Combustion diagnostics by nonintrusive methods PDF
Preview Combustion diagnostics by nonintrusive methods
COMBUSTION DIAGNOSTICS BY NONINTRUSIVE METHODS Edited by T. D. McCay NASA Marshall Space Flight Center Marshall Space Flight Center, Alabama J. A. Roux The University of Mississippi University, Mississippi Volume 92 PROGRESS IN ASTRONAUTICS AND AERONAUTICS Martin Summerfield, Series Editor-in-Chief Princeton Combustion Research Laboratories, Inc. Monmouth Junction, New Jersey Technical papers selected from the AIAA 21st Aerospace Sciences Meeting, January 1983, and the AIAA 18th Thermophysics Conference, June 1983, and subsequently revised for this volume. Published by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. 1633 Broadway, New York, N.Y. 10019 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. New York, New York Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Main entry under title: Combustion diagnostics by nonintrusive methods. (Progress in astronautics and aeronautics; v. 92) Technical papers selected from AIAA 21st Aerospace Sciences Meeting, January 1983, and the AIAA 18th Thermophysics Conference, June 1983, and subsequently revised for this volume. Includes index. 1. Combustion-Congresses. I. McCay, T. D. II. Roux, J. A. III. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, IV. Series. TL507.P75 vol. 92 629.1 s (621.402'3) 84-12425 (QD516) ISBN 0-915928-86-8 Copyright © 1984 by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astro- nautics, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or tran- smitted, in any form or by any means, or stored in any data base or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics Series Editor-in-Chief Martin Summerfield Princeton Combustion Research Laboratories, Inc. Series Associate Editors Burton I. Edelson Alien E.Fuhs National Aeronautics Naval Postgraduate School and Space Administration J. Leith Potter Vanderbilt University Norma J. Brennan Camille S. Koorey Director, Editorial Department Series Managing Editor AIAA AIAA This page intentionally left blank Table of Contents Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix Chapter I. C A R S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1 CARS Diagnostics of High Pressure and Temperature Gases. ....... 3 J.H. Stufflebeam, R.J. Hall, and J.F. Verdieck United Technologies Research Center, East Hartford, Connecticut CARS Thermometry and N Number-Density Measurments in a 2 Turbulent Diffusion Flame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 24 L.P. Goss, D.D. Trump, G.L. Switzer, and E.G. MacDonald, Systems Research Laboratories, Inc., Dayton, Ohio Comparison of CARS Combustion Temperatures with Standard Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 45 R.R. Antcliff, Systems Research Laboratories, Inc., Dayton, Ohio and O. Jarrett Jr., NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia Electronically Resonant CARS Detection of OH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 58 J.F. Verdieck, R.J. Hall, and A.C. Eckbreth, United Technologies Research Center, East Hartford, Connecticut Simultaneous CARS and Luminosity Measurements in a Bluff-Body Combustion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 82 G.L. Switzer, D.D. Trump, and L.P. Goss, Systems Research Laboratories, Inc., Dayton, Ohio, and W.M. Roquemore, R.P. Bradley, J.S. Stutrud, and C.M. Reeves, Air Force Wright Aeronautical Laboratories, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio Chapter II. Laser-Induced Fluorescence. ................. 105 Nonintrusive Pressure Measurements with Laser-Induced Iodine Fluorescence.......................................... 107 J.C. McDaniel, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia Laser-Induced Schlieren Effect in Sodium-Nitrogen Mixtures. ..... 132 J.W.L. Lewis and J.D. Selman, The University of Tennessee Space Institute, Tullahoma, Tennessee vi Use of Laser-Induced Fluorescence for Fundamental Gas-Phase Kinetic Measurements................................... 147 A. Fontijn, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York Chapter III. Particle Diagnostics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 175 Nonintrusive Laser-Based Particle Diagnostics - Invited Review..... 177 E.D. Hirleman, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona Interpretation of Optical Measurements of Soot in Flames ......... 208 R.A. Dobbins, R.J. Santoro, and H.G. Semerjian, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C. In Situ Measurement of the Complex Refractive Index of Combustion Generated Particulates .................................. 238 E.A. Powell and B.T. Zinn, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia Chapter IV. Combustion Diagnostics Applications ......... 253 Temperature and Concentration Measurements in an Internal Combustion Engine Using Laser Raman Spectroscopy .......... 255 A. zur Loye and D.A. Santavicca, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey Rayleigh Thermometry with Low-Power Laser Sources ........... 270 D. Benhachmi, N. Younes, H. Yakout, P.E. Emmerman, and R. Goulard, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C. Laser Tomography for Simultaneous Concentration and Temperature Measurement in Reacting Flows ................. 300 S.R. Ray and H.G. Semerjian, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C. Flow Measurement in a Model Combustion Chamber............. 325 P. Magre, J. Labbe, and G. Collin, ONERA, Chdtillion, France Author Index for Volume 92............................ 342 List of Series Volumes................................. 343 Table of Contents for Companion Volume 91 Chapter I. Contamination Overview.......................................... 1 Improved Methods for Characterizing Material-Induced Contamination ................................................................. 3 A.P.M. Glassford, R.A. Osiecki, and C.K. Liu, Lockheed Palo Alto Research Laboratories, Palo Alto, California and M. Hitchcock, Air Force Materials Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio Potential for Cross Contamination for Payloads in the STS Bay...................................................................... 29 R.G. Moss, Ford Aerospace and Communications Corporation, Palo Alto, California Chapter II. Sources and Prevention of Contamination............................ 37 Debris from Spallation of Foam Insulation of Cryogenic Fuel Tanks in Space Launch Sytems................................................ 39 E.P. del Casal, Energy Incorporated, Idaho Falls, Idaho Particle Dispersion around a Spacecraft ............................................... 54 A.L. Lee, Lockheed Missiles & Space Company, Inc., Sunnyvale, California Impact of the STS Ground/Launch Particle Contamination Environment on an Optical Sensor................................................. 73 L.E. Bareiss and F.J. Jarossy, Martin Marietta Denver Aerospace, Denver, Colorado Analysis of Contamination Degradation of Thermal Control Surfaces on Operational Satellites.................................................. 96 J.E. Ahern, R.L. Belcher, and R.D. Ruff, Aerojet ElectroSystems Company, Azusa, California Abatement of Gaseous and Particulate Contamination in a Space Instrument.............................................................. 108 J.J. Scialdone, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland Chapter III. Properties and Effects of Contamination ........................... 137 Infrared Optical Properties of Thin CO,NO, CH4, HC1, N2O, O2, N2, and Ar Cryofilms....................................................... 139 B.E. Wood, Calspan Field Services, Inc., Arnold Air Force Station, Tennessee, and J.A. Roux, University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi Infrared Optical Properties of Solid Mixtures of Molecular Species at 20 K ............................................................... 162 K.F. Palmer, Westminster College, Fulton, Missouri, J.A. Roux University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi, and B.E. Wood, Calspan Field Services, Inc., Arnold Air Force Station, Tennessee Measurements of Infrared Optical Properties of A12O3 Rocket Particles..................................................................... 180 W.L. Konopka, R.A. Reed, and V.S. Calia, Grumman Aerospace Corporation, Bethpage, New York Improvements in Rocket Engine Nozzle and High Altitude Plume Computations ................................................................ 197 S.D. Smith, Lockheed Huntsville Research & Engineering Center, Huntsville, Alabama vii VIM a/€ Measurements of Thermal Control Coatings over Four Years sH at Geosynchronous Altitude ..................................................... 215 D.F. Hall and A.A. Fote, The Aerospace Corporation, El Segundo, California Calorimetric Measurements of Thermal Control Surfaces on Operational Satellites........................................................... 235 J.E. Ahern and K. Karperos, Aerojet ElectroSystems Company, Azusa, California Experimental Investigation of Bipropellant Exhaust Plume Flowfield, Heating, and Contamination and Comparison with the CONTAM Computer Model Predictions .................................. 261 H. Trinks, Technical University, Hamburg-Harburg, Hamburg, Federal Republic of Germany and R.J. Hoffman, Science Applications, Inc., Los Angeles, California Particle Sampling of Solid Rocket Motor Exhausts in High-Altitude Test Cells ........................................................ 293 P.T. Girata Jr. and W.K. McGregor, Sverdrup Technology, Inc./AEDC Group, Arnold Air Force Station, Tennessee Postfire Sampling of Solid Rocket Motors for Contamination Sources in High-Altitude Test Cells ............................................... 312 P.T. Girata Jr. and W.K. McGregor, Sverdrup Techology, Inc. IAEDC Group, Arnold Air Force Station, Tennessee Preface This book represents a break with the tradition of previous thermophysics volumes by highlighting papers in only one fun- damental subject area - combustion diagnostics by nonintrusive spectroscopic methods. Previous volumes have usually presented a broad selection of papers from AIAA thermophysics sessions, representing the spectrum of current research interests. The focus here is of current research interest in its own right, and the techniques being developed are finding broad acceptance as standard tools within the combustion and thermophysics research com- munities. The papers selected cover both research currently being conducted with these nonintrusive techniques and recent advances in the techniques themselves. This volume outlines the state-of-the-art of two basic techniques - coherent antistokes Raman scattering (CARS) and laser-induced fluorescence (LIF)-and it demonstrates current diagnostic capabilities in two application areas, particle and combustion diagnostics. The ultimate goals for the techniques are to correctly diagnose gas and particle properties in the flowfields of interest. The need to develop nonintrusive techniques is apparent for all flow regimes, but it becomes of particular concern for the subsonic combustion flows so often of interest in thermophysics research. Thus, this volume contains scientific descriptions of the methods for making such measurements, primarily the measurement of gas temperature and pressure and of particle size . The papers in this volume were drawn from the thermophysics sessions of the AIAA 21st Aerospace Sciences Meeting in Reno, Nevada in January 1983 and the AIAA 18th Thermophysics Con- ference in Montreal, Canada in June 1983. The papers selected were reviewed, revised, updated, and organized into four chapters covering CARS, LIF, particle diagnostics, and combustion diagnostic applications. Chapter I contains five papers devoted to the development and application of CARS to combustion systems. Stufflebeam, Hall, and Verdieck discuss some of the practical aspects of CARS ther- mometry for high-pressure combustion systems and develop collisional narrowing models for proper interpretation of spectral data. Goss, Trump, Switzer, and MacDonald apply the CARS IX
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