Collins Field Guide Spiders part 2 af 2

78 Pages·1·11.127 MB·English

by  Michael J. Roberts

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2s4 SPIDERS OF BRITAIN & NORTHERN EUROPE
Genus Hahnia
COLOUR PLATES
Nine species of Hahnia are known to occur in Europe and five of the most wide-
spread are described here.
Hahnia montana (Blackwall 1841) pl,ate}I
Description 9, 1.8-2mm; é, 1.5-1.8mm. Male similar to the fernale but wirh a
have a slightly
pinkish-brgwn
e distinctiql, as
and not shâped
Habitat Amongst leaf-litter and detritus in woods; occasionally amongst grass and
low vegetation away from woods. Maturity All year.
Distribution The commonest species of the genus; widespread throughout Britain
and northem Europe.
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Hahnia nava (Blackwall 1841) plare 2l
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Continued after the colour plates.
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Plate
Sub-order Orthognatha (Mygalomorphae)
Massive, forward-projecting chelicerae articulated for up-and-down (pick-axe)
movement of the fangs. Only one family in the region.
Atypidae p.76
Spiders living within a closed tube, mostly buried below ground; the aerial portion
of the tube is camouflaged with earth to resemble a part-buried root. Massive che-
licerae, small eye group, three-segmented posterior spinners and two pairs of b$k
lungs. ./
l. Atypus ffinisEichwald Female lO-l5mm (to l8mm including
chelicerae) p.76
Sub-order Labidognatha (Araneomorphae)
Chelicerae articulated for inward and outward (pincer) movement of the fangs. All
other spiders in the region belong to this sub-order.
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Cribellate Spiders I
Spiders with a cribellum, anterior to the spinners, which produces fine, woolly silk;
this is combed out by the calamistrum on metatarsus IV.
Eresidae
p.78
Spiders living within a silklined tube buried in the ground; above the tube is a roof
of cribellate silk. Massive domed head, eight small eyes - four grouped in the ante-
rior rnidline and one at each 'comer'.
2a. Eresus cínnaberinus (Olivier) Male ó-l lmm p. 78
2b. Eresu.s cinnaberinus (Olivier) Female 8-l6mm p. 78
Amaurobiidae
p.78
Spiders living in a tubular retreat within holes in walls or bark etc. A web ofiacy,
faintly bluish, cribellate silk extends around the rube entrance. Cribellum divided in
two by a fine ridge; calamistrum comprising two rows of bristles (reduced or absent
in males).
3. Amaurobius sirn i/is (BlackwalÌ) Female 9-l2mm p.79
4. Amaurobius ferox (Walckenaer) Male 8-l0mm p. 80
A Titanoecidae p.81
Spiders living at ground level in a retreat under stones or in detritus, with a cribel-
Iate web extending around the opening. Calamistrum relatively long and comprising
a single row of bristles (reduced or absent in males).
L 5a. Titanoeca quadriguttata (Hahn) Male 4.5-5mm p. 8l
A 5b. Titanoeca quadriguttata (Hahn) Female 5-7mm p. 8l
Dictynidae
p.82
Spiders making cribellate webs on vegetation, often dead heads of plants, sometlmes
on living leaves; occasionally at ground level and on walls. Calamistrum compris-
ing a single row ofbristles (reduced or absent in males).
6. Dictyna orundinacea (Linnaeus) Female 2.5-3.5mm p. 83
7. Dictyna latens (Fabrícius) Male 2-2.5mm p. g5
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Plate 2
(continued) 1a 1b 2
Dictynidae p.82
la. Nígma puella (Simon) Female 2.5-3mm p. 86
lb. Nigma puella (Simon) Male2-2.75mm p. 86
2. Lathys hurnilis (Blackwall) Female 2--2.5mm p. 87
Llloboridae p.90 "¡
Spiders making eithe¡ a horizontal orb web, with cribellate silk spirals and a broad.
band of Uloborus) or a triangle web, the apex oj
whichis Anteriorlateral andposteriorlateral ey/s
widely s profile, calamistrum comprising a sinfle 4
row of bristles.
3a. Hyptiotes paradoxus (C.L. Koch) Male 3-4mm p. 90 t'
3b. Hyptiotes paradoxus (C.L. Koch) Female 5-6mm p. 90
4a. Uloborus walckenaerius Latreille Male 3-4mm p. 90
4b. Uloborus walckenaerius Latreille Female 3.5-6mm p. 90
Oecobüdae p.89
Spiders making a small, flat, circula¡ web on flat surfaces indoors; web c.30mm
diameter ánd often assuming a star shape. Eyes grouped closely together, posteriôr a^
5
medians irregular in shape. Anal tubercle fringed with long, cuwed hairs. Cala-
mistrum with a double row of bristles.
5. Oecobius navusBlackwall Female 225nn p. 89
Ilaploryne Spiders I
Spiders which have only six eyes, simple male palpal organs and no epigyne in adult
females. I
Oonopidae
p.91
Small, usually pinkish spiders, with six oval eyes set in a small group which is almost d
as wide as the head.
6. OonopspulcåerTempletonFemalel.2-2mm B.9l
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Plate 3
Haplogyne Spiders (continued)
Dysderidae p.93
Spiders which hunt mainly at night. Six eyes arranged almost to form a circle.
l. Dysdera erylhrina (Walckenaer) Female 9-10mm p.94
2, Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli) Female 6-7mm p. 95
Segestrüdae p.96
e within holes in walls, bark etc. A series of strong threads 7
. Six eyes arranged in three groups of two. First three pairsy/
3. Segestria senoculata (Linnaeus) Female 7-10mm p.96
4. Segestriaflorentina(Rossl) Female l3-22mm p.91
Scytodidae p.92
Spiders which hunt in houses, sticking prey down by squirting an oscillating spray
of gum and poison from the fangs from a distance of l0mm or more. Carapace cir-
cula¡ from above, very domed from the side, and ofthe same size as the abdomen. t
Six eyes arranged in th¡ee groups oftwo.
5. Scytodès thoracica Latreille Male 3-5mm p.93 I
Entelegyne Spiders
Spiders with eight eyes, more or less complex male palpal organs, and an epigyne in
adult females. All spiders illustrated in the remaining colour plates belong to this
group. +,
Pholcidae p.98 t
Spiders spinning a web of loose, c¡iss-cross t}¡eads; usually indoors, in corners
of ceilings or in cellars. Very long, thin legs, the ta¡si of which have falsÈ segmenrs
and a¡e flexible. When disturbed, the spiders gyrate rapidly in the web as a defence d
mechanism.
6. Pholcus phalàngioides (Fuesslin) Female 8-l0mm p. 98
7, Psilochorus simoni (Berland) Female 2-2.5mm p, 99
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Zodariidae p. 100
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Fast-moving spiders which hunt at ground level and feed on ants. Ante¡ior spinners
very much larger than the rest, and arising from a large, pale, cylindrical projecton
(not visible from above). Anterior median eyes larger than the rest; posterior medi- ,
a¡s small and irregular. Upper surface of abdomen dark, under surface pale.
8. Zodaríon italicum (Canestrini) Female 2.5-3mrn p. 100
Gnaphosidae
p.101
Mostly nocturnal hunting spiders, bltMicariahtnts actively in sunshine. Most specìes
have cylindrical spinners, 'the anterior pair of which are slightly longer than the rest and
separated from each other by the diameter of one of them (spinners not typical in
Micaria). In most species the posterior median eyes are oval, irregular or slit-tike (but
circular in Scotophaeus and some Zelotes which have very typical spinners).
9. Drassodes cupreus (Blackwall) Female 9-18mm p. 104
l"
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Plate 4
Gnaphosidae (continued) p. 101
l. Haplodrassus signifer (C.L. Koch) Female 8-9mm p. 106
2. Haplodrassus dalrnatensis (L. Koch) Male 4-4.5mm p. 106
3. Scotophaeus blackwalli (Thorell) Female lO-l2mm p. 108
4. Callilepis nocturna (Linnaeus) Female 3.5-6mm p.119
5. Phaeocedus braccatus (L. Koch) Female 4.5-ó.5rnm p. 119
6. Zelotes pedesrls (C.L. Koch) Female 7-8mm p.110 /
p.t12l
7. Zelotes latreillei (Simon) Female 7-8mm
L 8. Aphantaulax. seminiger (Simon) Female 5.5mm p.111'
A 9, Poecilochroa variana (C.L. Koch) Female 6.5-9mm p. 118
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Plate 5
Gnaphosidae (continued) 2 Òù
l. p. 101
Gnaphosa lugubris (C.L. Koch) Male 9-l2mm p.115
2. Micaría 2.7_4.5mm p. l2I
A 3. Micaria 4.5-6mm p.122
A 4. Micaría p.123
5. Micaria rornana L. Koch Male 3.5-4.5mm p.123
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Plate 6
(continued)
Clubionidae p.124
l. Cheiracanthiumerraticum(Walckenaer)Female7-8mm p.133 5
L 2. Cheiracanthiumpunctorium(Ylllerc) Male7.5-l2mm p. 135
Liocranidae p.136
These spiders are mainly noctumal hunters, but Phrurolíthus species hunt during the
day and are very active in sunshine. The eye group and front of the carapace are l
relatively na¡row and the labium is roughly as broad as long.
3. Agroecaproxiûn(O.P.-Cambidge)Female5.5-7.5mm p.137
4. Agroeca brunnea (Blackwall) Female 7-8mm p. 137
5. Agraecinn striata (Kùlczynski) Female 4.5-5.5rnm p. 139
6. Apostenus fuscøs Westring Female 3-4nrm p. l4I
7. Scotina celans (Blackvtall) Female 4-4.75rnm p. 140
8. Liocranum rupicoln (Walckenaer) Female 6-8.5mm p. 142
9. Phrurolithusfestivus(C.L.Koch)Male2.5-3rnm p. 143
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Plate 7
Zoridae p.144
These spiders hunt on low vegetation and at ground level. The carapace is rather
narrowed in front, with a row of four eyes on the front slope which are roughly the
same size as those in the strongly recurved posterior row.
l. Zora spinimana (Sundevall) Female 5-6.5mm p.144
Anyphaenidae
These spiders hunt on the leaves oftrees and bushes. The tracheal s
ily visible midway betlveen the spinners and the epigastric fold, on
the abdomen.
zl-ó.5mm
2a. Anyphaena accentuata (Walckenaer) Male p. 146
2b. Anyphaena accentuata (Walckenaer) Female 4.5-7.5mm p. 146
Heteropodidae
p.147
These spiders catch prey in low vegetation, largely by waiting and grabbing iather
than by active pursuit.
3a. Micrommatavirescens (Clerck) Female 10-15mm p. 147
3b. Micrommatavirescens (Clerck) Male 7-10mm p.747 \
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Thomisidae Misumeninae p. I52
These spiders lie in wait for prey and, although appearing conspicuous on the colour
plates, are often well camouflaged in their natural surroundings. Legs I and II are
noticeably stouter than III and IV and the spiders have a rather crablike appeararice.
They mostly sit still, with the first two pairs of legs held apaf, and seize prey which
comes within grasp.
4a. Thomisus onustus Walckenaer Female 6-7mm p. 153
4b. Thomisus onustus Walckenaer Male 2.5-3.5mm p. 153
5. Pistius truncatus (Pallas) Male 4-5mm p. 153
L 6. Tmarus piger (Walckenaer) Female 5-6mm p. 154
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Plate
Thomisidae Misumeninae (continued) p r52
la. Misumena vatia (Clerck) Female 9-1lmm p 154
lb. Misumenavatia (Clerck) Male 3-4mm p 154 1a
L, 2a. Misumenops tricuspidatas (Fabricius) Female 5-6mm p 155
A 2b. Misumenops tricuspidarus (Fabricius) Male 2.5-3.5mm p r55 ID
L 3a. Runcinia grammica (C.L. Koch) Female 4-6mm p 155
L 3b. Runcinia grammica (C.L. Koch) Male 2.5-3.5mm p 155 I
L, 4. Synaema globosum (Fabricius) Female 6-8.5mm p 156
L 5. Heriaeus hirtus (Latrellle) Female 7-9mm p 151 w .t¡ì¡ft
6. Diaea dorsata (Fabricius) Female 5-6mm p 156
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Plate 9
Thomisidae Misumeninae (continued) p. r52
l. Coriachne depressa (C.L. Koch) Female 4-5mm p. 158
^ 2a. Xysticus cristatus (Cle¡ck) Male 3-5mm p. 159
2b. Xysticus cristatus (Clerck) Female ó-8mm p. 159
3a. Xysticus erraticus (Blackwall) Female 6-8mm p. 160
3b. Xysticus erraticus (Blackwall) Male 4-5mm p. 160
4. Xysticus bifasciatus C.L. Koch MaIe 6--7mm p. 161
5a. Xysticus sabulosus (Hahn) Female 7-9mm p. t62 I
5b. Xysticus sabulosus (Hahn) Male 5-6mm p. 162
6. Xystícus robustus (Hahn) MaIe 5-6mm p. r63
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