Colloidal Transport in Porous Media

293 Pages·2007·6.998 MB·English

by  Daniel Grolimund, Kurt Barmettler, Michal Borkovec (auth.), Prof. Dr. Dr. Habil. Fritz H. Frimmel, Dr. Frank Von Der Kammer, Prof. Dr. Hans-Curt Flemming (eds.)

Fritz H. Frimmel
Frank von der Kammer
Hans-Curt Flemming
Colloidal Transport in Porous Media
Fritz H. Frimmel
Frank von der Kammer
Hans-Curt Flemming
(Editors)
Colloidal Transport
in Porous Media
With 99 Figures
PROF.DR.DR. HABIL.FRITZH.FRIMMEL
University of Karlsruhe
Engler-Bunte-Institute
Department of Water Chemistry
Engler-Bunte-Ring 1
76131 Karlsruhe
Germany
Email: [email protected]
DR.FRANK VON DER KAMMER
University of Vienna
Department of Geological Sciences
Althanstraße 14
1090 Vienna
Austria
Email: [email protected]
PROF.DR.HANS-CURT FLEMMING
Faculty of Chemistry – Biofilm Centre
University of Duisburg-Essen
Geibelstraße 41
47057 Duisburg
Germany
Email: [email protected]
Library of Congress Control Number: 2007923066
ISBN-13 978-3-540-71338-8 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York
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Preface
Starting from the dimension of one or two meters which is typical for the
size of human beings, we can easily discover the million fold up and down
scales. However, three more digits in either direction are already a chal-
lenge for our perception, and we need sophisticated instrumental tools and
analogy concepts to obtain an image of the material present. Therefore
these domains have remained more unclear in many aspects of the proper-
ties and fate of the matter concerned. Particles in the smaller dimension -
more exactly of the size from 1 nanometer to 1 micrometer - are normally
called colloids and have recently gained a renaissance of attention of
physicists, chemists, material scientists and engineers. A broad application
of tailored nano particles in the daily life has been the result. Also geo-
genic nano and micro particles and their important role in the transport and
distribution of living and non-living matter in nature have gained aware-
ness of the scientists. In contrast to the chemo-biological importance of
these micro particles stands the limited knowledge about their structure,
function and fate. In aquatic sciences, they therefore have been addressed
as "neglected third phase" besides the purely dissolved and gaseous matter
transport mechanisms in porous media.
Reason enough for a cooperative research project on the "Colloidal
Transport of Substances during the Seepage of Rain Water" (KORESI).
The four institutes involved were 1. the coordinating Chair of Water
Chemistry, Universität Karlsruhe (TH), 2. the Institute of Environmental
Technology, Technische Universität Hamburg-Harburg, 3. the Biofilm
Centre, Aquatic Microbiology, Universität Duisburg-Essen, and 4. the In-
stitute of Water Quality Control, Technische Universität München. The
work focused on the interaction of geo colloids and pollutants, the retarda-
tion and transport of colloids, the influence of biofilms and the retardation
of pollutants in engineered sorption barriers. The aim of the project was
the determination and assessment of the different influences on the colloi-
dal transport of pollutants to provide recommendations for the handling of
rain run-off as an essential component of ground water protection and long
term water management in general.
At the end of the four years period of research, the results were pre-
sented in a workshop and discussed in the context of the international sci-
entific community. The result was an even broader view on the manifold
aspects of the occurrence and determination of colloids and of the colloid
mediated transport of contaminants in soil and other porous media. Most
of the contributions given are presented in this book.
VI Preface
I want to acknowledge the work of the authors and reviewers that was
put into the manuscripts. Special thanks go to George Metreveli for han-
dling the manuscripts and for managing all the different contacts within the
cooperative project and beyond it. How could good research work without
funding? On behalf of the whole group of scientists involved, I want to ex-
press our strong gratitude to the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft for
supporting our work. Dr. Ute Weber's great help and understanding of our
needs deserves special mentioning as do the critical but helpful comments
of the anonymous referees. Last but not least the publishing house put our
written ideas in fine cooperation into this appealing volume.
The results of the projects shown in this book are not the only benefits
of our work. There was a fine and rewarding personal interaction amongst
the participants and the invited guests. Learning, discussing, searching for
the best way to answer urging scientific questions were components of our
way to new colloid frontiers. The senior scientists are also happy that there
was plenty of scientific and social interaction with the graduate students. It
seems as if the manifold results and the synergistic effect which have come
out of this cooperative project reflect one of its major findings: small parti-
cles show great effects.
Fritz H. Frimmel
Project Coordinator and
Professor of Water Chemistry
Universitaet Karlsruhe
www.uni-karlsruhe.de
Contents
Transport Phenomena
1 Colloid Facilitated Transport in Natural Porous Media:
Fundamental Phenomena and Modelling................................................3
D. Grolimund, K. Barmettler, M. Borkovec
1.1 Introduction..................................................................................3
1.2 Colloidal Particles.........................................................................6
1.3 Fundamental Phenomena..............................................................7
1.3.1 In-situ Mobilisation of Particles............................................7
1.4 Transport and Persistence...........................................................14
1.5 Structural Changes......................................................................18
1.6 Colloid Facilitated Transport......................................................19
1.7 Conclusions and Outlook............................................................22
References........................................................................................24
2 Influence of Na-bentonite Colloids on the Transport of Heavy Metals
in Porous Media.......................................................................................29
G. Metreveli, F. H. Frimmel
2.1 Abstract.......................................................................................29
2.2 Introduction................................................................................30
2.3 Materials and Methods...............................................................32
2.3.1 Substances and Sample Preparation....................................32
2.3.2 Titration Experiments..........................................................33
2.3.3 Adsorption Experiments and Modelling..............................34
2.3.4 Transport Experiments........................................................36
2.4 Results and Discussion...............................................................37
2.4.1 Influence of pH Value on the Aggregation of Na-bentonite37
2.4.2 Adsorption of Heavy Metals onto Na-bentonite..................39
2.4.3 Influence of Na-bentonite on the Transport of Heavy
Metals...........................................................................................42
2.5 Conclusions................................................................................49
Acknowledgement............................................................................50
References........................................................................................50
3 Colloid Transport Processes: Experimental Evidence from the Pore
Scale to the Field Scale............................................................................55
T. Baumann
3.1 Abstract.......................................................................................55
VIII Contents
3.2 Pore Scale Phenomena...............................................................57
3.2.1 Visualization and Quantification of Colloid Transport on the
Pore Scale: The Micromodel-Approach.......................................57
3.3 Column Scale Phenomena..........................................................64
3.3.1 Visualization and Quantification of Colloid Transport on the
Column Scale: Magnetic Resonance Imaging..............................64
3.3.2 Assessment of Colloid Mass Transfer in Laboratory
Columns.......................................................................................67
3.4 Pilot Scale Experiments..............................................................70
3.4.1 Colloidal Transport on the Pilot Scale.................................70
3.5 Colloid Transport on the Field Scale..........................................74
3.5.1 Colloidal Transport in Uncontaminated Environments.......74
3.5.2 Colloidal Transport in Contaminated Environments...........76
3.6 Outlook.......................................................................................80
References........................................................................................81
4 Transport of Colloids in Filter Columns: Laboratory and Field
Experiments..............................................................................................87
R. Siepmann, F. v. d. Kammer, U. Förstner
4.1 Introduction................................................................................87
4.2 Laboratory Studies of Colloidal Transport Behaviour...............90
4.2.1 Used Materials.....................................................................90
4.2.2 Optimization and Adaption of Analytical Devices..............91
4.2.3 Laboratory Experiments......................................................97
4.3 Field Studies.............................................................................103
4.3.1 Contamination of the Test Site..........................................103
4.3.2 Event-Based Characterization of Runoff...........................105
4.3.3 Pilot Plant for the Clean-up of Runoff..............................107
4.4 Discussion and Conclusions.....................................................110
4.4.1 The Importance of Agglomeration Effects........................111
4.4.2 Ionic Strength as the Main Problem for Runoff Filtration 112
4.4.3 Physical Factors Influencing Filtration.............................112
4.4.4 Improved Filtration Methods.............................................113
References......................................................................................113
Biocolloids and Biofilms
5 Colloid and Microbe Migration in Granular Environments:
A Discussion of Modelling Methods.....................................................119
N. Tufenkji
5.1 Introduction..............................................................................119
Contents IX
5.2 Classic Methods Used to Model Colloid and Microbe Migration
in Granular Porous Media...............................................................120
5.2.1 The General Advection-Dispersion Equation....................121
5.2.2 Equilibrium “Adsorption” of Particles..............................121
5.2.3 Kinetic Attachment and Detachment Processes................122
5.2.4 Irreversible Attachment onto Sediment Grains.................122
5.2.5 Microbe Inactivation or Die-off........................................123
5.3 Relevance of Classical Modelling Approaches and Proposed
Modifications..................................................................................124
5.3.1 The Equilibrium Adsorption Mechanism is Considered
Inappropriate..............................................................................124
5.3.2 Deviation from CFT in the Presence of Repulsive
Electrostatic Interactions............................................................125
5.3.3 Existing Approaches Fail to Predict the Particle Collision
Efficiency, (cid:302)...............................................................................126
5.3.4 Larger Microorganisms May be Affected by Physical
Straining.....................................................................................129
5.3.5 Surface Biomolecules Can Enhance or Hinder Microbe
Attachment.................................................................................131
5.3.6 Growth and Death Rates of Microorganisms Are Highly
Variable......................................................................................134
5.4 Concluding Remarks................................................................135
Acknowledgements........................................................................136
Notation..........................................................................................136
Symbols......................................................................................136
Greek Symbols...........................................................................137
References......................................................................................137
6 Influence of Biofilms on Colloid Mobility in the Subsurface..........143
M. Strathmann, C. F. Leon-Morales, H.-C. Flemming
6.1 Colloids and Biofilms - an Introduction...................................143
6.2 Biofilms in the Subsurface.......................................................144
6.2.1 What Is a Biofilm?.............................................................144
6.2.2 Extracellular Polymeric Substances..................................145
6.2.3 Environmental Role of Biofilms.......................................147
6.3 Biofilms and their Influence on Hydraulic Conditions in Porous
Media..............................................................................................148
6.4 Biofilms and their Influence on Sorption Processes.................152
6.5 Biofilms and their Influence on Colloid Mobility....................153
6.5.1 Colloids in the Subsurface - from Anorganic to Biotic.....153
6.5.2 Retention of Colloids in Presence of Biofilms..................156
6.5.3 Remobilization of Biofilm-Bound Colloids......................161
X Contents
6.6 Conclusions..............................................................................164
References......................................................................................167
7 Subsurface Transport of Heavy Metals Mediated by Biosolid
Colloids in Waste-Amended Soils.........................................................175
A. Karathanasis, C. Johnson, C. Matocha
7.1 Materials and Methods.............................................................176
7.1.1 Biosolid Samples...............................................................176
7.1.2 Colloid Generation............................................................177
7.1.3 Soil Monolith Preparation.................................................177
7.1.4 Physical, Chemical and Mineralogical Characterizations.177
7.1.5 Colloid Leaching Experiments..........................................179
7.1.6 Statistical Analysis............................................................179
7.2 Results and Discussion.............................................................180
7.2.1 Colloid Elution..................................................................180
7.2.2 Metal Elution in Association with Biosolid Colloids........185
7.2.3 Potential Transport Mechanisms.......................................195
7.3 Summary and Conclusions.......................................................197
7.4 Outlook.....................................................................................198
References......................................................................................199
Colloids and Contaminants, Engineering Aspects
8 Ion - Colloid - Colloid Interactions...................................................205
W. H. Van Riemsdijk, L. Weng, T. Hiemstra
8.1 Introduction..............................................................................205
8.1.1 NOM and Metal (Hydr)Oxides.........................................205
8.1.2 Surface Complexation Models..........................................205
8.1.3 Ion Speciation in Soils, Sediments and Water...................206
8.1.4 Interactions between Colloidal Particles...........................207
8.1.5 Modelling Particle Adsorption..........................................207
8.2 Ion Binding to Natural Organic Matter....................................209
8.2.1 Ion Binding to NOM.........................................................209
8.2.2 WHAM and NICA-Donnan Model...................................209
8.2.3 Application of the NICA-Donnan Model to Purified FA and
HA..............................................................................................211
8.3 Ion Binding to Metal (Hydr)Oxides.........................................213
8.3.1 Modelling Ion Binding to Metal (Hydr)Oxides.................213
8.3.2 MUSIC and CD Model......................................................215
8.3.3 Applications of MUSIC Model to Proton Adsorption to
Metal (Hydr)Oxides...................................................................217
Contents XI
8.3.4. Applications of CD Model to Ion Adsorption to Metal
(Hydr)Oxides..............................................................................218
8.4 Modelling Ion Speciation in Natural Samples..........................221
8.4.1 Ion Speciation in Soils, Sediments and Water...................221
8.4.2 Empirical Modelling Approaches......................................221
8.4.3 Geochemical Equilibrium Calculations.............................222
8.4.4 From the Model System to the Field.................................222
8.4.5 Multi-Surface Model.........................................................224
8.5 Adsorption of Natural Organic Matter to Minerals..................226
8.5.1 Adsorption of NOM to Oxides..........................................226
8.5.2 Effects of NOM Adsorption on Ion Binding.....................227
8.5.3 Challenges in Modelling Particle Adsorption...................229
8.5.4 Adsorption Energy of Variable Charge Particles..............230
8.5.5 LCD Model Concept.........................................................234
8.5.6 Vision for Future Development.........................................235
Acknowledgements........................................................................236
References......................................................................................236
9 Release of Contaminants from Bottom Ashes - Colloid Facilitated
Transport and Colloid Trace Analysis by Means of Laser-Induced
Breakdown Detection (LIBD)...............................................................251
R. Köster, T. Wagner, M. Delay, F. H. Frimmel
9.1 Introduction..............................................................................251
9.2 Methodical Background of the LIBD.......................................253
9.2.1 Theoretical Aspects...........................................................253
9.2.2 Features of the LIBD.........................................................257
9.3 Materials and Methods.............................................................257
9.3.1 Colloid Facilitated Heavy Metal Mobilization..................257
9.3.2 Coupling of a Column Leaching Unit with LIBD.............259
9.4 Results......................................................................................261
9.4.1 Colloidal Mobilization of Heavy Metals from Bottom
Ashes..........................................................................................261
9.4.2 Online Detection of Particle Release with LIBD..............265
9.4.3 Conclusions.......................................................................269
Acknowledgement..........................................................................270
References......................................................................................270
10 The Role of Colloid Transport in Metal Roof Runoff
Treatment...............................................................................................273
A. Schriewer, K. Athanasiadis, B. Helmreich
10.1 Introduction............................................................................273
10.2 Materials and Methods...........................................................274