H.P erez-de-Tej1a1d7a
12.C hargee xchangree gimien t hep lasmafl ow ass ourcoef
cometosheaatnhd H alleyp'lsa smat ail.
�.K.W allis1 75
CONTENTS
13.T hep lasmpaa rametedrusr intgh ei nbounadn do utbounlde gosf t he
Giotttor ajectory.
E.A mataV,.F ormisaPn.To o,rre ntea ndR .G iovi 131
14.I onsi nt hec omaa ndi nt het aiolf c omet-so bservatiaonndst heory.
K.J ockers 139
15.T he 10 Januar1y9 86d isconnecteivoenni tn c ometH alley.
M.B.N iednJerrJ, CB randatn dY Yi 153
16.M irromro de wavesa tc ometH alley
C.TR.u sseGl lL,e ,K .S chwingensWc.hR uihe,d laenrdE .GE.r oshenko 161
17.S pectrsatlr uctuorfeu ltralow-frequency elecftireolmndaesga nre tic
CometH alley.
Yu.MM. ikhailOo.vV.,K apustiGn.Aa.,M ikhailEo.vGaE.,r oshenVk.Ao.,
StyazhkJi.nGT,.r otigannodnK .S auer. 171
18.E lectric-dfiiseclodn tinuaittc ioemse tH alledyu rintgh eV EGA
encounters.
J.GT.r otignCo.Bn e,g hiRn.,G rarAd.,P edersMe.nM ,o gilevasnkdyY u.
Mikhailov1 79
19.C ometsa: laboratofroyrp lasmaw avesa nd instabilities.
B.TT.s urutani1 89
20.C ometarlyi neairn stabiliftrioemsp :r ofusitoonp erspective.
A.LB.r inca 21 1
21.Q uasilintehaero royf t hei onc yclotrionns tabialnidti yt sa pplication
tot hec ometarpyl asma
A .A.G aleeRv.,z S.a gdeeVv.,D .S hapiVr.oI ,.S hevcheanknodK .S zego 223
22. Ionp ickuipn t hes olawri nd vwiaav e-partiinctleer action.
P.HY.o ona ndC .SW.u 241
23.T he spectruamn de nergdye nsitoyfs olawri ndt urbulenocfe
cometaroyr igin.
A.DJ.o hnstoDn.eEH,.u ddlesatnodnA .JC.o ates 259
24.T hem agnetfiice ltdu rbulenactce o metH alleoyb servebdy VEGA 1
and 2.
G.Le , C.TR.u sseWl.lR ,i edlaenrdK .S chwingenschu2h7 3
CONTENTS
25.A cceleratmieocnh anismfso rc ometariyo ns.
T.T erasawa 277
26.T hes econodr derF ermia cceleratoifpo inc k-uipo ns.
P.D uffy 287
27.I onp ickups,c atterainndgs tochasatcicce leratiinto hne c ometary
environmeonft P /Giacobini-Zinner.
D.D.B arbosa 291
28.O bservatioofnt sh ev elocidtiys tribuotfip oinc kuipo ns.
A.JC.o atse 301
29.A cceleratoifop ni ckuipo nsi nt hev iciniotfyc ometH alley.
M.B.B avassano-CaVt.tF aonnneios,a nEo.,A mataR,.G iovain dP .T orrente 311
30.O bservatioofne sn ergetwiact erg roupi onsa tc ometG iacobini
Zinnera;n overview.
S.W.HC.o wleyA,.B alogRh.,J H.y ndsK,. S tai,nT e.sSY.a tePs.,W .D aly,
I.GR.i chardTs.onRS,.a ndersCo.nT ,r anquialnldKe . P. Wenzel31 9
31. Modceall culatoifoo nxsy gen ion fluxetsh edf irsosmo ciaotfi on
H20,C O andC 02 atg igametdeirs tancferso mc ometH alley.
P.W.D aly 341
32.N eutrahly drogesnh elslt ructunreaer c ometP /Halldeeyd ucefdr om
VEGA-1a ndG iotteon ergetpiacr ticdlaet a.
M.1V.e rigiSn.,M cKenna-LawAl.oKrR.,i chtKe.rS ,z egaon dI .SV.e selovsky3 49
Comment
M.N eugebaaunedrA .JC.o ates
Reply
M.1V.e rigient al
33.E nergetwiact erg roupi onf luxe(sE H2> 06 0k eY)i na
quaspie rpendicualnadra quasiparsahlolcekfl r onats o bserveddu ring
theG iotto-Halelnecyo unter.
E.K irscSh.M, c Kenna-LawPl.oWr.D, a lyF,. M.N eubaueAr.,IC .o ates,
A.ThompsDo.nO ,' SulliavnadKn - PW.e nzel 357
CometarPyl asmPar ocesses
Preface
SincEex plor1ed ri scovetrheeEd a rthr'asd iatbieolntm so ret hatnh iryteya rasg ot,h erhea veb een
manyo pportuntiotis ehso wt hev aluoefi n-soibtsue rvatioovnesrr e mote-senwshiennig tc ometso
anu nderstanodfit nhges pace pleansvmiar onmeWnhte.n o neo ft hei nner ssoylsart emr'esg ular
visitwoarssd uet om akei t'osn ce-in-a-laipfpeetariamneic ne1 986t heo pportyu nwiatst oo
importtaonbe t m isseFdo.r n oto nliys c omeHta lleoyn eo ft hem ostr eliacbolmee tisti sa lsnoe arly
twoo rdeorfsm agnituldaer gtehra ann yo thecro mewti tah k nownp erioWde.l lb eforteh erwea s
anyv isibtrlaec eo fH alleyc'osm eit nt hen ight stkhyr,eo ef t heb igf our space agencies were
bankinognt harte liabainldiw teyr ep reparifinvge s pacecrtaomf atk et hej ournteoyi nterctehpet
cometS.u cha ctivity asaac stpeudtr o t hei ngenuoiftt yh ef ourathg encwyh of oudn aw ayt o
rediroenceto ft heilro ng-sersvpiancge craanfdtt ow int her acteo b et hefi rstto a cometa,l betihte
smallearn,da tt he tivmier tuaulnlkyn ownG,i acobini-ZiAnlntehro.u gah h ealtshpyi roift
competitiinofnu stehdes cientainfdie cn gineertienagm s woroknit nhgep rojeactvt ar ioulse vels,
whatm atterientd h ee ndw ast heg lobcaolo peratbieotnw eetnh ea genciaensdm anyg round-based
observwehrisc fho erx ampleen,a blGeido tttoor eacthh ec omewti tohn e-teonftht het argettienrrgo r
thahta do riginbeaelnlp yr edicted.
Thes amec ombinatoifoc no mpetitainodcn o operathiaoscn h aractetrhisese cdi entainfiacl ysis.
Threyee arsa fttehreH alleeyn countseeresm etdo b ea g oodt imteo g ett ogetthoet rak es tocokft he
progretshsa t hbaede nm ade;t oc omparree sulatnsdt ot esnte wi deasA.n AGU Chapman
Conferewnacseh elidn G uildfoirnEd n glanidnJ ul1y9 89t od iscutshsep lasmrae sulftrso mt he
missiounnsd etrh et itolfeC ometarPyl asmPar ocessReast.h etrh abne inigt psr oceediintcg asnb, e
saitdh atth ep aperisnt hivso lumwee res timulabtyte hdec onferesnicnecm eo sto ft hemh aveb een
writteinnt hey earf ollowainndgh avneo tbe enl imitteomd a terpiraels enattet dh em eetin.g
Asu suaplr,o grehsassb eenu nevesno;m et opihcasv ep rovetdob em oref ruittfhualon t herTsh.i s
isr eflectientd h ec ontenwthsi cshh oulbder egardeadsa r epoorntt hes tatoufst hei nvestigations,
nota sa t extboWohki.l ien s omea reaisn,t hee ditovri'eswt ,h eriesa h igdhe greeo fc onvergeinnc e
thep resentatiinoo tnhse,tr hs eriess timlulc hc ontroverIh sayv.e n ota ttemptteord e soltvhee
confliinct th ee diting parsoI cf eesetlsh e authhaovret' hseri ghtto p resetnhte viire wasn da llotwh e
scientciofmimcu nittoym akeu pt hemiirn dosn t hes trenogftt hh ear gumentasn dt hew eighotft he
evidencCeo.m etarpyl asmpah ysiicsss t ialnla ctifiveel wdi tmhu chm orew orkt ob ed oneo nt he
excelldeantotab tainebdya ltlh em issions.
Iw ould ltiotk hea nthek referoefet sh ei ndividpuaaple rfso rt heciorn tributtoti hoeqn u aliotfty h e
volumeI.th asb eenm y firsetx perieonfct eh ep rocefsrso ma ne ditorpioailno tfv iewa ndI h ave
beeni mpressbeytd h en umbeorf l ettefrrso ma uthortsh ankitnhger eferfeoertsh ec araen dt hought
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