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Colloid Science PDF

399 Pages·2010·5.11 MB·English
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Colloid Science Principles, methods and applications Second Edition Edited by TERENCE COSGROVE School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK Colloid Science Principles, methods and applications Second Edition Colloid Science Principles, methods and applications Second Edition Edited by TERENCE COSGROVE School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK Thiseditionfirstpublished2010 (cid:1)2010JohnWiley&SonsLtd Registeredoffice JohnWiley&SonsLtd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex,PO198SQ,UnitedKingdom Fordetailsofourglobaleditorialoffices,forcustomerservicesandforinformationabouthowtoapplyfor permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com. Therightoftheauthortobeidentifiedastheauthorofthisworkhasbeenassertedinaccordancewiththe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted, inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,exceptaspermitted bytheUKCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,withoutthepriorpermissionofthepublisher. Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprintmay notbeavailableinelectronicbooks. Designationsusedbycompaniestodistinguishtheirproductsareoftenclaimedastrademarks.Allbrandnames andproductnamesusedinthisbookaretradenames,servicemarks,trademarksorregisteredtrademarksoftheir respectiveowners.Thepublisherisnotassociatedwithanyproductorvendormentionedinthisbook.This publicationisdesignedtoprovideaccurateandauthoritativeinformationinregardtothesubjectmattercovered.It issoldontheunderstandingthatthepublisherisnotengagedinrenderingprofessionalservices.Ifprofessional adviceorotherexpertassistanceisrequired,theservicesofacompetentprofessionalshouldbesought. Thepublisherandtheauthormakenorepresentationsorwarrantieswithrespecttotheaccuracyorcompleteness ofthecontentsofthisworkandspecificallydisclaimallwarranties,includingwithoutlimitationanyimplied warrantiesoffitnessforaparticularpurpose.Thisworkissoldwiththeunderstandingthatthepublisheris notengagedinrenderingprofessionalservices.Theadviceandstrategiescontainedhereinmaynotbesuitablefor everysituation.Inviewofongoingresearch,equipmentmodifications,changesingovernmentalregulations, andtheconstantflowofinformationrelatingtotheuseofexperimentalreagents,equipment,anddevices,the readerisurgedtoreviewandevaluatetheinformationprovidedinthepackageinsertorinstructionsforeach chemical,pieceofequipment,reagent,ordevicefor,amongotherthings,anychangesintheinstructionsor indicationofusageandforaddedwarningsandprecautions.ThefactthatanorganizationorWebsiteisreferredto inthisworkasacitationand/orapotentialsourceoffurtherinformationdoesnotmeanthattheauthororthe publisherendorsestheinformationtheorganizationorWebsitemayprovideorrecommendationsitmaymake. Further,readersshouldbeawarethatInternetWebsiteslistedinthisworkmayhavechangedordisappeared betweenwhenthisworkwaswrittenandwhenitisread.Nowarrantymaybecreatedorextendedbyany promotionalstatementsforthiswork.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorshallbeliableforanydamages arisingherefrom. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Colloidscience:principles,methodsandapplications/editedbyTerence Cosgrove.–2nded. p.cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-1-4443-2019-0(cloth)–ISBN978-1-4443-2020-6(pbk.) 1.Colloids.I.Cosgrove,T.(Terence) QD549C5852010 541’.345–dc22 2009045994 AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. ISBNHB:9781444320190 ISBNPB:9781444320206 Setin10/12pt,TimesRomanbyThomsonDigital,Noida,India PrintedandboundinGreatBritainbyCPIAntonyRowe,Chippenham,Wiltshire This book isdedicatedtothe memoriesof Professor Douglas Everett and Professor Ron Ottewill whowere an inspiration tomany generations ofaspiring ColloidScientists. Contents Preface xv Introduction xvii Acknowledgements xix List ofContributors xxi 1 An Introduction toColloids 1 Roy Hughes 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Basic Definitions 5 1.2.1 Concentration 5 1.2.2 Interfacial Area 10 1.2.3 EffectiveConcentrations 11 1.2.4 AverageSeparation 12 1.3 Stability 14 1.3.1 Quiescent Systems 15 1.3.2 Sedimentation orCreaming 16 1.3.3 ShearingFlows 17 1.3.4 Other Forms ofInstability 17 1.4 ColloidFrontiers 18 References 20 2 Chargein Colloidal Systems 23 David Ferminand Jason Riley 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 The Origin ofSurface Charge 24 2.2.1 Ionisation ofSurface Groups 24 2.2.2 Ion Adsorption 25 2.2.3 Dissolutionof Ionic Solids 25 2.2.4 Isomorphous Substitution 25 2.2.5 Potential Determining Ions 25 2.3 The Electrochemical Double Layer 26 2.3.1 The Stern–Gouy–Chapman (SGC) Model ofthe Double Layer 26 2.3.2 The Double Layer at the Hg/Electrolyte Interface 30 2.3.3 Specific Adsorption 34 2.3.4 Interparticle Forces 36 viii Contents 2.4 Electrokinetic Properties 36 2.4.1 ElectrolyteFlow 36 2.4.2 StreamingPotential Measurements 37 2.4.3 Electro-osmosis 38 2.4.4 Electrophoresis 39 2.4.5 Electroacoustic Technique 42 References 42 3 StabilityofCharge-stabilised Colloids 45 JohnEastman 3.1 Introduction 45 3.2 The ColloidalPair Potential 46 3.2.1 AttractiveForces 46 3.2.2 Electrostatic Repulsion 47 3.2.3 Effect ofParticleConcentration 49 3.2.4 Total Potential 50 3.3 Criteria for Stability 51 3.3.1 Salt Concentration 51 3.3.2 Counter-ion Valency 52 3.3.3 Zeta Potential 54 3.3.4 Particle Size 54 3.4 Kineticsof Coagulation 55 3.4.1 Diffusion-limitedRapid Coagulation 55 3.4.2 Interaction-limited Coagulation 56 3.4.3 Experimental Determination ofc.c.c. 57 3.5 Conclusions 58 References 59 4 Surfactant Aggregation and Adsorption atInterfaces 61 Julian Eastoe 4.1 Introduction 61 4.2 Characteristic Features of Surfactants 61 4.3 Classification andApplications ofSurfactants 62 4.3.1 Types ofSurfactants 62 4.3.2 Surfactant Uses andDevelopment 64 4.4 AdsorptionofSurfactants at Interfaces 66 4.4.1 Surface Tension and Surface Activity 66 4.4.2 Surface Excess and Thermodynamics ofAdsorption 67 4.4.3 Efficiency andEffectivenessofSurfactant Adsorption 71 4.5 Surfactant Solubility 73 4.5.1 The Krafft Temperature 73 4.5.2 The Cloud Point 74 4.6 Micellisation 75 4.6.1 Thermodynamics ofMicellisation 75

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Colloidal systems are important across a range of industries, such as the food, pharmaceutical, agrochemical, cosmetics, polymer, paint and oil industries, and form the basis of a wide range of products (eg cosmetics & toiletries, processed foodstuffs and photographic film). A detailed understanding
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