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Collins Field Guide Spiders part 1 af 2 PDF

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U) SPIDERS OF BRITAIN & I{ORTHERN EUROPE Fü PIDERS COMPREHENSIVE H EASY TO USE . HIGHLY ILLUSTRATED o 450,species_c-omprehensiveiy illustrared, with 288 colour paintings U OF BNITAIN E¿ and over 1500 drawings . NonTHERN EURoP The introduction provides general information on the srructure and biology of spiders, together with iilustrations ofwebs and egg sacs. F1 . Mr HAE L J.RonERrs This,is theuldma.tq, comprehensive field guide ro spiders - a musr F for all arachnophiles everywhere and a viial inrroduction for ajl other naturalists. U) the colour plates are superb Neø Scientist il' packed full of informat:ton Nøtwre much the best book on the subjecr at any price Natural \l/orld Booþ of the year' OF Bnncll.¡ & NonrHrRt 'tí Eunop¡ - .--,-<( ISBN 0-00-2199S1-5 , ,r[,[1,r, il,7.99 8 450 SPECIES ILLUSTRATED Key to the Families of Northern Buropean Spiders KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF NORTHERN EUROPEAN SPIDERS 39 The cornplete newcomel' to spidels may initiàlly just compal'e the specimen with the Adult female Immature femâle colour plates and sometimes come up with the correct identification; the expelienced Palp paP arachnologist will seldom use the keys at all. Between these two extremes, the key should enable a specimen to be tracked down to the corrcct fàrnily in an ordered sequence. There is nothing particularly clever or 'scientific' in slavishly using a key and if you can fìnd a quicker, altemative route to the fàmily, genus, genitalia and final ìdentification, then use it! However', in addition to being an aid to identifìcation, the key presents concise details of the characters of each family and it can be a usetul exercise to work through it, even thongh the specirnen has been identified by gen- eral appearance alone. As tàr as possible, the key utilises easily visible structlrres, and is designed to work whether using a stereomicroscope on preserved specimens incloors, or a field rnicroscope/lens in the field (see p. 32). Where characters are not tàirly easily seen with the lens in the field, the syrnbol t is f'ollowed by alternative no guidelines, including any web structul'e. The latter is dealt with in rnore detail under Webs (p. 61) and reference to this will in any case be of use in the field. Some spi- ders ale identifiable to species level using the nakecl eye o[ a hand lens. Others wilì lequire the use of a low-power field microscope or higher-power steleomicroscope tbr full identification, although it will still be possible to place ther¡ in rhe corecr Adult male Immature male farnily or-genus. Wren using the key, it is impoftant to start at the begir-rning and work palP through systernatically. The key is partly dichotomous, but sornetimes several alter- PAIP natives are given, one aftel the other, partly to avoid confusion and partly to avoid undue repetition of 'spider not like this'. Any terms used which you do not under.- stând will be found in The Structure of Spiders (p. l2) or in the Glossary (p. 371), but the accompanying iliustrzrtions should largely avoid :ury confusion. The size of a spider is measured fiom the tì'ont of the carapace to the hind tip of the abclomen and the ranges givel r-eltrte to adults only. Identification to species level usually re<¡uiles examination of Lhe secondary sexual organs, which ar-e visible externally. The tèmale epigyne is on the underside of the abdomen; the left rnale palp is illus- trated f'or each species - usually from the outside, sometimes frorn below. Befbre stalting the key proper, it is necessary to determine the sex aDd rnaturity of tl-re spec- imen, since problems may arise with immatrLres. Remember', some large specimens rnay be immatures of large species; some tiny specimens may be adult. Preliminary Examination - Sex and Maturity no ePrgyne l. Tarsus of palp not swollen or modified in any way 2 Tarsus of palp swollen or rrrodified into compìex structures 3 2 Underside of abdomen with epigyne (a sclerotized structure Differentiation of sex and maturity or projecting tongue) in the midìine, just in fìont of 4a. Spider with onìy six eyes, grouped closely FOLLOW MAIN KEy FROM 7 epigastric told. ADULT FEMALE No such epigyne str:ucture visibìe 4 4b. Spider with chelicerae as long as carapace FOLLOW MAIN KEy FROM I 3. Swollen talsus ofpalp smooth, with no projections IMMATURE MALE 4c. Spider not like this and not like the colour illustrations of Tarsus with various projecting stnlcl,urcs ADULT MALE Pachygnatha andTetragnatha (Plare 26) IMMATURE FEMALE sp Ifyour till be possible to identify it ro famiiy or genus level, but the key will nor apply. A small a in the key indicates recorded in Britain. - 40 SPIDERS OF BRITAIN & NORTHERN EUROPE KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF NORTHERN EUROPEAN SPIDERS 4T The Family Key E These structures visible only in larger species; all cribellate species appear on Plates 1 and 2; webs of commonest species composed of woolly cribellate L Chelicerae massive, projecting forwards and as silk which appears bluish when fresh (Webs, p. 62-4). long as carapace; articulated for upward cribellum cribettum and downwa¡d (pick-axe) movement. Posterior spinners with three segments Suborder ORTHOGNATHA (Mygalomorphae) OnIy two specres rn regron; appearance unmistakable ATYPIDAE p. 76 -ffi- spinners from below caìamistrum eyes Atypidae calamisûum (Orthognatha) sc metatùsus and tilsus of ìeg lV Cribellum and calamistrum absent '7 I 3. Head region large, bulbous: characteristic eye arrangement. Female velvety black; male abdomen scarlet with black sPots ERESIDAE p. 78 Eresus 6 Chelicerae large, small or projecting, but articulated for inward and outward (pincer) movement. Posterior spinners never with more tban two segments Suborder LABIDOGNATHA (Araneomo¡phae) 2 -^ ooooo o t- ooooo oo Eresus I carapace md eyes Eresidae Not as above 4 Labidognatha 4. Eyes grouped closely together; posterior media¡s irregular 2. Cribellum present anterior to spinners (reduced in male). in shape. Anal tubercle with fringe of long curved hairs. Female with calamistrum on metatarsus IV Cribellate spiders 3 Pale yellowish spider with black markings. Adults 2-2.5mrn in length (illusnation next page) OECOBIIDAE p. 89 *,-.li.,:;i+:. __- 42 SPIDERS OF BRITAIN & NORTHERN EUROPE KEy TO THE FAMILIES OF NORTHERN EUROPEAN SPIDERS 43 6b. Abdomen either unicolorous brown-grey with no markings whatsoever, or clearly ma¡ked with two pairs of light blotches A TITANOECIDAE p. 81 Amaurobiidae Titanoecidae Oecobíus ? ? Amaurobius ? Oecobiidae Titanoecct Not as above 5 Dictyna ? 5. Anterior and posterior lateral eyes widely sep¿rated; meta- tarsus IV and calamistrurn curved when viewed from side Dictynidae d ULOBORIDAE p. 90 anterior laterâ[ 6c. Small spider, 4mm or less; abdominal markings posterior variable. but not as above. Calamistrum a lateral eye single row of bristles DICTYNIDAE p. 82 7 Spider with only six eyes, easily seen from above, in a fairlv compacr group. Male palpal organs relatively simple; no epigyne in adult female. Haplogyne spiders g Spider with eight eyes, sometimes in rcws togetheÌ.(laterals ULoborus Hypt¡otes may be touching), sometimes widely separated (with some Uloboridae not easily seen at first). Male palpal organs relatively more complex; adult female with epigyne Entelegyne spiders 9 , 8a. Small spider ( 1.5-2mm.¡. Anterior and posterior lateral eyes close together 6 Uniformly pale Oonops ? anterior lateral eye yellow or pinkish posterior lateral oo red. Eyes in eye compact group which is almost as wide as head OONOPIDAF p. 91 8b. Whole spider markecl clearly with black Scytodes I on pale yellow back- ground. Carapace appears almost 6¿. Fairly large spider, 5-15mm. Abdominal panem broadly ci¡cular from sir¡ilar in all species. Calamistrum with double ¡ow of above and bristles (illustration next page) AMAUROBIIDAE p. 7g humped up from side and is roughly the same size as abdomen SCYTODIDAE p. 92 -il 44 SPIDERS OF BRITAIN & NORTHERN EUROPE KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF NORTHERN EUROPEAN SPIDERS 45 8c. Eyes clustered almost 9b. to form a circle. No abdominal SALTICIDAE p. 179 pattem DYSDERIDAE p. 93 þsdera ? Sahicus I 8d. Eyes in three groups of t\¡r'o. Abdomen usually Salricidae pwaitthte mclear SEGESTRIIDAE p. 96 9c Spitnhniredrs t oa rhraanlgf-ewda yin f rao Fma nsspvienrnseer s rotow .e pTirgaacshteriac l fsôpldir.a cSlemsa lolne_ spider HAHNIIDAE p. 253 Segestria I tracheal 9a. Carapace almost circular; as Wide as long. Anterior median rest, which are arranged cÌosely s extremely long; tarsi with PHOLCIDAE p. 98 Haturiidae Hahnia I ,: 9d. Eyes arranged in hexagonal panem; small anterior medians may not be visible from directlvabove. Vgry long leg spines OXYOPIDAEp.206 oo Oryopes ? Pholcus 9 / Pholcidae Oxyopidae 46 SPIDERS OF BRITAIN & NORTHERN EUROPE KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF NORTHERN EUROPEAN SPIDERS 47 9e. Anterior spinners much larger than the rest and arising frorn or Front face of carapace with a row of four srnall, equal-sized a large, pale, cylindrical projection. Anterior median eyes anterior eyes, easily seen from above; above an-d behind larger than the rest; posterior medians small and irregular. Upper surface of abdomen dark; under surface paìe ZODARIIDAE p. 100 i- úr@Þp Ncaoratep:a cZee-rlrr-r (Agelenidae) has recurved posterior eyes PISAURIDAE p. 236 unequal in size and conspicuous long spinners. eyes from above spinners fìom below sPÌnners liom ø oo side OOOO Zodaríoru 9 Zod,arlidae 9f. Front fàce of carapace with a row of four small, equal-sized baenhteinrido rt heeysees , an loatr geears pilya ils eoefn ptoì'sotmer iaobr omvee;d aiabno veey easn dand Pisaura Pisaura Dolomedes firther back a pair of posterior lateral eyes of the sarre size. From in front, they sometimes appear as three sepalate rows. From above, a line through the median and lateral eyes of the posterior row crosses the midline ahead of the carapace LYCOSIDAEp 209 Pisauridae Pisaura I carying egg sac Parelosa 9with egg sac Lycosidae th Front slope of carapace with a row of four eyes which are roughly the same size as those in the strongly recurved posterior row. Eyes closely grouped; separãied by scarcely more than their diameters. Carãpace paló yellowish with a pair ofbrown bands running longirudinally ZORIDAE p. 144 Zorídae ooo Zora ? Pardosa Pardosa TrochostL - 48 SPIDERS OF BRITAIN & NORTHERN EUROPE KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF NORTHERN EUROPEAN SPIDERS 49 9i Legs III and IV fumished thickly with long, fìne hairs, contrasting markedly with legs I and II which have sparse, leg I fiom above very short hairs. Tracheal spiracles just behind epigastric fold. The only known species hàs an ahnost entirely subrnerged, aquatic exisrence ARGYRONETIDAE p. 23g tràcheal spiracles leg I frorn side Ero I Mimetidae leg IV leg I 91. Posterior spinners longer than anterio¡s and oftwo segments. Median spinners easily visible. A series of trictroUortrria, ãFì""-rå'"ri"g length, present on each tarsus, which also t o, ¡ $ In females of Cryphoeca rhese fearures ãf"fiiu"*J.i. Argyronetidae to see, but the single, small species has a h^isi"h lv distinctive appear¿uìce in borir sexes tplate íOj] AGELENIDAEp.240 ej. Tracheal spiracles easily visible half-way between spinners and epigastric fold. Dorsal surface of abdomen marked with distinctive dark patches ANYPHAENIDAE p. 146 K< spinners viewed from below tracheal trichobothrium t spiracles I l tas us I Tegenaria I Anyphaenidae 9k. Legs I and II, viewed lì'om above, with a series of prominent curved spines on the inner surface, pointing forwar.ds. Set between these are srnaller curved spines. Vìewed from the side,_the metatarsi appear curved. One to three pairs of small tubercles are present on the abdomen but may be difficult to see (see illustrations at top of next page) MIMETIDAE p. 257 Agelenidae Spider not fitting descriptions in 9a to 9l l0 - 50 SPÍDERS OF BR]TAIN & NORTHERN EUROPE KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF NORTHERN EUROPEAN SPTDERS 51 10. Eyes black and beady when each viewed from directly above (occasionally dark blue-grey) û_ Look carefully at the eyes; the extremely hairy male of the European species and usually surrounded by a paler area 11 MHeicr iraoemusn tahtiart uv sir e( Tsch eonmsi s(iHdeatee)r oips osdoidmaeet)ir.nes hastily misidentified ai tbat óf d ö'i ia.r'à Eyes pale or pearly when each viewed from above (apart from anterior.medians, which may be darker) and often dunounded by a ring of black pigment Micrommata ? Ë[etelopodidae l1 Posterior row of,eyes, viewed from above, recurved (curved backwards); sometimes almost straight, but never procurved (curved forwards). Many species crab-like, 12. Tarsi with th¡ee claws, an upper pair and âsingle rnedian with legs I and II longer and stouter than the rest; others claw, easily visible and not obscured bytufts of hair'; not at all crab-like THOMISIDAE p. 147 sometimes also with auxiliary foot claws 15 ffi.€ aù cÐot auxiliary foot claw Ara¡reidae Theridiidae Linyphiidae Tarsi-with only two claws which may be partly obscured by Tibellus ? tufts of hair 13 Xysticus ? Thomisidae scopuìa Posterior row of eyes, viewed liom above, slightly procurved. All eyes ringed with white. Female spider entirely green; male with red abdorrinal stripes ,S The claws may be visible with a lens in larger species but impossible to see along midline and sides HETEROPODID AE p. 147 idne ofitnhietersly. Ihfa tvhee tshpreidee rc lhaawss .b eIef nfr efoeu-rnudn ninin ga , woerb fousuéndd fuonr dceart cshtoinngé Jp, roeyi ,i nit awill -- 52 SPIDERS OF BRITAIN & NORTHERN EUROPE KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF NORTHERN EUROPEAN SPIDERS 53 silken cell with no snare, and if ithas a cylindrical body \¡/ith mousy hairs or oools iridescence, then ìt will almost certainly have only two claws. The families in the rest of the key with only two claws a¡e on Plates 2-6 (Gnaphosidae, Clubionidae, Liocranidae) and a quick glance at t}rese should enable you to proceed. If the specimen looks like none of these, it may be a web spinner on the loose (especially males), or could be a three-clawed species which has abandoned web-spinning altogether. Clubiona Scotina P hrurolithus 13. Anterior spinners cylindrical, slightly longer than posteriors, and separated so that median spinners are easily visible between them (from below). Posterior median eyes usually oval or irregular in shape (circular in Scorophaeusanò.someZelotes) GNAPHOSIDAEp. 101 caapaces fron above; spinners from beìow crapaces from above; spinners from below e s ?_s oooô o Q' b o¿ oo s o o b I Drqssodes Scolophaeus Micaria Clubionidae Micaria ? Drqssod.es I Clubiorca 9 Total r¡/idth of eye group less than half the width of carap-a ce Gnaphosidae at its widest point. Labium as broad as long LIOCRAMDAE p. 136 $ Spinners easily seen with a lens in most species, but ¡of in Micaria where the characteristic eyes ¿ìre also too small to see properly. These iridescent, rather ant-like spiders (illustration here and on Plate 5) are easily recognisable in the field but you should also check the specimen with illustrations of Phrurolithus (Plate 6) artd Steatoda phalerata (Plate 23). Anterior spinners cylindrical or conical, and close together, obscuring the median spinners. Posterior spinners often slightly longer and occasionally of two segments. Posterior median eyes circular (see illustrations at top of following page) 14 Liocranidae 14. Total width of eye group at least half the width of carapace Phrurolithus ? at its vvidest point Labium appreciably longer than broad (see illustrations on following page) CLUBIONIDAE p. 124 Agroeca I .- 54 SPIDERS OF BRITAIN & NORTHERN EUROPE KEY TO THE FAMILTES OF NORTHERN EUROPEAN SPIDERS 55 15. Tarsus IV with a comb of serrated bristles on the under (ventral) sufface (See note, E, below). Legs with very fevv Labium with the front spines; one or two on each patella, two on each margin not, or hardly, tibia and norle at all on any of the swollen femora. Most species with â¡ Theridíon ? abdominal pattem or at THERIDIIDAE p. 260 Ieast some liglit markings, bul a uery few are 17 Maxillae much Ìonger than bload (since they often oroiect unicolorous grey-black 16 y.llrul]yt you rnay need ro view rhem slþhtly lrom baedhiundlt)s. Most species spin orb webs; sorñe spin no web as TETRAGNATHIDAE p. 298 Tarsus IV with no comb of senated blistles. Legs, in welì- maxilla patterned species, generally with many spines and with at Tetragnathidae least one, prolaterally, on femur I, but many species with a unicoÌorous grey-black abdomen have very few spines (see below) 17 can be very t high nd in males help whether specìmen e orb web or a sheet web (pelhaps supported by criss-cross tlueads), fbllow the key fiom 17. If from a three-dintensional web mainly composed of haphazard criss-cross threads (and no well-developed sheer) rhen just follow i6 in the key. If the specinen has one or more spines on tèmur I, then it has no tarsal comb and you should fbllow the key from 17. Ifthere are no spines on femur I and the s(Ppleacteim 2en6 ),h Casy calno saab dcoomniicnaa l( Pplaatttee m2 9t)h eannd c Fherocnk titnhee lliilnluas tr(aPtliaotne s3 o2f) , paalcl hoyfg wnahtihcah Maxillae not, or scarcely, longer than broad 18 have no tarsal comb; go straight to the main text if the specimen rnatches one of these. The rure Neriene radiata (p. 368) lacks fèmoral spines but has an unmistakable web (p. 74) If it is none of these then follow the key from 16. If the spider is grey tight markings, it may have a tarsal ipoena (plate2l, p.268), Robertus eonoe (p.295) or Íhe specíes Enopl main text if the of these, it is a .money spider, (part of the ght to p. 345. Although the above is a diversion ng since it will acquaint you with two very 18. 16. Labium with the front margin rather swollen and sausage-like. The single species has a highly characteÌistic appearance some of (Plate 25 Nesticus lled taut celLulanus) and genitalia ur (p. 68). which are easily THERIDIOSOMATIDAE p. 29? identified with a lens NESTICIDAE p. 296 Spider, although perhaps with some ofthese characters, not having them all 19

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Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.