Combating Human Trafficking: Policy Gaps and Hidden Political Agendas in the USA and Germany

280 Pages·2009·1.56 MB·English

by  Christal Morehouse (auth.)

Christal Morehouse
Combating Human Trafficking
VS RESEARCH
Christal Morehouse
Combating
Human Trafficking
Policy Gaps and Hidden Political
Agendas in the USA and Germany
VS RESEARCH
Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek
The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie;
detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de.
Dissertation Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Philosophische Fakultät III, 2008
1st Edition 2009
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Contents
List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1 International Anti Human Trafficking Policy Frameworks . . . . . 25
1.1 The Six International Human Trafficking Agreements in Brief . . . . 25
1.2 In Depth Analysis of International Human Trafficking Policy
Frameworks at the International Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.2.1 Demographic Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.2.2 Geographic Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
1.2.3 Exploitation Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
1.2.4 Victim Protection Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
1.2.5 International Cooperation Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
1.2.6 Criminalization and Punishment Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
1.3 Additional International Treaties Relevant to Combating Human
Trafficking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
1.3.1 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
1.3.2 The Seven Core International Human Rights Treaties . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
2 Toward a Theoretical Human Trafficking Policy Framework . . . 75
2.1 Existing Theoretical Human Trafficking Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
2.1.1 Forced Labor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
2.1.2 Irregular Migration Facilitated by Organized Crime . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
2.1.3 Anti Prostitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
2.2 Building a more Comprehensive Theoretical Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
2.3 Next Steps Toward a Comprehensive Theoretical Concept on Human
Trafficking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
6 Contents
3 Anti Human Trafficking Policy Frameworks in The United
States of America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
3.1 Historical Roots of Combating Human Trafficking in the United
States of America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
3.1.1 The United States Declaration of Independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
3.1.2 The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States
Constitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
3.2 Organizational Structures of Combating Human Trafficking and
Detected Scope in the United States of America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
3.2.1 Office for Refugees and Resettlement (ORR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
3.2.2 Office of Victims of Crime (OVC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
3.2.3 Legal Services Corporation (LSC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
3.2.4 Department of Homeland Security (DHS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
3.2.5 Department of Labor (DoL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
3.2.6 Better Utilizing the Information Available to the United States
Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
3.3 Estimated Magnitude of Human Trafficking in the United States of
America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
3.4 Recent Developments in Anti Human Trafficking Policy in the
United States of America in Brief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
3.4.1 The Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
3.4.2 Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2003 . . . . . . . 130
3.4.3 Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2005 . . . . . . . 131
3.4.4 The William Wilberforce Trafficking Victims Protection
Reauthorization Act 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
3.5 In Depth Analysis of United States Human Trafficking Policy
Frameworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
3.5.1 Demographic Parameter: Gender-Specificity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
3.5.2 Geographic Parameter: Internal Trafficking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
3.5.3 Exploitation Parameters: Forced Non-Sexual Labor and Trafficking
in Human Organs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
3.5.4 Victims Protection Parameter: Victim Access to Legal
Residence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
3.5.5 Criminalization and Punishment Parameters: Links in the
Trafficking Chain Including the Consumer and the Commercial
Nature of the Crime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Contents 7
4 Anti Human Trafficking Policy Frameworks in The Federal
Republic of Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
4.1 Historical Roots of Combating Human Trafficking in the Federal
Republic of Germany and the European Union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
4.1.1 The Basic Law (Grundgesetz) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
4.1.2 European Union Policy Frameworks Prior to 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
4.2 Organizational Structures of Combating Human Trafficking and
Detected Scope in the Federal Republic of Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
4.2.1 The German Federal Police (BKA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
4.2.2 The Federal Working Group on Human Trafficking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
4.3 Estimated Magnitude of Human Trafficking in the Federal Republic
of Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
4.4 Recent Developments in Anti Human Trafficking Policy in the
European Union in Brief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
4.4.1 Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union Amended in
2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
4.4.2 Framework Decision of 2002 on Combating Trafficking in Human
Beings Approximating the Criminal Laws of the Member States . . . . 191
4.4.3 Council Directive on the Residence Permit Issued to
Third-Country Nationals who are Victims of Trafficking in Human
Beings 2004 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
4.4.4 European Convention on Action Against Trafficking in Human
Beings Concluded in 2005 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
4.5 Recent Developments in Anti Human Trafficking Policy in the
Federal Republic of Germany in Brief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
4.5.1 Introduction of Human Trafficking to the Criminal Code 1992 . . . . . 194
4.5.2 Reform of the German Criminal Code on Human Trafficking 2005 . 195
4.5.3 Migration Reform to Transpose Directives of the European Union
2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
4.5.4 The Prostitution Law 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
4.6 In Depth Analysis of German Human Trafficking Policy
Frameworks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
4.6.1 Demographic Parameter: Gender-Specificity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
4.6.2 Geographic Parameter: Internal Human Trafficking . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
4.6.3 Exploitation Parameters: Forced Non-Sexual Labor and Trafficking
in Human Organs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
4.6.4 Victim Protection Parameter: Victim Access to Legal Residence . . . 215
8 Contents
4.6.5 Criminalization and Punishment Parameters: Links in the
Trafficking Chain Including the Consumer and the Commercial
Nature of the Crime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
5 Improving Methods for Estimating Human Trafficking Scope . . 233
5.1 Current Systems of Estimating the Scope of the Human Trafficking
Victim Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
5.2 Developing a Universal System of Estimating the Scope of Human
Trafficking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
5.2.1 Putting Forth Indicators for Human Trafficking Scope . . . . . . . . . . . 244
5.2.2 Documented Cases of Labor Exploitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
5.2.3 Documented Cases of Illegal Prostitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
5.2.4 Documented Profit Traffickers Made from Victims of Human
Trafficking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
5.2.5 Documented Cases of Pedophilia or Sex Tourism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
5.2.6 Documented Cases of ID or Travel Document Fraud . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
5.2.7 Documented Cases of Confinement or Servitude not Classified
as Human Trafficking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
5.2.8 Documented Cases of Arranged or Mail-Order Marriages . . . . . . . . 253
5.3 Next Steps in Establishing Human Trafficking Indicators . . . . . . . . . 254
6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
6.1 Gaps in Conceptual Framework and Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
6.2 Hidden Political Agendas: Migration and Prostitution . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
6.3 Gaps in Data and Reporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
6.4 Gaps in Service Provision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
6.5 Gaps in Governance Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
6.6 Moving the Anti Human Trafficking Agenda Forward . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Annex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
List of Figures
Figure 1: A Typology of Forced Labor for Statistical Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Figure 2: A Concept for Depicting the Overlap between Forced Labor and
Human Trafficking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Figure 3: A Concept for Depicting the Overlap between Irregular Migration
Facilitated by Organized Crime and Human Trafficking . . . . . . . . . 83
Figure 4: Modified Human Trafficking Concept in the Context of Migration . 86
Figure 5: A Concept for Depicting the Relationship between Prostitution and
Human Trafficking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Figure 6: The Open Circle of Human Trafficking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Figure 7: Countries of Detected Human Trafficking Victim Origin in the
Federal Republic of Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Figure 8: Number of Victims of Human Trafficking Certified by the ORR . . . 111
Figure 9: Number of Pre-Certified Victims of Human Trafficking Serviced
by the Grantees of the OVC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Figure 10: Number of Victims of Human Trafficking Assisted by LSC Grantees 115
Figure 11: Number of Victims of Human Trafficking Granted a T-Visa . . . . . . 117
Figure 12: Number of Victims of Human Trafficking Granted a Continued
Presence Permit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Figure 13: Principal US Government Agencies with Responsibilities for
Antitrafficking Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Figure 14: Number of Detected Human Trafficking Victims
in the Federal Republic of Germany from 1994–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Figure 15: Countries of Detected Human Trafficking Victim Origin
in the Federal Republic of German from 2003–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Figure 16: Human Trafficking Victims’Residence Following the Reflection
Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Figure 17: Human Trafficking Indicators According to Their Level
of Importance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Figure 18: Documented Cases of Labor Exploitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Figure 19: Documented Cases of Illegal Prostitution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Figure 20: Documented Profit Traffickers Made from Victims of Human
Trafficking in a Given Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250