Color vision : perspectives from different disciplines

359 Pages·1998·27.904 MB·English

by  Backhaus, Werner, Werner, John Simon, Kliegl, Reinhold

Color Vision

C O L OR V I S I ON
Perspectives from Different Disciplines
Editors
Werner G. K. Backhaus
Reinhold Kliegl
John S. Werner
W
Walter de Gruyter
DE
G
Berlin · New York 1998
Editors
Werner G. K. Backhaus John S. Werner
Theoretical and Experimental Biology Department of Psychology
Department of Biology University of Colorado
Freie Universität Berlin Boulder, CO 80309
Thielallee 63 U.S.A.
D-14195 Berlin e-mail: [email protected]
Germany
e-mail: [email protected]
Reinhold Kliegl
Department of Psychology
University of Potsdam
P.O. 60 15 33
D-14415 Potsdam
Germany
e-mail: [email protected]
With 237 mostly four-colored figures
© Printed on acid-free paper which falls within the guidelines of the ANSI to ensure permanence and durability
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Color vision: perspectives from different disciplines/editors
Werner G. K. Backhaus, Reinhold Kliegl, John S. Werner.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 3-11-016100-1 (cloth: alk. paper).
ISBN 3-11-015431-5 (pbk.: alk. paper)
1. Color vision. I. Backhaus, Werner. II. Kliegl, Reinhold, 1953-
III. Werner, John Simon.
QP483.C646 1998
612.8'4~dc21
97-46863
CIP
Die Deutsche Bibliothek - Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Color vision: perspectives from different disciplines/
ed. Werner G. K. Backhaus ... - Berlin; New York: de Gruyter, 1998
ISBN 3-11-015431-5 brosch.
ISBN 3-11-016100-1 gb.
© Copyright 1998 by Walter de Gruyter & Co.,
D-10785 Berlin
All rights reserved, including those of translation into Reproductions and typesetting: City-Repro, Berlin
foreign languages. No part of this book may be repro- Printing: Druckhaus Berlin-Mitte GmbH, Berlin
duced or transmitted in any form or by any means, elec- Binding: Heinz Stein, Berlin
tronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or Cover design: Hansbernd Lindemann, Berlin
any information storage and retrieval system, without Printed in Germany
permission in writing from the publisher.
Preface
This book, Color Vision — Perspectives from Spillmann, and Michael Wertheimer. We also
Different Disciplines, originated in an interdisci- thank Gary Smith, director of the Einstein Forum
plinary "Symposium on Color Vision" that took in Potsdam, whose initial encouragement and con-
place at the Einstein Forum in Potsdam in tinued support launched the book project. Sybille
February 1996, with workshops in Berlin at the De Vito-Egerland (Division for External Affairs,
Freie Universität Berlin (FUB), the Federal FUB), Mary Gaebel, Johannes Haack (Inter-
Institute of Material Research and Testing (Bun- disciplinary Center for Cognitive Studies, Uni-
desanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung) versity of Potsdam), Matthias Kross (Einstein
and the School of the Arts (Hochschule der Forum), Katharina Misch (FUB), Konstanze
Künste). The main goal of the symposium was to Pistor (Ministry of Science, Research, and
review the current state of color vision research, Culture, Brandenburg), and Christiane von Alten
bringing together scientists from such different (The Permanent Commission for Research and
disciplines as neurobiology, psychology, color Academic Recruitment, FUB) contributed much
metrics, medicine, philosophy and art. time and energy both to the organization of the
symposium and the realization of the book. The
The resulting book is conceptualized in the first
symposium as well as the color illustrations in the
place as a text book for introductory courses at the
book were made possible by the generous finan-
graduate level. It provides an introduction to the
cial support of the Freie Universität Berlin, the
exciting field of color vision for students and read-
Einstein Forum Potsdam, the Interdisciplinary
ers who are new to the field. The second intention
Center for Cognitive Studies at the University of
of this book is to give established scientists an
Potsdam, the Brandenburg Ministry for Science,
overview and an update on research activities in
Research and Culture, and the Council on
related fields. We hope that the material gathered
Research and Creative Work of the University of
from the diversity of fields will motivate students
Colorado. Christiane Bowinkelmann and Mario
and experts alike to take a broader perspective
Noyer-Weidner, of Walter de Gruyter Publishers
with regard to color vision from the different dis-
Berlin, brought the book to completion. We are
ciplines.
grateful to each of them. J. S. W. is especially
grateful to the Alexander von Humboldt Foun-
dation and the University of Potsdam for a guest
Acknowledgements
professorship related to a senior scientist award
during the time of the symposium.
The successful completion of this project depend-
ed on the commitment of a number of valued col-
leagues. We want to thank the contributing authors
who prepared their chapters according to the aims Berlin, 31 July 1997 Werner G. K. Backhaus
of this book and who responded constructively to Reinhold Kliegl
the suggestions for revisions that were made to John S.Werner
them. Valuable comments were provided by Hans
Irtel, Rainer Mausfeld, Brooke Schefrin, Lothar

Contents
Introduction xiii 2.1.1 Phenomenology of Color Vision .... 45
Werner G. K. Backhaus, Reinhold Kliegl 2.1.2 Disciplines 45
and John S. Werner 2.1.3 Psychophysical Simulations 46
2.1.4 Physiological Simulations 46
2.2 Color Stimuli 47
I. Color Vision in Art and Science
2.3 Psychophysics of Color Vision 48
2.3.1 Psychophysical Judgments 50
1. Aging through the Eyes of Monet
2.4 Psychophysical Color Spaces 51
John S. Werner
2.4.1 The Color Similarity (MDS) Space. . 51
1.1 Introduction 1 2.4.2 The Elementary Color Space (Color
1.2 A Link between Sunlight and Aging . 5 Sensations Space) 52
1.3 The Trivariance of Color Mixture: 2.4.3 The jnd Scale 54
Maxwell and Helmholtz 9 2.5 Neurophysiology of Color Vision ... 54
1.4 Monet's Early Impressionistic Style . 12 2.5.1 Humans and Other Vertebrates 54
1.4.1 Possible Influences of Turner and 2.5.2 Honeybees and Other Invertebrates. . 56
Goethe 13 2.6 Physiological Color Spaces 57
1.4.2 Possible Influences of Chevreul 2.6.1 Physical Description of the Color
and Delacroix 17 Stimulus 57
1.5 Monet's Years in Argenteuil and 2.6.2 The Color Stimulus Space 57
Vetheuil 23 2.6.3 The Photoreceptor Sensitivity
1.6 The Opponent Code for Color (Light Absorption) Space
Appearance: Hering 23 (1st Physiological Color Space) 60
1.7 Monet's Response to Pointillism and 2.6.4 The Photoreceptor Excitation Space
Divisionism 27 (2nd Physiological Color Space).... 61
1.8 Hay Stack and Cathedral Series 30 2.6.5 The Color-Opponent Coding Space
1.9 Monet Returns to London 33 (3rd Physiological Color Space) .... 61
1.10 Water Lilies and Cataracts 33 2.6.6 Color Spaces and jnd Scales 62
1.11 Summary 38 2.7 Psychophysical and Physiological
References 39 Simulations of Color Vision 62
2.7.1 The Psychophysical (MDS) Color
Space in Honeybees 62
II. Physiology and Neuroethology
2.7.2 Neuronal Color-Coding and
Color-Choice Behavior in Honeybees 64
2. Physiological and Psychophysical
2.7.3 Identification of the Physiological
Simulations of Color Vision in
COC Space and the Psychophysical
Humans and Animals
MDS Space 65
Werner G. K. Backhaus
2.8 Conscious vs. Unconscious
2.1 Introduction 45 Judgments 71
viii Contents
2.8.1 Color Sensations in Animals 71 5.5 Variation in Normal Color Vision ... 115
2.9 Conclusions 74 5.6 What Can Visual Pigment Gene
References 75 Expression Tell Us about the
Architecture of the Retina? 116
References 117
3. Receptors, Channels and Color in
Primate Retina
Barry B. Lee 6. Source Analysis of Color-Evoked
Potentials in a Realistic Head Model
3.1 Introduction 79
Confirmed by Functional MRI
3.2 Physiology and Anatomy in the
Walter Paulus, Renate Kolle,
Retina 80
Jürgen Baudewig, Nora Freudenthaler,
3.3 Conclusions 86
Mathias Kunkel, Michael Finkenstaedt
References 87
and Hans-Heino Rustenbeck
6.1 Introduction 121
4. Chromatic Processing in the Lateral
6.2 Methods 127
Geniculate Nucleus of the Common
6.3 Results 128
Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)
6.4 Discussion 129
Jan Kremers, Eberhart Zrenner,
6.5 Summary 129
Stefan Weiss and Sabine Meierkord
References 129
4.1 Introduction 89
4.2 Spectral Responsivities 91
7. Wavelength Information
4.3 Responses of LGN Cells to Various
Processing versus Color Perception:
Photoreceptor Contrasts 93
Evidence from Blindsight and
4.4 Selective Photoreceptor Stimulation
Color-BIind Sight
in Human Observers 95
Petra Stoerig
4.5 Summary 98
References 98 7.1 Introduction 131
7.2 Wavelength Information Processing . 134
7.2.1 Wavelength Information Processing
5. Molecular Genetics and the
in Cortical Blindness 134
Biological Basis of Color Vision
7.2.2 Wavelength Processing in
Maureen Neitz and Jay Neitz
Cortical Color Blindness 138
5.1 Introduction 101 7.3 Segregation of Wavelength and
5.2 Background 101 Intensity Information and Constancy. 141
5.2.1 Types of Congenital Color Vision 7.4 Color Perception 143
Defects 101 References 145
5.2.2 Genome Organization and Inheritance
Patterns of Color Vision Defects .... 102
8. Color Vision in Lower Vertebrates
5.2.3 Genes and Gene Expression 103
Christa Neumeyer
5.3 Spectral Tuning of M- and L-Cone
Pigments 104 8.1 Introduction 149
5.4 Color Vision Defects 108 8.2 Wavelength Discrimination in Lower
5.4.1 What Distinguishes Normal from Vertebrates 150
Anomalous Pigments? Ill 8.2.1 Goldfish 150
5.4.2 What Distinguishes Photopigments 8.2.2 Turtles 151
Underlying Dichromacy from Normal 8.2.3 Amphibia 154
Pigments? 113 8.3 Color Constancy and Color Contrast. 155
Contents ix
8.4 Color Vision and Other Visual 11. Basic Color Terms and Basic Color
Functions: Evidence for Parallel Categories 207
Processing of Visual Information ... 157 Clyde L. Hardin
8.5 Color Perception 159
Discussion and Summary 215
8.6 Summary 160
References 216
References 161
9. Color Vision: Ecology and 12. Color Perception: From Grassman
Evolution in Making the Best of Codes to a Dual Code for
the Photic Environment Object and Illumination Colors
Peter G. Kevan and Rainer Mausfeld
Werner G. K. Backhaus
12.1 Introduction 219
9.1 Introduction 163 12.2 Elementaristic vs. Ecological
9.2 Palaeontological Record 164 Perspectives in Color Research 220
9.3 Daylight and Color Vision 165 12.3 Attributes of Color 222
9.4 Colorimetry 167 12.4 Early Color Coding and the
9.5 Color Spaces 168 Elementaristic Approach 224
9.6 Evolution of Floral Colors and Color 12.4.1 Newton and Helmholtz's Approach
Vision 171 to Color Perception 224
9.7 Color Patterns in Flowers 175 12.4.2 The Young-Helmholtz Theory and
9.8 Trichromacy and Tetrachromacy .... 177 Grassmann's Laws 225
9.9 Conclusions 178 12.4.3 Opponent-Color Theory 226
References 178 12.4.4 Relating Psychophysical and
Neurophysiological Color Codes. . . . 228
12.4.5 Elementary Color Codes Accounting
III. Psychology and Philosophy
for Variations in Spatial and Temporal
Context 231
10. The Perception of Blackness:
12.5 Ecological and Computational
An Historical and Contemporary
Perspectives 236
Review
12.5.1 The Problem of Approximate Color
Vicki J. Volbrecht and Reinhold Kliegl
Constancy from a Computational
10.1 Introduction 187 Point of View 238
10.2 The Phenomenology of Blackness. . . 187 12.5.2 Qualitative Observations on the Dia-
10.2.1 Helmholtz: Trichromatic Theory of lectic Relationship of Illumination
Color Vision 189 and Object Color 240
10.2.2 Hering: Opponent-Process Theory of 12.6 Center-Surround Configurations as
Color Vision 189 Minimal Stimuli for Triggering a
10.2.3 Criticism and Other Theories 191 Dual Code for Object Colors' and
10.3 Historical Review 194 'Illumination Colors' 242
10.3.1 Induction Experiments 194 12.6.1 Laminar Segmentation and a Dual
10.3.2 Blackness-Induction Experiments .. . 195 Code for Object Color' and
10.4 Physiological Mechanisms 201 'Illumination Color' 243
10.5 Conclusion 202 12.6.2 Segregation of Object Color' and
References 202 'Illumination Color' in Minimal
Seurat-type Configurations 245
References 248
χ Contents
13. Color Contrast Gain Control IV. Color Metrics and Application
Michael D'Zmura
16. Dichromacy -
13.1 Introduction 251
The Simplest Type of Color Vision
13.1.1 What is Contrast Gain Control? 251
Horst Scheibner
13.1.2 Selectivity for Spatial Frequency,
Orientation and Color 252 16.1 Introduction: An Initial Overview . . . 285
13.1.3 Feed-Forward, Matrix-Multiplicative 16.2 The Trichromatic Instrumental Color
Circuitry 253 Space 3V 286
bgr
13.1.4 Spatial Pooling of Contrast 254 16.3 Measuring the Deuteranopic Missing
13.2 Model Components 254 Color and Reducing Trichromacy
13.3 Color Image Processing 256 to Deuteranopia 287
13.3.1 Channel Responses 256 16.4 The Transition from the Instrumental
13.3.2 Channel Contrasts 257 Trichromatic Space to the
13.3.3 Channel Interaction 261 Instrumental Deuteranopic Space . . . 290
13.3.4 Channel Gains 261 16.5 The Transformation from the Tri-
13.3.5 Multichannel Contrast Gain Control . 263 chromatic Instrumental Color Space
13.4 Discussion 264 to the Deuteranopic Opponent-Color
13.5 Summary 265 Space 291
References 265 16.6 The Role of the Fundamental Color
Space 294
16.7 Construction of the Fundamental
14. Binocular Brightness Combination:
Color Spaces 3V and 2V and
PTD PX
A Mechanism for Combining
the Deuteranopic Opponent-Color
Two Sources of Rather Similar
Channels 295
Information
16.8 A Synopsis of Deuteranopia 298
Hans Irtel
16.9 A Synopsis of Dichromacy 299
14.1 Intensity Invariance of Binocular 16.10 A Lattice-Theoretical Classification
of Dichromacy and Other Color
Brightness 267
Deficiencies 301
14.2 Methods 269
14.3 Results 270 16.11 Concluding Remarks 301
14.4 Discussion 271 16.12 Summary 302
14.5 Summary 273 References 302
References 273
17. Current CIE Work
15. Inferences about Infant to Achieve Physiologically-Correct
Color Vision Color Metrics
Kenneth Knoblauch, Jänos Schanda
Michelle L. Bieber and
17.1 Introduction 307
John S. Werner
17.2 Cone Excitation Spectra 308
15.1 Introduction 275 17.2.1 Choice of the Color-Matching
15.2 Inferences from Luminosity 275 Functions 308
15.3 Inferences from Silent Substitution . . 277 17.2.2 Deriving L-, M-, S-Cone Excitation
15.4 Inferences about Rod Intrusion 278 Spectra from Color-Matching Data . . 309
15.5 Inferences about M- and L-Cones . . . 279 17.2.3 Intra-Ocular Screening 310
15.6 Summary 281 17.2.4 Derivation of the Fundamental
References 281 Response Curves 311