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Colonial America: Almanac, Volume 2 PDF

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CA.a-ttlpgs/v2. qxp 4/5/04 1:58 PM Page 1 Almanac CA.a-ttlpgs/v2. qxp 4/5/04 1:58 PM Page 3 Almanac 2 Volume PEGGY SAARI Julie L. Carnagie, Editor Peggy Saari c a Staff n Julie L. Carangie, U•X•L Editor a Carol DeKane Nagel, U•X•L Managing Editor m Thomas L. Romig, U•X•L Publisher Shalice Shah-Caldwell, Permissions Associate (Pictures) l A Maria Franklin, Permissions Manager Rita Wimberley, Senior Buyer : a Evi Seoud, Assistant Production Manager c Dorothy Maki, Manufacturing Manager i r Pamela A. E. Galbreath, Senior Art Director e Cynthia Baldwin, Product Design Manager m LM Design, Typesetting A Cover photographs (top to bottom): The Mayflower reproduced with permission of The Library of Congress; Christopher Columbus landing in l the New World reproduced by permission of The Bettmann Archive; The a cultivation of tobacco reproduced by permission of The Granger i Collection Ltd. n o Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data l o Saari, Peggy C Colonial America: almanac / Peggy Saari. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. Summary: Examines the colonial period in America, discussing both the Native American culture before the arrival of Europeans and the exploration and settlement of different parts of the New World. ISBN 0-7876-3763-7 (set). —- ISBN 0-7876-3764-5 (v. 1). —- ISBN 0-7876-3765-3 (v. 2). 1. United States—-History—-Colonial period, ca. 1600-1775 Juve- nile literature. 2. Almanacs, American Juvenile literature. [1. United States—-History—-Colonial period, ca. 1600-1775.] I. Title. E188.S12 2000 973.2-dc21 99-39081 CIP This publication is a creative work fully protected by all applicable copyright laws, as well as by misappropriation, trade secret, unfair competition, and other applicable laws. The author and editors of this work have added value to the underlying factual material herein through one or more of the fol- lowing: unique and original selection, coordination, expression, arrange- ment, and classification of the information. All rights to the publication will be vigorously defended. Copyright © 2000 U•X•L, an imprint of The Gale Group All rights reserved, including the right of reproduction in whole or in part in any form. Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents Advisory Board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi Reader’s Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv Timeline of Events in Colonial America . . . . . . . . xvii Words to Know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxi Research and Activity Ideas . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxix Volume 1 Native North Americans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Early Native Americans . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Paleo-Indian Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Archaic Age. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Rise of Agriculture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Formative Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Inuit Inhabit Canadian Arctic. . . . . . . . . . 10 First Native American-European Encounter . . . 12 Vikings Describe Native Americans . . . . . . . 12 v Europeans Come to Stay . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 The Southwest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 The Southeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 The Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Europeans Bring Devastation . . . . . . . . . . 25 Spanish Exploration and Settlement . . . . . . . . . . 31 Columbus Finds the “East Indies” . . . . . . . . 32 Conquistadors Invade Mexico and Peru . . . . . 37 Spanish Move Into Southeast . . . . . . . . . . 38 Stranded Party Explores Southwest . . . . . . . 38 De Soto Lured to La Florida. . . . . . . . . . . 41 Menéndez Drives Out French . . . . . . . . . . 43 Spanish Remain in Southeast . . . . . . . . . . 45 “All the Reputation and Honor Himself”. . . . . 46 Coronado Continues Search for Gold . . . . . . 47 Spanish Colonize Southwest . . . . . . . . . . 50 Spain Needs California . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Kino Explores Southwest . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Spanish Return to New Mexico . . . . . . . . . 53 French Exploration and Settlement. . . . . . . . . . . 55 Verrazano Explores Northeast. . . . . . . . . . 56 Cartier Continues Search for Passage . . . . . . 58 Huguenot Settlement Fails . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Champlain Sees Potential in New France. . . . . 63 Jolliet and Marquette Explore Mississippi . . . . 67 La Salle Begins Explorations. . . . . . . . . . . 72 Le Moynes Settle Louisiana Province . . . . . . 77 France Defeated in French and Indian War. . . . 77 The Thirteen English Colonies . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 First English Settlement? . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Raleigh Organizes Roanoke Venture Virginia Charter Granted . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Maine Winter Defeats Settlers . . . . . . . . . 88 New England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 The Middle Colonies . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 The Southern Colonies . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 vi Colonial America: Almanac Social and Political Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 The Pequot War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 King Philip’s War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Bacon’s Rebellion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Slavery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 Anti-Puritanism: The Maypole of Merry Mount . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 The Salem Witch Trials . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Religious Dissent: The Anne Hutchinson Trial . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Government and Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 French, Spanish, and Dutch Colonies. . . . . . 157 English Colonies Take Diverse Forms of Government . . . . . . . . . . . 164 Economy and Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Spanish and French Retreat to Borders . . . . . 186 English Use Natural Resources . . . . . . . . . 186 Land Is Basis of Economy . . . . . . . . . . . 188 Industries Slowly Emerge . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Currency Takes Many Forms. . . . . . . . . . 196 Capital Market Brings Prosperity . . . . . . . . 197 Mercantilism Protects England. . . . . . . . . 197 Economy Expands, Workers Needed . . . . . . 198 The Slave Trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 Commercial and Private Transportation . . . . 205 Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Where to Learn More . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xliii Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lv Volume 2 Community Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 The Chesapeake and the Carolina Societies . . . 212 Social Classes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 Contents vii The Necessities of Life. . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 Imported Goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 Expanding Awareness . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 African Slaves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 Native Americans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 Family Life. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 Men’s Work, Women’s Work. . . . . . . . . . 238 Marriage Customs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 Children’s Lives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 African American Families. . . . . . . . . . . 254 Native American Family Patterns. . . . . . . . 256 Colonial Women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 The First Colonial Women. . . . . . . . . . . 260 Earliest European Women . . . . . . . . . . . 263 Slaves Replace Indentured Servants. . . . . . . 265 A Different Life in Northern Colonies . . . . . 266 Life Cycles of Colonial Women . . . . . . . . 267 Literacy and Education . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Legal Status. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 Childbirth Is Dangerous. . . . . . . . . . . . 273 Escaping a Bad Marriage. . . . . . . . . . . . 273 Women and Religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 Exceptional Women. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 Is Life Better for Women? . . . . . . . . . . . 284 Women on the Eve of Revolution . . . . . . . 284 Religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 Spanish Introduce Roman Catholicism . . . . . 288 French Bring Catholicism to Canada . . . . . . 291 Catholics Start Maryland Colony. . . . . . . . 293 Church of England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 African Religions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 Puritanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 Presbyterianism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304 Baptists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 Lutheranism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308 viii Colonial America:Almanac Dutch Reformed Church . . . . . . . . . . . 310 Judaism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 German Reform Church. . . . . . . . . . . . 312 Society of Friends. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 Moravians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 Great Awakening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 Franciscans in Spanish Borderlands . . . . . . 320 Jesuits Start Missions in New France . . . . . . 321 Dutch Fight “Heathenish Tricks and Deviltries” . . . . . . . . . . . 322 English Try Various Methods. . . . . . . . . . 322 Education of Europeans . . . . . . . . . . . . 325 Education of Africans in Spanish and French Colonies . . . . . . . . . . . 340 Education of Africans in New Netherland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340 Education of Africans in English Colonies . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 Arts and Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 Painting in New England . . . . . . . . . . . 344 Colonies Attract Portrait Painters. . . . . . . . 345 Printmaking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 Sculpture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 Music . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350 Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354 Theater. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364 Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366 Science and Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 Earliest American Sciences. . . . . . . . . . . 376 Smith Emphasizes Natural Resources . . . . . . 377 “Accidental” Scientists Expand Knowledge . . . 377 French Are Important Naturalists . . . . . . . 378 Rocky Mountains Sighted . . . . . . . . . . . 379 Settlers: Second Wave of “Scientists” . . . . . . 379 Contents ix New Science Sweeps Europe . . . . . . . . . . 383 American Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389 Sports and Recreation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 European Sports and Recreation . . . . . . . . 396 Where to Learn More . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xliii Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lv x Colonial America:Almanac Advisory Board Special thanks are due for the invaluable comments and sug- gestions provided by U•X•L’s Colonial America Reference Library advisors: • Katherine L. Bailey, Library Media Specialist, Seabreeze High School, Daytona Beach, Florida. • Jonathan Betz-Zall, Children’s Librarian, Sno-Isle Regional Library System, Edmonds, Washington. • Deborah Hammer, Manager of Social Sciences Division, Queens Borough Public Library, New Hyde Park, New York. • Fannie Louden, Fifth Grade History Teacher, B. F. Yancey Elementary School, Esmont, Virginia. xi

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