Color Appearance Models

409 Pages·2005·7.87 MB·English

Color Appearance
Models
Second Edition
Mark D. Fairchild
Munsell Color Science Laboratory
Rochester Institute of Technology, USA

Color Appearance Models
Wiley–IS&T Series in Imaging Science and Technology
Series Editor:
Michael A. Kriss
Formerly of the Eastman Kodak Research Laboratories and the University of Rochester
The Reproduction of Colour (6thEdition)
R. W. G. Hunt
Color Appearance Models (2ndEdition)
Mark D. Fairchild
Published in Association with the Society for Imaging Science
and Technology
Color Appearance
Models
Second Edition
Mark D. Fairchild
Munsell Color Science Laboratory
Rochester Institute of Technology, USA
Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester,
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To those that don’t let me forget to be the ball,
Lisa, Acadia, Elizabeth, Sierra, and Cirrus
How much of beauty — of color
as well as form — on which our eyes daily rest
goes unperceived by us?
Henry David Thoreau

Contents
Series Preface xiii
Preface xv
Introduction xix
1 Human Color Vision 1
1.1 Optics of the Eye 1
1.2 The Retina 6
1.3 Visual Signal Processing 12
1.4 Mechanisms of Color Vision 17
1.5 Spatial and Temporal Properties of Color Vision 26
1.6 Color Vision Deficiencies 30
1.7 Key Features for Color Appearance Modeling 34
2 Psychophysics 35
2.1 Psychophysics Defined 36
2.2 Historical Context 37
2.3 Hierarchy of Scales 40
2.4 Threshold Techniques 42
2.5 Matching Techniques 45
2.6 One-Dimensional Scaling 46
2.7 Multidimensional Scaling 49
2.8 Design of Psychophysical Experiments 50
2.9 Importance in Color Appearance Modeling 52
3 Colorimetry 53
3.1 Basic and Advanced Colorimetry 53
3.2 Why is Color? 54
3.3 Light Sources and Illuminants 55
3.4 Colored Materials 59
3.5 The Human Visual Response 66
3.6 Tristimulus Values and Color Matching Functions 70
3.7 Chromaticity Diagrams 77
3.8 CIE Color Spaces 78
3.9 Color Difference Specification 80
3.10 The Next Step 82
viii CONTENTS
4 Color Appearance Terminology 83
4.1 Importance of Definitions 83
4.2 Color 84
4.3 Hue 85
4.4 Brightness and Lightness 86
4.5 Colorfulness and Chroma 87
4.6 Saturation 88
4.7 Unrelated and Related Colors 88
4.8 Definitions in Equations 90
4.9 Brightness–Colorfulness vs Lightness–Chroma 91
5 Color Order Systems 94
5.1 Overview and Requirements 94
5.2 The Munsell Book of Color 96
5.3 The Swedish Natural Color System (NCS) 99
5.4 The Colorcurve System 102
5.5 Other Color Order Systems 103
5.6 Uses of Color Order Systems 106
5.7 Color Naming Systems 109
6 Color Appearance Phenomena 111
6.1 What Are Color Appearance Phenomena? 111
6.2 Simultaneous Contrast, Crispening, and Spreading 113
6.3 Bezold–Brücke Hue Shift (Hue Changes with Luminance) 116
6.4 Abney Effect (Hue Changes with Colorimetric Purity) 117
6.5 Helmholtz–Kohlrausch Effect (Brightness Depends on
Luminance and Chromaticity) 119
6.6 Hunt Effect (Colorfulness Increases with Luminance) 120
6.7 Stevens Effect (Contrast Increases with Luminance) 122
6.8 Helson–Judd Effect (Hue of Nonselective Samples) 123
6.9 Bartleson–Breneman Equations (Image Contrast
Changes with Surround) 125
6.10 Discounting the Illuminant 127
6.11 Other Context and Structural Effects 127
6.12 Color Constancy? 132
7 Viewing Conditions 134
7.1 Configuration of the Viewing Field 134
7.2 Colorimetric Specification of the Viewing Field 138
7.3 Modes of Viewing 141
7.4 Unrelated and Related Colors Revisited 144
8 Chromatic Adaptation 146
8.1 Light, Dark, and Chromatic Adaptation 147
8.2 Physiology 149
8.3 Sensory and Cognitive Mechanisms 157