Colonial America: Almanac, Volume 2

244 Pages·2000·11.98 MB·English

by  Peggy Saari

CA.a-ttlpgs/v2. qxp 4/5/04 1:58 PM Page 1
Almanac
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Almanac
2
Volume
PEGGY SAARI
Julie L. Carnagie, Editor
Peggy Saari
c
a Staff
n Julie L. Carangie, U•X•L Editor
a Carol DeKane Nagel, U•X•L Managing Editor
m Thomas L. Romig, U•X•L Publisher
Shalice Shah-Caldwell, Permissions Associate (Pictures)
l
A Maria Franklin, Permissions Manager
Rita Wimberley, Senior Buyer
:
a Evi Seoud, Assistant Production Manager
c Dorothy Maki, Manufacturing Manager
i
r Pamela A. E. Galbreath, Senior Art Director
e Cynthia Baldwin, Product Design Manager
m LM Design, Typesetting
A Cover photographs (top to bottom): The Mayflower reproduced with
permission of The Library of Congress; Christopher Columbus landing in

l the New World reproduced by permission of The Bettmann Archive; The
a cultivation of tobacco reproduced by permission of The Granger
i Collection Ltd.
n
o
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
l
o Saari, Peggy
C Colonial America: almanac / Peggy Saari.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Summary: Examines the colonial period in America, discussing
both the Native American culture before the arrival of Europeans
and the exploration and settlement of different parts of the New
World.
ISBN 0-7876-3763-7 (set). —- ISBN 0-7876-3764-5 (v. 1). —- ISBN
0-7876-3765-3 (v. 2).
1. United States—-History—-Colonial period, ca. 1600-1775 Juve-
nile literature. 2. Almanacs, American Juvenile literature. [1.
United States—-History—-Colonial period, ca. 1600-1775.] I.
Title.
E188.S12 2000
973.2-dc21 99-39081
CIP
This publication is a creative work fully protected by all applicable copyright
laws, as well as by misappropriation, trade secret, unfair competition, and
other applicable laws. The author and editors of this work have added value
to the underlying factual material herein through one or more of the fol-
lowing: unique and original selection, coordination, expression, arrange-
ment, and classification of the information. All rights to the publication will
be vigorously defended.
Copyright © 2000 U•X•L, an imprint of The Gale Group
All rights reserved, including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in
any form.
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Advisory Board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Reader’s Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
Timeline of Events in Colonial America . . . . . . . . xvii
Words to Know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxi
Research and Activity Ideas . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxix
Volume 1
Native North Americans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Early Native Americans . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Paleo-Indian Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Archaic Age. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Rise of Agriculture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Formative Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Inuit Inhabit Canadian Arctic. . . . . . . . . . 10
First Native American-European Encounter . . . 12
Vikings Describe Native Americans . . . . . . . 12
v
Europeans Come to Stay . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
The Southwest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
The Southeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
The Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Europeans Bring Devastation . . . . . . . . . . 25
Spanish Exploration and Settlement . . . . . . . . . . 31
Columbus Finds the “East Indies” . . . . . . . . 32
Conquistadors Invade Mexico and Peru . . . . . 37
Spanish Move Into Southeast . . . . . . . . . . 38
Stranded Party Explores Southwest . . . . . . . 38
De Soto Lured to La Florida. . . . . . . . . . . 41
Menéndez Drives Out French . . . . . . . . . . 43
Spanish Remain in Southeast . . . . . . . . . . 45
“All the Reputation and Honor Himself”. . . . . 46
Coronado Continues Search for Gold . . . . . . 47
Spanish Colonize Southwest . . . . . . . . . . 50
Spain Needs California . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Kino Explores Southwest . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Spanish Return to New Mexico . . . . . . . . . 53
French Exploration and Settlement. . . . . . . . . . . 55
Verrazano Explores Northeast. . . . . . . . . . 56
Cartier Continues Search for Passage . . . . . . 58
Huguenot Settlement Fails . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Champlain Sees Potential in New France. . . . . 63
Jolliet and Marquette Explore Mississippi . . . . 67
La Salle Begins Explorations. . . . . . . . . . . 72
Le Moynes Settle Louisiana Province . . . . . . 77
France Defeated in French and Indian War. . . . 77
The Thirteen English Colonies . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
First English Settlement? . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Raleigh Organizes Roanoke Venture
Virginia Charter Granted . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Maine Winter Defeats Settlers . . . . . . . . . 88
New England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
The Middle Colonies . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
The Southern Colonies . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
vi Colonial America: Almanac
Social and Political Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
The Pequot War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
King Philip’s War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Bacon’s Rebellion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Slavery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Anti-Puritanism: The Maypole of
Merry Mount . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
The Salem Witch Trials . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Religious Dissent: The Anne
Hutchinson Trial . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Government and Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
French, Spanish, and Dutch Colonies. . . . . . 157
English Colonies Take Diverse
Forms of Government . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Economy and Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Spanish and French Retreat to Borders . . . . . 186
English Use Natural Resources . . . . . . . . . 186
Land Is Basis of Economy . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Industries Slowly Emerge . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Currency Takes Many Forms. . . . . . . . . . 196
Capital Market Brings Prosperity . . . . . . . . 197
Mercantilism Protects England. . . . . . . . . 197
Economy Expands, Workers Needed . . . . . . 198
The Slave Trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
Commercial and Private Transportation . . . . 205
Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Where to Learn More . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xliii
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lv
Volume 2
Community Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
The Chesapeake and the Carolina Societies . . . 212
Social Classes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Contents vii
The Necessities of Life. . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Imported Goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Expanding Awareness . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
African Slaves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Native Americans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Family Life. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Men’s Work, Women’s Work. . . . . . . . . . 238
Marriage Customs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Children’s Lives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
African American Families. . . . . . . . . . . 254
Native American Family Patterns. . . . . . . . 256
Colonial Women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
The First Colonial Women. . . . . . . . . . . 260
Earliest European Women . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Slaves Replace Indentured Servants. . . . . . . 265
A Different Life in Northern Colonies . . . . . 266
Life Cycles of Colonial Women . . . . . . . . 267
Literacy and Education . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Legal Status. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Childbirth Is Dangerous. . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Escaping a Bad Marriage. . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Women and Religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
Exceptional Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Is Life Better for Women? . . . . . . . . . . . 284
Women on the Eve of Revolution . . . . . . . 284
Religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Spanish Introduce Roman Catholicism . . . . . 288
French Bring Catholicism to Canada . . . . . . 291
Catholics Start Maryland Colony. . . . . . . . 293
Church of England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
African Religions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Puritanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Presbyterianism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
Baptists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
Lutheranism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
viii Colonial America:Almanac
Dutch Reformed Church . . . . . . . . . . . 310
Judaism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
German Reform Church. . . . . . . . . . . . 312
Society of Friends. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
Moravians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Great Awakening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
Franciscans in Spanish Borderlands . . . . . . 320
Jesuits Start Missions in New France . . . . . . 321
Dutch Fight “Heathenish
Tricks and Deviltries” . . . . . . . . . . . 322
English Try Various Methods. . . . . . . . . . 322
Education of Europeans . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Education of Africans in Spanish
and French Colonies . . . . . . . . . . . 340
Education of Africans in
New Netherland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
Education of Africans in
English Colonies . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
Arts and Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Painting in New England . . . . . . . . . . . 344
Colonies Attract Portrait Painters. . . . . . . . 345
Printmaking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
Sculpture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
Music . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
Theater. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
Science and Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
Earliest American Sciences. . . . . . . . . . . 376
Smith Emphasizes Natural Resources . . . . . . 377
“Accidental” Scientists Expand Knowledge . . . 377
French Are Important Naturalists . . . . . . . 378
Rocky Mountains Sighted . . . . . . . . . . . 379
Settlers: Second Wave of “Scientists” . . . . . . 379
Contents ix
New Science Sweeps Europe . . . . . . . . . . 383
American Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
Sports and Recreation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
European Sports and Recreation . . . . . . . . 396
Where to Learn More . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xliii
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lv
x Colonial America:Almanac
Advisory Board
Special thanks are due for the invaluable comments and sug-
gestions provided by U•X•L’s Colonial America Reference
Library advisors:
• Katherine L. Bailey, Library Media Specialist, Seabreeze
High School, Daytona Beach, Florida.
• Jonathan Betz-Zall, Children’s Librarian, Sno-Isle Regional
Library System, Edmonds, Washington.
• Deborah Hammer, Manager of Social Sciences Division,
Queens Borough Public Library, New Hyde Park, New York.
• Fannie Louden, Fifth Grade History Teacher, B. F. Yancey
Elementary School, Esmont, Virginia.
xi