Colour Measurement: Principles, Advances and Industrial Applications

433 Pages·2010·8.821 MB·English

by  M.L Gulrajani

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Colour measurement
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© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010
1 The Textile Institute and Woodhead Publishing
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© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010
Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles: Number 103 1
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Colour measurement
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Principles, advances
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and industrial applications
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M. L. Gulrajani 6
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Oxford Cambridge Philadelphia New Delhi 43X
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© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010
1 Published by Woodhead Publishing Limited in association with The Textile Institute
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© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010
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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN 978-1-84569-559-0 (print)
ISBN 978-0-85709-019-5 (online)
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ISSN 2042-0803 Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles (print)
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ISSN 2042-0811 Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles (online)
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© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010
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Contents
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Contributor contact details xi 3
Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles xv 4
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Part I Theories, principles and methods of
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measuring colour 1
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1 Colour vision: theories and principles 3 9
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V. V. PÉREZ, D. DE FEZ SAIZ and F. MARTINEZ VERDÚ,
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University of Alicante, Spain
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1.1 Introduction 3
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1.2 Human colour vision 6
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1.3 Chromatic perception 10
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1.4 Defective colour vision 12
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1.5 Colour constancy 15
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1.6 Bibliography 17
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2 Scales for communicating colours 19 9
A. K. ROY CHOUDHURY, Government College of Engineering and 30
Textile Technology, India 1
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2.1 Introduction 19
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2.2 Systematic arrangements of colours 22
2.3 Colour order systems 23 4
2.4 Various colour order systems 31 5
2.5 Comparison and interrelation of various systems 51 6
2.6 Accuracy of colour order systems 54 7
2.7 Computer-based systems 54 8
2.8 Universal colour language (UCL) 61 9
2.9 Future trends 63 40
2.10 References 65 1
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© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010
vi Contents
1 3 Expressing colours numerically 70
2 V. C. GUPTE, Advanced Graphic Systems, India
3 3.1 Introduction 70
4 3.2 Colour specifi cations 70
5 3.3 The Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage (CIE) system 72
6 3.4 The CIE standard light sources/illuminants 72
7 3.5 The CIE Standard Observer and unreal primaries 74
8 3.6 Computation of tristimulus values 77
9 3.7 Refl ectance measurement 79
10 3.8 Chromaticity coordinates and chromaticity diagram 80
1 3.9 Usefulness of the CIE XYZ system 81
2 3.10 Limitations of the CIE system 82
3.11 Transformation and improvement of the CIE system 82
3.12 Future trends 86
3.13 References 86
4 Visual and instrumental evaluation of whiteness
and yellowness 88
R. HIRSCHLER, SENAI/CETIQT Colour Institute, Brazil
4.1 Introduction: whiteness and yellowness 88
4.2 Visual assessment of whiteness 90
4.3 Measuring techniques and instruments 95
4.4 Indices for whiteness and yellowness 100
4.5 Applications in industry, cosmetics and dentistry 111
4.6 Future trends 115
4.7 Sources of further information and advice 117
4.8 References 119
5 U se of artifi cial neural networks (ANNs)
in colour measurement 125
M. SENTHILKUMAR, PSG College of Technology, India
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5.1 Introduction 125
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5.2 Artifi cial neural networks (ANNs): basic principles 126
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5.3 Architecture of an artifi cial neural network 127
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5.4 Learning process 129
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5.5 Feed-forward neural network 130
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5.6 Training of an artifi cial neural network using back
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propagation algorithm 130
8 5.7 Application of artifi cial neural networks to colour
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40 5.8 Recipe prediction 135
1 5.9 Evaluation of the ANN method 140
2 5.10 Case studies 140
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Contents vii
5.11 Future trends 141 1
5.12 Sources of further information and advice 144 2
5.13 References 144 3
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6 Camera-based colour measurement 147 5
F. MARTÍNEZ-VERDÚ, E. CHORRO and E. PERALES, University of 6
Alicante, Spain, M. VILASECA and J. PUJOL, Technical University of 7
Catalonia, Spain 8
6.1 Introduction 147 9
6.2 Principles of camera-based colour measurement 149 10
6.3 Procedures of camera-based colour measurement 151 1
6.4 Strengths and weaknesses 154 2
6.5 Case studies 158 3
6.6 Future trends 162
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6.7 Conclusions 163
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6.8 Sources of further information and advice 163
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6.9 References 163
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7 Colour shade sorting 167
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M. L. GULRAJANI, India Institute of Technology, India
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7.1 Introduction 167
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7.2 (555) Fixed-grid shade sorting system 168
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7.3 Clemson Colour Clustering 174
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7.4 K-means clustering 178
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7.5 Modifi ed CCC shade sorting method 180
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7.6 Shade sequencing and clustering 180
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7.7 References 182
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8 D etermining uncertainty and improving the
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accuracy of color measurement 184
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J. A. LADSON, Color Science Consultancy, USA
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8.1 Introduction to determining uncertainty 184
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8.2 Uncertainty 185
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8.3 Defi nitions 186
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8.4 Tables of results 187
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8.5 Conclusions: determining uncertainty 189
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8.6 Improving accuracy: the absolute correction of
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instrumentally generated spectrometer values 190
8.7 Introduction to improving accuracy 190 8
8.8 Experimental modeling 191 9
8.9 Applications 193 40
8.10 Conclusions: improving accuracy 194 1
8.11 References 195 2
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viii Contents
1 9 Colour measurement and fastness assessment 196
2 M . BIDE, Department of Textiles, Fashion Merchandising and
3 Design, University of Rhode Island, USA
4 9.1 Introduction: colour and colourfastness 196
5 9.2 The use and usefulness of colourfastness testing 197
6 9.3 Colourfastness test method development 199
7 9.4 Colourfastness test standard setting organizations 200
8 9.5 Standard colourfastness test format 201
9 9.6 Testing for colourfastness: specifi c tests 203
10 9.7 Colourfastness testing: assessment of results
1 (colour measurement) 207
2 9.8 Conclusions 216
9.9 References 216
Part II Colour measurement and its applications 219
10 Colour measurement methods for textiles 221
N. S. GANGAKHEDKAR, Compute Spectra Color Pvt. Ltd., India
10.1 Introduction 221
10.2 Colour as numbers 222
10.3 Colour specifi cation 224
10.4 Metamerism 226
10.5 Reasons why colours do not match 231
10.6 Visual versus numerical pass/fail 232
10.7 Colour measurement techniques for textiles 236
10.8 On-line colour measurement 242
10.9 Colour of dry and wet fabrics 247
10.10 Inspection of colour of fi nished fabrics: a case study 248
10.11 Future trends 250
10.12 Conclusions 250
10.13 Sources of further information and advice 251
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10.14 References 251
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3 11 Grading of cotton by color measurement 253
4 B. XU, The University of Texas, USA
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11.1 History of cotton color grading 253
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11.2 USDA cotton color grades 253
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11.3 HVI colorimeter 254
8 11.4 Factors affecting cotton color grade 255
9 11.5 Color measurement using color image analysis 259
40 11.6 Using neural networks 263
1 11.7 Using fuzzy logic 268
2 11.8 Conclusions 276
43X 11.9 References 277
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010
Contents ix
12 Colour measurement of paint fi lms and coatings 279 1
N. S. GANGAKHEDKAR, Compute Spectra Color Pvt. Ltd., India 2
12.1 Introduction 279 3
12.2 Quality control of paints 280 4
12.3 Sample preparation for colour measurement 291 5
12.4 Pigment quality control 292 6
12.5 Problems in match prediction: paint applications 295 7
12.6 Computer colour matching for paints 295 8
12.7 Colour control system 297 9
12.8 Measuring colour properties of wet paints 299 10
12.9 Instant colour matching at the paint shop 300 1
12.10 Colour matching of automotive paints 307 2
12.11 Future trends 309 3
12.12 Conclusions 309
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12.13 Sources of further information and advice 310
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12.14 References 310
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13 Colour measurement of food: principles and practice 312
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D. B. MACDOUGALL, Formerly of the University of Reading, UK 9
13.1 Introduction 312
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13.2 Colour vision: trichromatic detection 313
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13.3 The infl uence of ambient light and food structure 316
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13.4 Appearance 317
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13.5 Absorption and scatter 318
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13.6 Colour description: the CIE system 319
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13.7 Colour description: uniform colour space 320
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13.8 Instrumentation 325
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13.9 Food colour appearance measurement in practice 327
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13.10 Illuminant spectra and uniform colour 336
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13.11 Conclusions and future trends 337
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13.12 References 339
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14 Colorimetric evaluation of tooth colour 343 2
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A. JOINER, Unilever Oral Care, UK
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14.1 Introduction 343
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14.2 The human dentition and its environment 344
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14.3 Optical properties of teeth 345
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14.4 The colour of teeth 347
14.5 Factors that impact tooth colour and its perception 348 8
14.6 Tooth whiteness 351 9
14.7 Measurement of tooth colour 352 40
14.8 Measurement of extrinsic stain 356 1
14.9 Methods to improve tooth colour 357 2
14.10 Future trends 361 43X
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010