Combined Vibrator-Slot Structures: Theory and Applications: Theoretical Aspects and Applications PDF
Preview Combined Vibrator-Slot Structures: Theory and Applications: Theoretical Aspects and Applications
Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering 689 Mikhail V. Nesterenko · Victor A. Katrich · Yuriy M. Penkin · Sergey L. Berdnik · Oleksandr M. Dumin Combined Vibrator-Slot Structures: Theory and Applications Theoretical Aspects and Applications Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering Volume 689 SeriesEditors LeopoldoAngrisani,DepartmentofElectricalandInformationTechnologiesEngineering,UniversityofNapoli FedericoII,Naples,Italy MarcoArteaga,DepartamentdeControlyRobótica,UniversidadNacionalAutónomadeMéxico,Coyoacán, Mexico BijayaKetanPanigrahi,ElectricalEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnologyDelhi,NewDelhi,Delhi,India SamarjitChakraborty,FakultätfürElektrotechnikundInformationstechnik,TUMünchen,Munich,Germany JimingChen,ZhejiangUniversity,Hangzhou,Zhejiang,China ShanbenChen,MaterialsScienceandEngineering,ShanghaiJiaoTongUniversity,Shanghai,China TanKayChen,DepartmentofElectricalandComputerEngineering,NationalUniversityofSingapore, Singapore,Singapore RüdigerDillmann,HumanoidsandIntelligentSystemsLaboratory,KarlsruheInstituteforTechnology, Karlsruhe,Germany HaibinDuan,BeijingUniversityofAeronauticsandAstronautics,Beijing,China GianluigiFerrari,UniversitàdiParma,Parma,Italy ManuelFerre,CentreforAutomationandRoboticsCAR(UPM-CSIC),UniversidadPolitécnicadeMadrid, Madrid,Spain SandraHirche,DepartmentofElectricalEngineeringandInformationScience,TechnischeUniversität München,Munich,Germany FaryarJabbari,DepartmentofMechanicalandAerospaceEngineering,UniversityofCalifornia,Irvine,CA, USA LiminJia,StateKeyLaboratoryofRailTrafficControlandSafety,BeijingJiaotongUniversity,Beijing,China JanuszKacprzyk,SystemsResearchInstitute,PolishAcademyofSciences,Warsaw,Poland AlaaKhamis,GermanUniversityinEgyptElTagamoaElKhames,NewCairoCity,Egypt TorstenKroeger,StanfordUniversity,Stanford,CA,USA QilianLiang,DepartmentofElectricalEngineering,UniversityofTexasatArlington,Arlington,TX,USA FerranMartín,Departamentd’EnginyeriaElectrònica,UniversitatAutònomadeBarcelona,Bellaterra, Barcelona,Spain TanCherMing,CollegeofEngineering,NanyangTechnologicalUniversity,Singapore,Singapore WolfgangMinker,InstituteofInformationTechnology,UniversityofUlm,Ulm,Germany PradeepMisra,DepartmentofElectricalEngineering,WrightStateUniversity,Dayton,OH,USA SebastianMöller,QualityandUsabilityLaboratory,TUBerlin,Berlin,Germany SubhasMukhopadhyay,SchoolofEngineering&AdvancedTechnology,MasseyUniversity, PalmerstonNorth,Manawatu-Wanganui,NewZealand Cun-ZhengNing,ElectricalEngineering,ArizonaStateUniversity,Tempe,AZ,USA ToyoakiNishida,GraduateSchoolofInformatics,KyotoUniversity,Kyoto,Japan FedericaPascucci,DipartimentodiIngegneria,UniversitàdegliStudi“RomaTre”,Rome,Italy YongQin,StateKeyLaboratoryofRailTrafficControlandSafety,BeijingJiaotongUniversity,Beijing,China GanWoonSeng,SchoolofElectrical&ElectronicEngineering,NanyangTechnologicalUniversity, Singapore,Singapore JoachimSpeidel,InstituteofTelecommunications,UniversitätStuttgart,Stuttgart,Germany GermanoVeiga,CampusdaFEUP,INESCPorto,Porto,Portugal HaitaoWu,AcademyofOpto-electronics,ChineseAcademyofSciences,Beijing,China JunjieJamesZhang,Charlotte,NC,USA The book series Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering (LNEE) publishes the latest developments in Electrical Engineering - quickly, informally and in high quality. While original research reported in proceedings and monographs has traditionallyformedthecoreofLNEE,wealsoencourageauthorstosubmitbooks devoted to supporting student education and professional training in the various fieldsandapplicationsareasofelectricalengineering.Theseriescoverclassicaland emerging topicsconcerning: (cid:129) Communication Engineering, Information Theory and Networks (cid:129) Electronics Engineering and Microelectronics (cid:129) Signal, Image and Speech Processing (cid:129) Wireless and Mobile Communication (cid:129) Circuits and Systems (cid:129) Energy Systems, Power Electronics and Electrical Machines (cid:129) Electro-optical Engineering (cid:129) Instrumentation Engineering (cid:129) Avionics Engineering (cid:129) Control Systems (cid:129) Internet-of-Things and Cybersecurity (cid:129) Biomedical Devices, MEMS and NEMS For general information about this book series, comments or suggestions, please contact [email protected]. To submit a proposal or request further information, please contact the Publishing Editor in your country: China Jasmine Dou, Associate Editor ([email protected]) India, Japan, Rest of Asia Swati Meherishi, Executive Editor ([email protected]) Southeast Asia, Australia, New Zealand Ramesh Nath Premnath, Editor ([email protected]) USA, Canada: Michael Luby, Senior Editor ([email protected]) All other Countries: Leontina Di Cecco, Senior Editor ([email protected]) ** Indexing: Indexed by Scopus. ** More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/7818 Mikhail V. Nesterenko (cid:129) Victor A. Katrich Yuriy M. Penkin (cid:129) (cid:129) Sergey L. Berdnik Oleksandr M. Dumin (cid:129) Combined Vibrator-Slot Structures: Theory and Applications Theoretical Aspects and Applications 123 Mikhail V.Nesterenko Victor A.Katrich V.N.KarazinKharkivNational University V.N.Karazin KharkivNational University Kharkiv, Ukraine Kharkiv, Ukraine YuriyM. Penkin Sergey L.Berdnik V.N.KarazinKharkivNational University V.N.KarazinKharkivNational University Kharkiv, Ukraine Kharkiv, Ukraine Oleksandr M.Dumin V.N.KarazinKharkivNational University Kharkiv, Ukraine ISSN 1876-1100 ISSN 1876-1119 (electronic) Lecture Notesin Electrical Engineering ISBN978-3-030-60176-8 ISBN978-3-030-60177-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60177-5 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNature SwitzerlandAG2020 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseof illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilar ordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained hereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregard tojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland It is impossible to solve the problem at the same level at which it arose. You need to get higher than this problem by rising to the next level. Albert Einstein Preface At present, linear vibrator and slot radiators and coupling slots between electrody- namic volumes are widely used in variety of radio-electronic devices which are structural elements of antennas and antenna-feeder devices. Their multifunctional and extensive applications have become an objective prerequisite for developing theoretical methods aimed at studying electrodynamic characteristics of such devi- ces. A special attention is paid to combined vibrator–slot structures significantly expanding possibilities for formatting electromagnetic fields with predefined spatial-frequency characteristics. Over the past decades, many authors, particularly authors of this book, have developed a modern theory of thin vibrator, slot, and combined vibrator–slot radiators. This theory combines fundamental asymptotic methodsandthenumerical–analyticalapproachesbasedonthemwhichareintended fordeterminingcharacteristics ofstandalongvibratorandslotelements.However, the electrodynamics theory of linear vibrator and slot radiators is far from being completed. First of all, this is related to further developing modern technology of transceiver antennas and antenna-feeder devices characterized by the following features: multifunctionality, multi-element applications, integration and modifica- tion of structural components to minimize weight and size parameters, electro- magnetic compatibility of devices, usage of composites and metamaterials, and formation of required spatial-energy, spatial-polarization, and frequency–energy distributions ofelectromagnetic fields, including fields indissipative media. Multiparameter optimization of complex electrodynamic problems requires effective computing and software resources for mathematical modeling. Therefore, despite the rapid growth of the computing potential of modern computer technol- ogy, there is a need to develop new, more efficient methods of electrodynamic problemsolutionsconcerningthedesignofantenna-feedersystemsbasedonlinear vibratorandslotstructureswitharbitrarygeometricandelectrophysicalparameters. Theeffectivenessofmathematical modelingisdeterminedbyrigorousformulation andsolutionofcorrespondingboundary-valueproblems,theruntimeofalgorithms under condition that the minimum possible amount of RAM is used. The solution effectivenessdirectlydependsonthedegreeofanalyticaldevelopmentalworkspent duringitsderivation.Thatis,themoresignificantistheanalyticalcomponentofthe vii viii Preface method,thehigheristheoveralleffectivenessofitsimplementation.Inthisregard, the development of rigorous numerical–analytical methods of electrodynamic analysisexpandingthepossibilitiesofphysicallycorrectmathematicalmodelingto new classes of boundary-value problems has been and remains an important problem for researchers in the field of theoretical and applied radio physics. Known numerical–analytical methods for analyzing single and multi-element structures of linear radiators and antenna-feeder devices created on their basis can be divided into two types. The first type includes analytical solution of integral equations for electric and magnetic currents in separate structural elements. The second type refers to the method of moments in which the expressions for matrix elements in the final system of linear algebraic equations (SLAE) can be solved analytically. Of course, methods of the first type are preferable due to their effec- tiveness and easiness of physical realization. However, their implementation is limited by the complexity of constructing asymptotic solutions of boundary-value problems for systems with large number of different constructive elements. Characteristic property of electrodynamic problems concerning the linear vibrator and slot radiators is longitudinal dimensions of their elements which are comparable with the operating wavelength in the medium. Therefore, asymptotic long-wave or short-wave (quasi-optical) approximations cannot be applied. In resonant regions, asymptotic solutions of boundary-value problems for perfectly conducting rectilinear vibrators in free space were previously obtained by various methods,namelybythe successive iteration method, weight function expansionin a series in powers of a small parameter, variational method, and key equation method.Similarly,theequivalentmagnetic currentfor aslot cutinathin perfectly conducting infinite screen was determined by using the small parameter method, variational method, and method of successive iterations. The electrodynamic characteristicsofmulti-elementvibrator–slotsystemswereobtainedbythemethods of induced electromotive forces (EMF) and magnetomotive forces (MMF). However, within the framework of numerical–analytical methods of boundary- value problem, solutions for a class of linear radiators promising for practical applications were not proposed. This primarily concerns impedance vibrator radi- ators(scatterers)withirregulargeometricandelectrophysicalparameterslocatedin free space and other electrodynamic volumes, slot radiators cut in walls of various waveguide and resonator sections with perfectly conducting and impedance boundaries, and combined multi-element vibrator–slot structures. Beside the prin- ciplesofasymptoticsolutionsofequationforelectricandmagneticcurrentsbythe methods of induced EMF, MMF or the hybrid method of electro-magneto-motive forces (EMMF) for analyzing combined vibrator–slot structures have not been generalized. The problem solutions concerning the electrodynamic characteristics of impe- dance vibrator and slot radiators with arbitrary geometric and electrophysical parameters were obtained within a framework of unified methodological approach toconstructingasymptoticsolutionsofintegralequations.Thisapproachallowedus to investigate several combined vibrator–slot structures. The research results have revealed the possibilities of using these structures as basic elements of modern Preface ix antenna-waveguide devices with advanced technical characteristics and function- alities operating in the ranges from meter to millimeter wavelengths. Investigatingtransientnearfieldsofelectricallyshortradiatorsisusuallycarried outbythemethodofvectorpotentialintimedomainbasedonthesmallparameter approach.Thefeaturesofelectromagnetic fieldsinthenearzoneareappliedtothe study of interaction between elements of ultrawideband vibrator–slot structures similar to the Clavin element. The monograph consists of nine chapters and five appendixes. For the conve- nienceofworkingwiththematerialofthebook,alistofauthors’literarysourcesis highlighted in a separate list (Authors’ Publications List (APL)). Chapter 1 is introductory in nature. Basic equations of macroscopic electrody- namics and methods for constructing Green’s functions are presented. Besides issues related to surface impedances of various metal–dielectric structures are discussed. Asymptotic formulas for determining complex surface impedances of vibratorsarepresentedinSubsection 1.3.2.6.Theseformulasallowustocalculate impedances for following metal–dielectric structures: a solid lossy cylindrical conductor, periodically corrugated or ribbed cylindrical conductor, cylindrical conductor coated by a magnetodielectric, cylindrical conductor with periodic dielectrictransverseinserts,anddielectriccylinder.Formulasdefiningrelationships between vibrator structural parameters and its surface impedance were used in mathematical models for various radiators. The information presented in this sec- tion allows the reader to perceive the information in further sections of the book without searching for special hard-to-reach literature. In Chap. 2, a problem of the excitation (scattering or radiation) of electromag- netic fields by material bodies of finite dimensions in presence of coupling holes between two electrodynamic volumes is formulated in most general form. Initial systems of integral equations relative to densities of surface electric currents on vibratorandequivalentmagneticcurrentsoncouplingholeswerederivedbasedon the impedance boundary conditions on the vibrator surfaces and the continuity conditions of tangential components of magnetic fields at coupling holes. It was shown that the problem solution should be better based on integral equations with Green’s function kernels for Hertz vector potentials. The asymptotic solutions of the equations in various electrodynamic volumes were obtained by using a generalapproachconsistinginisolationofirregularpartoftheGreen’spresentedby the Green’s function of the free space. A physically correct transition from the derivedintegralequationstoone-dimensionalequationsismadeforcurrentsonthin linear impedancevibratorswith irregular geometricandelectrophysicalparameters along their length, in narrow slots arbitrary located relative to boundaries of cor- respondingelectrodynamicvolumes,andincombinedvibrator–slotstructures.The fundamentals of the method of moments are presented, the advantages and disad- vantages of various approximate analytical methods for solving the integral equa- tions for currents are analyzed, and the application of the generalized method of induced EMF for studying multi-element vibrator–slot structures is considered. New aspects of thin impedance vibrator theory proposed by the authors are considered. x Preface In Chap. 3, solutions of integral equations for currents in waveguide structures with single vibrator and slot elements are obtained by the averaging method and generalized methods of induced EMF and MMF. The choice of approximating functionsforcurrentsisjustifiedbytheresultsofcomparativeanalysisofcalculated andexperimentaldata.Aproblemofelectromagneticwavescatteringbyavibrator systeminrectangularwaveguidesisalsosolvedtodemonstratehowtransitionfrom single to multi-element structures can be made. Chapter4,entitled“CombinedRadiatingVibrator-SlotStructuresinRectangular Waveguides”, is devoted to developing mathematical models and studying elec- trodynamic characteristics of structures consisting of transverse slot in a wide wall of a rectangular waveguide with impedance vibrators. Structures with or without vibrator–slotfieldinteractionswereconsidered;thesecondvariantcorrespondstoa casewhenvibrator–slotfieldinteractionsareabsentduetopolarizationdecoupling. The possibility of controlling over a wide range reflection and transmission coef- ficients in waveguides with vibrator–slot structures by using passive vibrators of constant length with various distribution function of surface impedance is con- firmed. It is also shown that the slot radiation coefficient in such structures can be close to unity. In Chap. 5, T-shaped E-plane junctions consisting of infinite and semi-infinite waveguides coupling through a transverse slot cut in a wide wall of the infinite waveguide are considered. One or two impedance monopoles are located near the slot inside the main infinite waveguide. A characteristic feature of the T-junction structure model is simultaneous application of monopoles with variable surface impedance and the end wall of the semi-infinite waveguide with constant impe- dance distributed over its surface. Multiparameter studies of energy characteristics ofT-junctionswerecarriedoutinsingle-moderegimeofthecouplingwaveguides. The main motive for the complicating the T-junction design is defined by the authors’ desire to investigate conditions allowing its two-resonant operating mode by using two impedance vibrators inside the main waveguide. This possibility has been successfully confirmed by numerical modeling. Conditions necessary for transmittingthemainpartofinputpowerfromtheT-junctionmainarmtotheside waveguide at two resonant frequencies were determined. It was shown that impe- dancecoatingsofvibratorsandendwallofsidewaveguidecanbeusedaseffective control elements for dividing the power between the T-junction output arms. It is also established that such a coating with frequency-dependent heterogeneous impedancecanprovideathree-resonantmodeofpowertransmissionfromthemain to side arm of T-junction. In Chap. 6, a problem concerning of electromagnetic wave radiated by a Clavin-typeelementintoahalfspaceaboveaninfiniteperfectlyconductingspaceis solved. A Clavin element consists of a longitudinal or transverse slot cut in a waveguidebroadwallandtwopassiveimpedancevibratorslocatedonbothsidesof slot longitudinal axis. The influence of vibrator length and distances between vibrators on the directional characteristics of the Clavin-type elements is analyzed under conditions that the relative level of E-plane lateral radiation and difference oftheRPmainlobewidthsinthemainpolarizationplanesatthelevelof–3 dBare
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