COLORADO PIKEMINNOW ( PTYCHOCHEILUS LUCIUS ) UPSTREAM OF CRITICAL HABITAT IN THE YAMPA RIVER, COLORADO

393 Pages·3.333 MB·English

by  Sam T Finney Affiliation: Correspondent:, Kevin Bestgen

DIAMOND
6
Top
7
1
DEPOSITS
3
Top
4
5
Bottom
1
Bottom Origin, Exploration, and
2
History of Discovery
Top
6
7
Top 3
4
Bottom 5
Bottom
2
Bottom E I. E
1 DWARD RLICH
W. D H
AN AUSEL
2
SME
diamond_title2 9/3/02 9:29 AM Page 1
DIAMOND DEPOSITS
Origin, Exploration, and History of Discovery
E I. E
DWARD RLICH
W. D H
AN AUSEL
Published by the
Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Inc.
© 2002 by the Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Inc.
All rights reserved. Electronic edition published 2009.
Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Inc. (SME)
8307 Shaffer Parkway
Littleton, CO, USA 80127
[phone] / [phone]
www.smenet.org
SME advances the worldwide mining and minerals community through information
exchange and professional development. SME is the world’s largest association of
mining and minerals professionals.
Copyright © 2002 Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Inc.
Electronic edition published in 2009.
All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America.
Information contained in this work has been obtained by SME, Inc. from sources
believed to be reliable. However, neither SME nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or
completeness of any information published herein, and neither SME nor its authors shall
be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this informa-
tion. This work is published with the understanding that SME and its authors are supply-
ing information but are not attempting to render engineering or other professional
services. If such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional
should be sought.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Any
statement or views presented here are those of the authors and are not necessarily those
of SME. The mention of trade names for commercial products does not imply the
approval or endorsement of SME.
ISBN 0-87335-278-9
© 2002 by the Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Inc.
All rights reserved. Electronic edition published 2009.
Contents
LIST OF FIGURES vii
LIST OF TABLES xiii
PREFACE xv
SECTION 1 DIAMONDS 1
CHAPTER 1 HISTORY OF DIAMOND DISCOVERIES 3
Introduction 3
History of Diamond Discoveries 3
References 29
CHAPTER 2 DIAMOND MORPHOLOGY 33
General Properties and Internal Structure 33
Crystal Habit 37
Varieties of Diamond 38
Dissolution Phenomena 44
References 46
CHAPTER 3 AGE AND ORIGIN OF DIAMONDS: AN OVERVIEW 49
Methods of Dating 49
Ages Determined 49
Conditions of Formation 51
References 52
CHAPTER 4 GEMSTONE AND SYNTHETIC DIAMONDS 53
Gemology 53
Types of Cutting 55
Famous Diamonds 58
Synthetic Diamonds 69
References 70
SECTION 2 CONVENTIONAL HOST ROCKS 73
CHAPTER 5 OVERVIEW 75
References 77
iii
© 2002 by the Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Inc.
All rights reserved. Electronic edition published 2009.
CHAPTER 6 KIMBERLITES 79
Introduction 79
Types and Petrographic Features 80
Associated Xenoliths and Mantle Nodules 82
Kimberlite Facies 90
Origin of Kimberlite 109
Origin of Diamond 116
References 120
CHAPTER 7 LAMPROITES 127
Introduction 127
Geochemistry and Mineralogy 129
Geology and Volcanology 132
Associated Xenoliths and Xenocrysts 137
Diamondiferous Lamproite 139
Genesis of Lamproite in Comparison with Kimberlite 142
References 143
CHAPTER 8 PLACERS 147
Pleistocene to Recent Placers 147
Paleoplacers 153
References 153
SECTION 3 UNCONVENTIONAL SOURCE ROCKS 155
CHAPTER 9 OVERVIEW 157
References 159
CHAPTER 10 METEORITES, ULTRAMAFIC, AND MAFIC IGNEOUS ROCKS 161
Meteorites 161
Ultramafic Intrusions 162
Mafic and Ultramafic-Alkaline Volcanic Rocks 170
References 176
CHAPTER 11 HIGH-PRESSURE METAMORPHIC COMPLEXES 179
Dabie Shan, China 179
Geologic Province 181
Saxonian Erzgebirge, Germany 188
References 189
CHAPTER 12 SPECIFIC TYPE OF RING STRUCTURES (ASTROBLEMES) 191
Introduction 191
Location 193
Internal Structure 193
iv
© 2002 by the Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Inc.
All rights reserved. Electronic edition published 2009.
Petrography and Petrology 198
Geochemical Patterns 200
Diamond Distribution 202
Genesis 204
References 207
SECTION 4 TECTONIC CONTROL AND TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION OF DIAMOND
DEPOSITS 209
CHAPTER 13 TECTONIC CONTROL OF DIAMOND DEPOSITS 211
Petrographic Provinces 211
Structures Associated with Ultramafic-Alkalic Magmas 214
Structures That Control Spatial Distribution of Diamond Deposits and
Ultramafic-Alkaline Magmas in the Crust 217
Role of Isostatic Equilibrium 236
Suggested Model 237
References 241
CHAPTER 14 TEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION OF DIAMOND DEPOSITS 245
Introduction 245
Pulsative Nature and Synchroneity of
Ultramafic-Alkaline Volcanism 259
Timing of Magma Emplacement and Related Processes 264
Suggested Model 272
References 272
SECTION 5 EXPLORATION, MINING, ECONOMICS, AND EXTRACTION 277
CHAPTER 15 EXPLORING FOR DIAMOND DEPOSITS 279
Introduction 279
Geologic Clues 285
Indicator Minerals 294
Exploration Programs 306
References 319
CHAPTER 16 PREDICTING DIAMOND CONTENT 325
Introduction 325
Diamond Contribution of Peridotite 326
Diamond Contribution of Eclogite 327
Diamond Preservation 327
References 337
v
© 2002 by the Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Inc.
All rights reserved. Electronic edition published 2009.
CHAPTER 17 MINING AND RECOVERY OF DIAMONDS 341
Economic Diamond Deposits 341
Mining 343
Milling 345
References 348
CHAPTER 18 DIAMOND MARKETS AND EXPLORATION PREJUDICES 351
Introduction 351
Diamond Markets 352
Impediments to Diamond Exploration 355
The Importance of Fundamental Research 361
References 362
INDEX 363
ABOUT THE AUTHORS 373
vi
© 2002 by the Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Inc.
All rights reserved. Electronic edition published 2009.
Figures
1.1 Diamond localities of India 4
1.2 Kimberlite and lamproite fields in Brazil 7
1.3 Kimberlite fields in South Africa 8
1.4 Major kimberlite sites in Russia 9
1.5 Main Russian diamond mine sites and kimberlite bodies within Siberian
platform 13
1.6 Kimberlite fields south of the White Sea 15
1.7 Diamond placers in Venezuela 16
1.8 Location of main diamond-bearing kimberlites, lamproites, and related rocks
in the United States 17
1.9 Kimberlites, lamproites, and diamonds in the Kimberley region, Western
Australia 25
1.10 Important diamond localities in Canada 28
2.1 Structure of diamond 34
2.2 Theoretically possible types of diamond structure 35
2.3 Atomic structures: a = diamond, b = graphite 36
4.1 The rose cut of diamond (A) and the geometry of an ideal brilliant round
cut (B) 56
4.2 Complete brilliant cut of diamonds 57
6.1 Peridotite-pyroxenite relations 86
6.2 P–T stability fields for carbon and silicon minerals 91
6.3 General character of dynamics of temperature T and pressure P during
formation of kimberlites of the diamond and pyrope subfacies 92
6.4 Model of idealized kimberlite magmatic system, illustrating the relationships
between crater, diatreme, and hypabyssal facies 93
6.5 Model of a kimberlite pipe 95
6.6 Floating reef of granitic country rock in the Sloan 2 kimberlite, Colorado 97
6.7 High wall at Kelsey Lake mine in Colorado with kimberlite breccia lying under
a thin crust of granite 98
vii
© 2002 by the Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Inc.
All rights reserved. Electronic edition published 2009.
6.8 Exposed contact between the Schaffer kimberlite, Wyoming, and host
Sherman granite shows no evidence of thermal baking indicating that the
emplacement of the kimberlite magma was relatively cool 99
6.9 Conversion of a slit-like conduit into a conical diatreme with a funnel-like
extension 101
6.10 Spatial distribution of epiclastic facies of kimberlites in central and
southern Africa 104
6.11 Lesotho dike swarm 107
6.12 Vertical and horizontal cross section of the root zone of the Wesselton
diatreme 108
6.13 Characteristics of diamond-bearing xenoliths by content of admixtures of
alkaline elements in their rock-forming minerals 111
6.14 Types of diamond recognized by garnet and clinopyroxene inclusions 112
6.15 Compositions and main crystallization trends of ilmenite from kimberlite
bodies of the Yakutian diamond province 114
6.16 Ratio of Cr O , Al O , and MgO in ilmenite from kimberlite bodies of the
2 3 2 3
Yakutian diamond province 115
6.17 Increasing O activity with decrease of pressure and approximate parameters
2
of diamond formation within the system C-H-O-S 116
6.18 Compositions of fluids typical of eclogitic and peridotitic diamonds 117
7.1 Nomenclature of lamproitic rocks 131
7.2 Geological sketch map and cross section of the Argyle pipe,
Western Australia 133
7.3 Schematic cross section through the center of the Crater of Diamonds vent
complex, Prairie Creek, Arkansas 134
7.4 Geological sketch map and cross section of the Ellendale 9 vent, West
Kimberley Province, Western Australia 137
7.5 Geological sketch map and cross section of the Ellendale 4 vent, West
Kimberley Province, Western Australia 138
7.6 εNd,εSr variations in kimberlites, selected potassic and ultrapotassic volcanic
rocks and mantle xenoliths 142
8.1 Location of marine placers in southwest Africa 150
8.2 The drainage area of Orange River through major kimberlite fields of
South Africa 151
8.3 Size decrease of diamonds recovered from beach sands from the mouth of the
Orange River northward 151
10.1 Thermodynamic conditions of formation of the ophiolitic series of ultramafic
rocks 164
10.2 Thermodynamic conditions of formation of alpino-type ultrabasites from
different regions 165
10.3 Ternary Ca-Mg-Fe atomic proportion plot of coexisting garnet-
clinopyroxenites 169
viii
© 2002 by the Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Inc.
All rights reserved. Electronic edition published 2009.
11.1 Geologic position of ultrahigh-pressure complexes of eastern China 180
11.2 Simplified geological map of the northern part of Zerendinsky pluton, with
host rocks of the Kokchetav massif, northern Kazakstan 183
11.3 Schematic drawing of metamorphic conditions in the rocks of the Zerendinsky
series (southern part of the Kokchetav massif) 184
11.4 Tectonic map of the Kumdikol microdiamond deposit 185
11.5 Model of dynamic development of the Krasnomaysky zone 187
11.6 Distribution of microdiamonds within strike-slip shear zone 188
12.1 Schematic geologic map of the Popigay ring structure 194
12.2 Cross section along a north-south line across the Puchezh-Katunsky ring
structure, Russian platform 195
12.3 Local gravity anomalies within the Popigay ring structure 196
12.4 Geological cross section of the Popigay ring structure along a southeast-
northwest line 197
12.5 North-south cross section across the Kyardla ring structure, Estonia 197
12.6 Southwest-northeast geologic cross section across the Logoysky ring
structure, Belarus 198
12.7 Histogram of distribution of magnetic susceptibility and remanent
magnetization in high-temperature and low-temperature tagamites 199
12.8 Relative abundance of diamond in rocks within the Popigay ring
depression 203
12.9 Azimuthal inhomogeneities in diamond distribution in tagamites and suevites
within the Popigay volcano-tectonic structure 204
12.10 The strewn field of yakutites (diamond-lonsdaleite intergrowths) in the
vicinity of the Popigay ring structure 205
12.11 Formation of Uzon caldera, eastern Kamchatka, in connection with
development of deep-seated strike-slip faults 206
13.1 Distribution of alkalic and ultramafic-alkalic complexes within the Russian
platform 212
13.2 Spatial distribution of ultramafic-alkalic and alkalic complexes within the
Siberian platform 213
13.3A Structure of the Transvaal craton 215
13.3B Major faults within the regional structure as interpreted from the gravity field
over the Brakos-Doornberg lineaments in the Gordonia-Carnarvon region 216
13.4 Distribution of alkaline rocks in Australia with respect to major crustal
subdivisions 217
13.5 Location of kimberlites in Angola and carbonatites/alkalic complexes 219
13.6 Spatial distribution of lamproites within the eastern Betic Cordillera including
Murcia-Almeria province, Spain 220
13.7 Structural position of kimberlites in the Appalachians 221
13.8 Geological map of the Smoky Butte lamproite field, Montana 222
ix
© 2002 by the Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Inc.
All rights reserved. Electronic edition published 2009.