Color Atlas of Neuroscience: Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology PDF
Preview Color Atlas of Neuroscience: Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology
i Color Atlas of Neuroscience Neuroanatomy and Neurophysiology Ben Greenstein, Ph.D. Adam Greenstein, DirectorofEndocrineResearch BSc (Hons) Mb, ChB LupusResearchUnit HopeHospital RayneInstitute Manchester,UK St.Thomas’Hospital London,UK VisitingResearchProfessor, ArizonaArthritisCenter, UniversityofArizona, Tucson,Arizona,USA 194Illustrations Thieme Stuttgart · New York 2000 Greenstein, Color Atlas of Neuroscience © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. ii LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-Publication ImportantNote:Medicineisanever-chang- Data ing science undergoing continual develop- Greenstein,Ben,1941− ment.Researchandclinicalexperienceare Coloratlasofneuroscience:neuroanatomy continually expanding our knowledge, in andneurophysiology/BenGreenstein,Adam particular our knowledge of proper treat- Greenstein. mentanddrugtherapy.Insofarasthisbook mentionsanydosageorapplication,readers p. cm. mayrestassuredthattheauthors,editors, Includesbibliographicalreferencesand andpublishershavemadeeveryefforttoen- index. surethatsuchreferencesareinaccordance ISBN0-86577-710-1(TNY).— withthestateofknowledgeatthetimeof ISBN3-13-108171-6(GTV) productionofthebook. 1.NeuroanatomyAtlases. Nevertheless,thisdoesnotinvolve,imply, 2.NeurophysiologyAtlases. orexpressanyguaranteeorresponsibilityon I.Greenstein,Adam.II.Title. thepartofthepublishersinrespecttoany [DNLM:1.NervousSystem—anatomy&his- dosageinstructionsandformsofapplication tologyAtlases.2.NervousSystemPhysiology statedinthebook.Everyuserisrequested Atlases. WL17G815c1999] to examine carefully the manufacturer’s QM451.G74 1999 leaflets accompanying each drug and to 611’.8’0222—dc21 check, if necessary in consultation with a DNLM/DLC physicianorspecialist,whetherthedosage schedules mentioned therein or the con- forLibraryofCongress 99-37655 traindications stated by the manufacturers CIP differfromthestatementsmadeinthepre- sentbook.Suchexaminationisparticularly importantwithdrugsthatareeitherrarely used or have been newly released on the market.Everydosagescheduleoreveryform ofapplicationusedisentirelyattheuser’s ownriskandresponsibility.Theauthorsand publishersrequesteveryusertoreporttothe publishersanydiscrepanciesorinaccuracies noticed. Anyreferencetoormentionofmanufacturersor ©2000GeorgThiemeVerlag, specificbrandnamesshouldnotbeinterpreted Rüdigerstrasse14, as an endorsement or advertisement for any D-70469Stuttgart,Germany companyorproduct. ThiemeNewYork,333SeventhAvenue, Someoftheproductnames,patents,andreg- NewYork,NY10001,USA istereddesignsreferredtointhisbookareinfact registered trademarks or proprietary names, CoverdrawingbyCyclus,Stuttgart eventhoughspecificreferencetothisfactisnot TypesettingbyprimustypeR.HurlerGmbH, alwaysmadeinthetext.Therefore,theappear- D-73274Notzingen,Germany ance of a name without designation as pro- typesetonTextline/HerculesPro prietaryisnottobeconstruedasarepresenta- PrintedinGermanybyStaudigl-Druck, tion by the publisher that it is in the public Donauwörth domain. Thisbook,includingallpartsthereof,isle- gallyprotectedbycopyright.Anyuse,exploita- tion, or commercialization outside the narrow limitssetbycopyrightlegislation,withoutthe publisher’sconsent,isillegalandliabletopros- ecution.Thisappliesinparticulartophotostatre- production,copying,mimeographingorduplica- tionofanykind,translating,preparationofmi- crofilms, and electronic data processing and ISBN3-13-108171-6(GTV) storage. ISBN0-86577-710-1(TNY) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Greenstein, Color Atlas of Neuroscience © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. iii To the very many wonderful, critical students and to our patient and forgiving family, Lorraine and Saul. Greenstein, Color Atlas of Neuroscience © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. iv Preface Preface A book like this could not have been WealsowanttothankDrCliffordBerg- possiblewithouttheworkofagreatmany man of Georg Thieme Verlag, who origi- people, some of whom have long since nallysignedusup,andwhohasbeencon- passedon.Werefertotheenormousbody stantly encouraging and supportive. Vir- ofknowledgethathasbeenbuiltupover tuallytheentirebookhasbeenscrutinised the years, upon which all our efforts are by Dr Markus Numberger, whose critical based. We were given excellent advice comments,suggestionsandtimelynetting whenwestartedoutwiththisbook,andin of author’s errors has improved the final particular,wewanttothankDrRogerCar- productimmeasurably.Wearegratefulto penterofCambridgeUniversityforhisen- themanystudentswhotookthetimeto thusiasm and encouragement. Dr Phil read sample spreads. If the book is user- Aaronson of Kings College, London was friendly, clear and concise, it is thanks mosthelpfulintheearlystages. largelytothoseconstructivecomments.A For those who are interested in com- bigthankyoualsototheproductionteam puter-generated artwork, this book was atGeorgThiemeVerlagwhosoprofession- notonlywrittenbyusbutalsoillustrated ally have turned the material we sent to by us to camera-ready material. We themintothebookyouareholdingnow.It thereforeneededplentyofhelpwiththe goes without saying that any errors re- hardwarethroughsundrycrashes,electri- maining are the responsibility of the cal surges and the other hair-tearing authors, who would be grateful to be glitches that bedevil the computer artist. alertedaboutany.Thisbookwasdesigned We could not have been better served tobeacohesive,fairlycomprehensiveun- thanwewerebytheentirestaffofPCMi- dergraduatesyllabusinNeuroscience,and crofix Ltd, which is a wonderful firm of wehopethatitmakesthelifeofthestu- dedicated enthusiasts in North London. dentaneasierandmoreinterestingone. Thanks,youwerealwaystherewhenwe neededyou. AdamGreenstein BenGreenstein Greenstein, Color Atlas of Neuroscience © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Contents v Contents Anatomy...2 Embryology...54 MeningesandTracts...2 SummaryofBrainDevelopment...54 LaminaeandNucleioftheSpinalCord DevelopmentofthePeripheralNervous GrayMatter...4 System...56 VentralViewofBrainStem...6 TheNeuralPlateandNeuralTube...58 DorsalViewofBrainStem...8 DevelopmentoftheSpinalCord...60 TransverseSectionofMedullaOblon- DevelopmentoftheRhomben- gata...10 cephalon:CranialNerves...62 TransverseSectionofMedullaOblon- DevelopmentoftheRhomben- gataII...12 cephalon:CerebellumandVentricular TransverseSectionofPons...14 System...64 TheFourthVentricle...16 DevelopmentoftheMesencephalon... TheCerebellumI...18 66 TheCerebellumII:CellularandLobular TheDiencephalonandPituitary Arrangement...20 Gland...68 TheMidbrain...22 TheTelencephalon...70 TheCerebrum...24 CellularStructures...72 TheDiencephalon...26 TheNeuron...72 ThalamicNuclei...28 NeuronalCellTypes...74 ThalamicNuclei:ProjectionstoCere- bralCortex...30 Neuroglia(Glia)...76 CerebralCortex:SurfaceFeatures...32 ElectricalPropertiesofNervesI...78 CerebralHemispheres:InternalStruc- ElectricalPropertiesofNerveII: tures...34 GenerationoftheMembrane Potential...80 TractsofCerebralHemispheres...36 IonChannels...82 CerebralHemispheres:Cellular Architecture...38 Voltage-gatedSodiumChannel...84 BloodSupplyandVenousDrainageof TheNa+/K+ATPasePump...86 SpinalCord...40 TheActionPotential...88 BrainVascularization:Arterial ConductionoftheAction Supply...42 Potential...90 VenousDrainageoftheBrain...44 CommunicationbetweenNeurons: VentricularSystemoftheBrain...46 ElectricalSynapses...92 FlowofCerebrospinalFluid...48 TheElectricalGapJunction...94 CerebrospinalFluidComposition, ChemicalSynapses...96 Secretion,andPathology...50 TheNeuromuscularJunction...98 Blood−BrainBarriers...52 NeuromuscularJunctionII...100 (cid:109)(cid:101)(cid:100)(cid:119)(cid:101)(cid:100)(cid:105)(cid:46)(cid:114)(cid:117) Greenstein, Color Atlas of Neuroscience © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. vi Contents TheNicotinicAcetylcholine SensoryTractsI:SpinalCord Receptor...102 Organization...156 TheEndPlatePotential...104 Posterior(Dorsal)ColumnMedial GABAReceptors...106 LemniscusPathway...158 TheGlutamateReceptor...108 SpinothalamicPathway...160 CatecholamineNeurotrans- SpinocerebellarTracts...162 mitters...110 SomatosensoryTracts:Summary GABAandGlutamate:Synthesisand ofAscendingPathways...164 Role...112 NociceptionI:PainPathwaysand CatecholaminePathwaysinCNS...114 Components...166 5-Hydroxytryptamine...116 NociceptionII:AfferentInputstothe DorsalHornandAscendingPath- MetabolicDispositionofCate- ways...168 cholamines...118 NociceptionIII:DescendingBrain MetabolicDispositionofDopamine StemPathwaysAffectingTrans- and5-HT...120 mission...170 CholinergicPathwaysandMuscarinic NociceptionIV:VisceralAfferents...172 Receptors...122 NociceptionV:ReferredCardiac CentralSynapsesI:TheStretch Pain...174 Reflex...124 TheSomatosensoryCortex...176 CentralsynapsesII:Typesof Synapse...126 MotorSystem...178 CentralsynapsesIII:Synaptic Integration...128 TheMotorCortex...178 SynapticPlasticity...130 OriginofthePyramidalTract...180 DescendingMotorTractsandCranial SomatosensoryAspects...132 NerveNuclei...182 SensoryInformation...132 ExtrapyramidalMotorPathways...184 MechanoreceptorActivation...134 ComponentsoftheBasalGanglia...186 CutaneousMechanoreceptors...136 ConnectionsoftheBasalGanglia...188 ThermoreceptorAction...138 BasalGangliaNeurotransmitters...190 ReceptiveFields...140 BasalGangliaNeurotransmittersand Receptors...192 ProprioceptorsI:TheMuscle Spindle...142 BasalGangliaDisease:LossofNigro- striatalPathway...194 ProprioceptorsII:TheMuscleSpindle- Function...144 BasalGangliaLesionsinStriatumand SubthalamicNucleus...196 ProprioceptorsIII:TheGolgiTendon Organ...146 FunctionalOrganizationofthe Cerebellum...198 ProprioceptorsIV:TheStretch Reflex...148 TheVestibulocerebellarModule...200 SensoryFibersandDorsalRoots...150 TheSpinocerebellarModule...202 SegmentalOrganizationofSpinal ThePontocerebellarModule...204 Cord...152 ControlofPosture...206 (cid:109)(cid:101)(cid:100)(cid:119)(cid:101)(cid:100)(cid:105)(cid:46)(cid:114)(cid:117) Greenstein, Color Atlas of Neuroscience © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. Contents vii TheBrainStem...208 SoundandtheCochleaII...260 TheReticularFormation...208 AscendingAuditoryPathways...262 AfferentConnectionstotheReticular AuditoryCorticalAreasandDe- Formation...210 scendingAuditoryPathways...264 EfferentConnectionsoftheReticular LocalizationofSound...266 Formation...212 TheVestibularApparatus...268 TheReticularActivatingSystem...214 OrientationofHairCells...270 SleepandTheReticular StructureoftheEye...272 Formation...216 Retina,Rods,andCones...274 TheCranialNerves...218 PhotoreceptorsandLight...276 TheCranialNerveNuclei...220 PhotoreceptorsandRetinalInter- TrigeminalInnervation...222 neurons...278 TrigeminalFunctionand RetinalGanglionCells...280 Pathology...224 VisualFieldsandPathwaysI...282 TheFacialNerve...226 VisualFieldsandPathwaysII...284 TheAccessory,Hypoglossal,andVagus VisualCortexI...286 Nerves...228 VisualCortexII...288 TheGlossopharyngealNerve...230 VisualProcessingandColor CranialNerveParalysis...232 Vision...290 OculomotorNucleiandNerves...234 ControlofExtraocularMuscles...236 TheHypothalamus...292 TheHypothalamus-PituitaryAxis...292 TheAutonomicNervousSystem...238 ConnectionsoftheHypo- LayoutoftheAutonomicNervous thalamus...294 System...238 NeuroendocrineAxis...296 AutonomicNervousSystem:Para- FeedbackControl...298 sympatheticDivision...240 ControlofAdrenocorticotropicHor- AutonomicNervousSystem: moneRelease...300 SympatheticDivision...242 ControlofReleaseofLuteinizingand AutonomicNervousSystem: Follicle-stimulatingHormones...302 Effects...244 ControlofGrowthHormone AutonomicNervousSystem:Agonists Release...304 andAntagonists...246 ControlofThyroidHormone Release...306 TheSpecialSenses...248 ParvicellularandMagnicellularSys- TheGustatorySystem...248 tems...308 TheOlfactorySystemPathways...250 ControlofOxytocinRelease...310 OlfactorySystemOrganization...252 ControlofVasopressinSecretion...312 TheCochleaandOrganofCorti...254 Thermoregulation...314 TheNatureofSound...256 SoundandtheCochleaI...258 (cid:109)(cid:101)(cid:100)(cid:119)(cid:101)(cid:100)(cid:105)(cid:46)(cid:114)(cid:117) Greenstein, Color Atlas of Neuroscience © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license. viii Contents TheLimbicSystem...316 ParietalAssociationAreas...352 LimbicSystem1:Introduction...316 PrefrontalAssociationCortex...354 TheHippocampus...318 TemporalAssociationCortex...356 TheSeptalNuclei...320 TheoriesofConsciousness...358 TheAmygdaloidComplex...322 CorpusCallosumand‘SplitBrain’...360 FunctionsoftheAmygdaloid Epilepsy...362 Complex...324 DrugsforEpilepsy...364 TheCingulateGyrus...326 Schizophrenia...366 LimbicSystemandStress...328 DrugsUsedforSchizophrenia...368 NeuronalMechanismsforLearning Parkinson’sDisease...370 andMemory...330 Affective(Mood)Disorders...372 Long-termPotentiationinthe Antidepressants...374 Hippocampus...332 BrainAgingandDementia...376 TheLimbicSysteminHealthand !-AmyloidPrecursorProteinin Disease...334 Alzheimer’sDisease...378 TransmissibleSpongiform TheHigherBrainCenters...336 Encephalopathies...380 Brodmann’sMapsoftheCerebral Cortex...336 DamageandRepair...382 SurfaceFeaturesoftheCerebral AxonalDamage...384 Cortex...338 AxonalInjuryandNerveGrowth CorticalAssociationAreas...340 Factor...384 BrainLateralityandLanguage NeuralStemCells,GeneTherapy,and Centers...342 NeuralRepair...386 NeuralProcessingofLanguage...344 LanguageDisorders...346 Literature...389 Learning:ClassicalConditioning...348 GlossaryofTerms...393 LearningandInstrumental Conditioning...350 Index...419 (cid:109)(cid:101)(cid:100)(cid:119)(cid:101)(cid:100)(cid:105)(cid:46)(cid:114)(cid:117) Greenstein, Color Atlas of Neuroscience © 2000 Thieme All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms and conditions of license.
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