Combustion engines : an introduction to their design, performance, and selection

263 Pages·2016·4.82 MB·English

by  Gupta

Combustion Engines
Scrivener Publishing
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Beverly, MA 01915-6106
Publishers at Scrivener
Martin Scrivener ([email protected])
Phillip Carmical ([email protected])
Combustion Engines
An Introduction to Th eir
Design, Performance, and
Selection
Aman Gupta, Shubham Sharma, and
Sunny Narayan
Copyright © 2016 by Scrivener Publishing LLC. All rights reserved.
Co-published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, New Jersey, and Scrivener Publishing LLC,
Salem, Massachusetts.
Published simultaneously in Canada.
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Cover design by Kris Hackerott
Library of Congr ess Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
ISBN 978-1-119-28376-8
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Preface ix
Introduction xi
1 Introduction to Combustion Engines 1
1.1 Historical Background 1
1.2 Classifi cations 6
1.3 Engine Components 11
References 23
2 Gasoline Engine Technology 27
2.1 Introduction 27
2.2 Background 29
2.3 Charge Delivery Systems 32
2.4 Carburetor 33
2.5 Fuel Injection Systems 38
2.6 Injection Systems 40
2.7 Sensors 43
References 46
3 Diesel Engine Technology 49
3.1 Introduction 49
3.2 Injection Systems 57
References 65
4 Turbocharging 69
4.1 Introduction 69
4.2 Background 70
4.3 Conclusions 75
References 76
v
vi Contents
5 Combustion Based Noise 77
5.1 Introduction 77
5.2 Background 78
5.3 Conclusions 80
References 83
6 Superchargers 87
6.1 Introduction 87
6.2 Roots Supercharger 90
6.3 Centrifugal Supercharger 91
6.4 Screw Supercharger 92
References 94
7 Materials for Engine 95
7.1 Introduction 95
7.2 Structural Properties 96
7.3 Non-Structural Properties 97
7.4 Cast Iron 100
7.5 Aluminum 101
References 101
8 Vehicle Noise and Vibration 103
8.1 Introduction 103
8.2 Vehicle Systems 104
8.3 Transfer Paths 105
8.4 Features of NVH 106
8.5 Importance of Vehicle NVH 113
References 115
9 Power Train NVH 121
9.1 Introduction 121
9.2 Engine Vibrations 122
9.3 Combustion Noise 130
9.4 Spectrum Characteristics of Cylinder Pressure 134
9.5 Relationship between the Spectrum of Cylinder
Pressure and Noise 138
9.6 Motion Based Noise 150
9.7 Piston Slap 152
9.8 Bearing Noise 168
9.9 Oil Pump Noise 172
Contents vii
9.10 Timing Chain and Belt Noise 176
9.11 Transmission Whine 180
9.12 Rattle 185
9.13 Clutch Noise 189
9.14 Flow Noise 196
9.15 Muffl er 200
References 203
10 Body and Chassis System 211
10.1 Introduction 211
10.2 Vehicle Interior NVH 215
10.3 NVH Damping 226
References 237
11 Vehicle Testing 243
11.1 Introduction 243
11.2 Decomposition of Various Sources 244
11.3 Interior Noise 246
11.4 Psychoacoustic Analysis 247
11.5 Conclusions 251
References 251
Index 255
Preface
Engines and pumps are common engineering
devices which have become essential to the smooth
running of modern society. Many of these are very
sophisticated and require infrastructure and high
levels of t echnological competence to ensure their
correct operation. For example, some are computer-
controlled, others require stable, three-phase elec-
trical supplies, or clean hydrocarbon fuels. Th is
project focuses on the identifi cation, design, and
construction of various engines. Noise, vibration
and harness performances have also been evaluated
with further suggestions given to improve current
systems.
ix
Introduction
Diersel engines constitute a major source of power for
ships, buses, and trains as well as road machinery. About
one-fi ft h of total energy consumption in the United
States goes toward operating these engines, and hence
demand for them is growing fast, compared to gasoline
engines. Sales of vehicles using diesel engines reached a
peak during the 1980s in the United States due to major
oil crises, as depicted in Figure 1. Various projections at
that time had predicted that an increase of about 20%
in sales would be achieved by the end of the decade.
However, variations in fuel costs, falling prices of petrol
and various problems associated with the operation of
diesel engines led to a fall in their overall sales.
US sales of diesel vehicles
500,000
400,000
300,000
200,000 Autos
100,000
Light trucks
0
8 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6
7 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Figure 1 Trend in sales of various diesel engine based
automobiles in the United States.
xi
xii Introduction
Gasoline engines use a spark ignition system for
the initiation of fuel reaction, unlike diesel engines,
which are based on the compression ignition of fuel-
air mixture. Diesel engines operate at higher compres-
sion ratios, thus allowing more useful work output
during the course of their operation. Combustion in
these types of engines can be made to take place away
from chamber walls, thus helping in reduction of the
overall heat release rate. In addition, there are various
throttling as well as pumping losses associated with
the opertion of petrol engines. Th ese are some of the
major reasons for their lesser cycle effi ciency when
compared with diesel engines. Overall fuel effi ciency
of a diesel engine may be over 40% higher in the case
of medium-sized engines and 50% for larger ones
(which are generally used in marine propulsions).
Th e factors discussed above have hence led to a
renewal of interest by various automotive compa-
nies in the development of diesel engines. Sales data
of diesel engine based automobiles in Europe have
indicated that about a quarter of new automobiles
were powered using these engines. In France, diesel
engines accounted for almost half of total engine
sales. Sales of diesel engine based cars in Japan have
almost tripled.
Th is work sheds light on the development of com-
bustion engines with a specifi c focus on NVH
p erformance of engines. We hope the information
provided in the text will be useful for undergraduate
and graduate students on various automotive courses.