Color Atlas of Oral Diseases in Children and Adolescents

351 Pages·1999·17.313 MB·English

by  George Laskaris

Color Atlas of Oral Diseases
in Children and Adolescents
George Laskaris, D.D.S., M.D.
Consultant in Oral Medicine
Department of Dermatology
“A. Sygros” Hospital, Athens
Associate Professor of Oral Medicine
Medical School
University of Athens, Greece
495 Illustrations
Thieme
Stuttgart • New York 2000
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Laskaris, George.
Color atlas of oral diseases in children and adolescents / Georg Laskaris.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-86577-789-6 (TNY). – ISBN 3-13-111511-4 (GTV)
1. Pediatric oral medicine Atlases. 2. Pedodontics Atlases.
I. Title.
[DNLM: 1. Mouth Diseases-Adolescence Atlases. 2. Mouth Diseases-
Child Atlases. WU 17 L345c 1999]
RJ460.L37 1999
618.92’097522–dc21
DNLM/DLC
for Library of Congress 99-36035 CIP
© 2000 Georg Thieme Verlag,
Important Note: Medicine is an ever-changing science undergoing con
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Any reference to or mention of manufacturers or specific brand names
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Some of the product names, patents, and registered designs referred to in
this book are in fact registered trademarks or proprietary names, even
though specific reference to this fact is not always made in the text. There
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This book, including all parts thereof, is legally protected by copyright.
Any use, exploitation, or commercialization outside the narrow limits set by
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ISBN 3-13-111511-4 (GTV) prosecution. This applies in particular to photostat reproduction, copying,
ISBN 0-86577-789-6 (TNY) mimeographing or duplication of any kind, translating, preparation of micro-
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Color Atlas of Oral Diseases
in Children and Adolescents

This book is dedicated to my three children
Christina, Marina, and Christos
for the constant happiness they bring
vi
Foreword
Professor George Laskaris has an international reputation as a clinician with
a special interest in diseases of the oral mucosa. An active clinician, he is also
a prolific publisher of scholarly works in the field of oral medicine, and this
book is a welcome addition to his portfolio. Through his publications, Profes
sor Laskaris offers not only a service to his own patients but, via the wider
academic and clinical readers, provides benefit to patients in many other
parts of the world.
Professor Crispian Scully
Secretary-General, European Association of Oral Medicine
Dean, Director of Studies and Research
Eastman Dental Institute for Oral Health Care Sciences
and International Centers for Excellence in Dentistry
University of London
London, 1999
vii
Preface
The spectrum of diseases affecting the oral cavity during childhood and ado
lescence is very broad. Some of the disorders are entirely benign and tran
sient, while others may be painful, severe, and even life-threatening. Like
other diseases affecting young patients, oral diseases become a source of
anxiety for the parents, and sometimes may adversely affect the normal
development of both the body and the mind of the young patients. They also
pose diagnostic difficulties for pediatricians, since many of them fall on the
borderlines of many specialties, such as dentistry, dermatology, pediatric on
cology, plastic and maxillofacial surgery, and oral medicine, each with its own
perspective and point of view.
The main purpose of writing this atlas of pediatric oral diseases was to
overcome these difficulties by organizing the available information on a uni
form basis, combining pictorial material and important clinical, diagnostic,
and therapeutic information in a compact format. Some histopathological,
immunological, and radiographic pictures have been included where it was
thought that they would be helpful. The emphasis is on the brevity and clarity
of the written summaries and of course on the quality of the pictorial mate
rial, which was collected over a 30-year period.
Gathering and classifying the pictorial material and the disease entities in
volved considerable difficulties, due to the extremely wide spectrum of con
ditions concerned and the particular character they take on in pediatric
patients. The material of the book has been subdivided into three major
parts: local diseases, systemic disorders affecting the oral cavity, and tumors.
The bulk of the pictorial material was collected by the author and photo
graphed using a Nikon medical camera. It is the author’s hope that the book
will prove useful and will facilitate communication among pediatricians, spe
cialists in oral medicine, orofacial surgeons, dermatologists, otorhinolaryn-
gologists, and pediatric and general dentists—with beneficial results for our
young patients.
George Laskaris, D.D.S., M.D.
Athens, 1999
viii
Acknowledgments
My warmest thanks and gratitude are extended to all those who helped in
many different ways to make this book possible.
First, I would like to thank C. Kittas, professor of histology, P. Anastasiadis,
associate professor of orofacial surgery, A. Katsambas, associate professor of
dermatology, and C. Bartsokas, professor of pediatrics, for their useful com
ments on the text in the subjects of their respective specialties.
Dr. Nikos Lygidakis and Dr. Marina Laskari, pediatric dentist and ortho
dontist, respectively, wrote the chapter on dental defects, and I thank them
for their diligent work.
I am particularly grateful to Stathis S. Papavasiliou, associate professor of
endocrinology at the University of Crete, Greece, and Crispian Scully, pro
fessor of oral medicine at the University of London, England, for their critical
review of the text. I would also like to express my gratitude to the dentists and
physicians who entrusted me with their young patients, thus giving me the op
portunity to collect the material for the present edition.
Finally, I am grateful to my wife for her constant support, sympathy, and
understanding during the efforts involved in writing the book.
The colleagues listed below provided me with transparencies from their
personal records, helping to extend the spectrum of disease entities pre
sented in the book. I am most grateful to them for their generosity. Should
anyone's name inadvertently have been omitted, please accept my apologies.
• Prof. A. Gianoulopoulos (Greece) for Fig. 462
• Dr. N. Zahariadis (Greece) for Fig. 244
• Dr. E. Kariabas (Greece) for Figs. 460, 461, 484
• Prof. T. Karpathios (Greece) for Fig. 218
• Dr. A. Manderkas (Greece) for Figs. 53, 54, 55
• Prof. H. Moutsopoulos (Greece) for Figs. 314, 315
• Dr. N. Papadogeorgakis (Greece) for Figs. 490, 491
• Dr. A. Parashis (Greece) for Fig. 150
• Dr. G. Siskos (Greece) for Figs. 9,10,11,12,13
• Dr. A. Tsami (Greece) for Figs. 95, 96, 97, 98,102,104,105,106
• Dr. C. Castro and Dr. A. Furuse (Brazil) for Figs. 373, 374, 375
• Prof. O.P. Almeida (Brazil) for Fig. 409
• Dr. Mosadomi (Nigeria) for Fig. 483
• Prof. I. van der Wall (Netherlands) for Fig. 492
• Prof. Romero de Leon and Prof. A. Aguirre (USA) for Figs. 141,142
• Prof. C. Scully (England) for Fig. 327
• Prof. C. Witkop (USA) for Figs. 46, 47
ix
Contents
Part I Local Diseases
1 Dental Defects Defects in Size 2
Microdontia 2
Macrodontia 2
Conical Teeth 4
Defects in Shape 4
Gemination 4
Fusion 4
Concrescence 6
Dilaceration 6
Dens Invaginatus (Dens in Dente) 8
Dens Evaginatus 8
Taurodontism 8
Enamel Pearls 10
Odontomas 10
Defects in Location 12
Ectopic Localization, Eruption 12
Defects in Number 12
Anodontia, Hypodontia 12
Supernumerary Teeth 14
Defects of Eruption and Exfoliation 14
Eruption Defects 14
Ankylosis 16
Early Exfoliation 18
Enamel Defects 18
Amelogenesis Imperfecta 22
Enamel Defects Associated with Genetic Disorders 26
Dentine Defects 28
Dentinogenesis Imperfecta 28
Dentine Dysplasia 30
Dentine Defects Associated with Genetic Disorders or Syndromes . 30
Defects Involving the Whole Tooth
Structure 32
Odontodysplasia 32
Tooth Discoloration 32
2 Developmental Orofacial Clefts 36
Anomalies Bifid Tongue 38
Ankyloglossia 38
Lip Frenulum Anomalies 40
Congenital Lip Pits 40
Double Lip 40
Fordyce's Granules 42
Exostoses 42
Facial Hemiatrophy 44
3 Mechanical and Traumatic Ulcer 46
Electrical Injuries Bite Injuries 46
Self-Induced Injury 50
Electrical Burns 50
Other Lesions 52
4 Chemical Burns and Chemical Burns 54
Allergies Angioneurotic Edema 56
5 Foreign-Body Deposits Amalgam Tattoo 58
Other Foreign-Body Implantations 58
Materia Alba of the Gingiva 60
6 Periodontal Diseases Gingivitis 62
Periodontitis 62