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OVER TWO M I LLION COPIES SOLD .Fllftarnin- o"'.. t4...'l Collins Collins French Crammar Harpercollins Publishers When you buy a Collins dictionary Westerhill Road or thesaurus and register on Bishopbriggs wurw.collinslanguage,com for the free CONTENTS clasgow online and digital services, you will not G64 2qT be charged by HarperCollins for access to Creat Britain Collins free Online Dictionary content or Foreword for language teachers V Collins free OnlineThesaurus content on First Edition 2oo4 that website. However, your operator's Introduction for students vi charges for using the internet on your Reprint 15 14 13 12 11 10 computer will apply, Costs vary from Glossary of grammar terms vill operator to operator. Harpercollins is not Nouns o HarperCollins Publishers zoo4 responsible for any charges levied by online 1 Using nouns service providers for accessing Collins free 1 rsBN 978-o-oo-219644-9 Online Dictionary or Collins free Online Gender 2 Thesaurus on www.collinslanguage.com Forming plurals 9 Collins@ and Bank ofEnglish@ are using these services. registered trademarks of Articles 12 HarperCollins Publishers Limited HarperCollins does not wafiant Different types of article 12 that the functions contained in The definite article: le, la, l' and les 13 www.collinslanguage.com www.collinslanguage.com content will be uninterrupted or error free, The indefinite article: un, une and des 't9 A catalogue record for this book is avaiiable that defects wiII be corrected, or that The partitive article: du, de la, de l'and des 22 from the British Library www.collinslanguage.com or the server that makes it available are free of viruses Adjectives 25 Typeset by Davidson Pre-Press, Clasgow or bugs. HarperCollins is not responsible Using adjectives 25 for any access difficulties that may be Making adiectives agree 27 Printed in Italy by Rotolito Lombarda spA experienced due to problems with network, web, online or mobile phone connections. Word order with adjectives 32 Comparatives and superlatives of adjectives 34 Acknowledgements Demonstrative adjectives: ce, cette, cet and ces 37 We would like to thank those authors and PUBLISHING DIRECTOR publishers who kindly gave permission for Lorna Knight Possessive adjectives 39 copydght material to be used in the Collins Indefinite adjectives 4'l WTimoreds WNeebw. sWpaep werosu lLdt da lfsoor lpikreo vtiod itnhgank MEDicIThOeRlaIA CL lDaIrRiECTOR Pronouns 42 valuable data. Personal pronouns: subject 43 MANACING EDITOR Personal pronouns: direct object 47 All dghts reserved. No part ofthis Maree Airlie Personal pronouns: indirect object 49 publication may be reproduced, stored . in a retrieval system or transmitted, in CONTRIBUTORS Emphatic pronouns 51 any form or by any means, electronic, WendyLee Possessive pronouns 54 mechanical, photocopying, recording or Cadlle Amiot-Cadey en and y 56 otherwise, without the prior permission Di Larkin of the publisher. This book is sold subject Using different types of pronoun together 59 to the conditions that it shall not, by way We would like to give special thanks to Indefinite pronouns 60 of trade or otherwise, be lent, re-sold, hired Di Larkin, Foreign Languages Consultant, Relative pronouns 62 out or otherwise circulated without the and Irene Muir, Faculty Head, Belmont publisher's prior consent in any form of House School, for all their advice on Demonstrative pronouns 65 binding or cover other than that in which teaching practice in today's classroom. Verbs 69 it is published and without a similar Their contributions have been invaluable condition including this condition being in the writing of this book. The three coniugations 69 imposed on the subsequent purchaser. The present tense 71 The present tense: regular -er (first conjugation) verbs 72 Entered words that we have reason to The present tense: regular -ir (second conjugation) verbs 74 believe constitute trademarks have been designated as such. However, neither the The present tense: regular -re (third conjugation) verbs 76 presence nor absence of such designation The present tense: spelling changes in -er verbs 78 should be regarded as affecting the legal The present tense: irregular verbs 82 status of anv trademark. The imperative 85 Reflexive verbs 88 The imperfect tense 92 FOREWORD FOR LANGUAGE TEACHERS The future tense 98 The conditional 105 The perfect tense 111 The pluperfect tense 1't9 The fosy Leorning French Crommar is designed to be used with both young The passive 122 and adult learners, as a group reference book to complement your course The present participle 12s book during classes, or as a recommended text for self-study and lmpersonal verbs 127 homework/coursework. The subjunctive 129 The text specifically targets learners from ab initio to intermediate or CCSE Verbs followed by an infinitive 133 level, and therefore its structural content and vocabulary have been matched Other uses of the infinitive "t37 to the relevant specifications up to and including Higher CCSE. Negatives 138 The approach aims to develop knowledge and understanding of grammar and Questions 142 your learners' ability to apply it by: How to ask a question in French 142 r defining parts of speech at the start of each major section with Question words 146 examples in English to clarify concepts Adverbs ',52 e minimizing the use of grammar terminology and providing clear How adverbs are used 1s2 How adverbs are formed '152 explanations of terms both within the text and in the Glossary o illustrating all points with examples (and their translations) based on Comparatives and superlatives of adverbs 155 topics and contexts which are relevant to beginner and intermediate Some common adverbs 157 course content Word order with adverbs 160 Prepositions 162 The text helps you develop positive attitudes to grammar learning in your How prepositions are used 162 classes by: i, de and en 163 o giving clear, easy-to-follow explanations Some other common prepositions 17'l Prepositions consisting of more than one word 177 o prioritizing content according to relevant specifications for the levels Prepositions after verbs 178 . sequencing points to reflect course content, e.g. verb tenses Prepositions after adjectives 183 o highlighting useful Tips to deal with common difficulties Conjunctions "184 . summarizing Key points at the end of sections to consolidate et mais, ou, parce que and si 184 learning Some other common conjunctions 186 The conjunction que 187 In addition to fostering success and building a thorough foundation in French Numbers 188 grammar, the optional Grammar Extra sections will encourage and challenge Time and date 190 your learners to further their studies to higher and advanced levels. Some common difficulties 193 The alphabet 198 Main index 199 Verb tables 1-94 Verb index 95-105 Note on trademarks Entered words which we have reason to believe constitute trademarks have been designated as such. However, neither the presence nor the absence of such designation should be regarded as affecting the legal status of any trademark. INTRODUCTION FOR STUDENTS rtp lf you are in doubt as to which form of you to use, it is safest to Whether you are starting to learn French for the very first time, brushing up on use vous and you will not offend anybody. topics you have studied in class, or revising for your CCSE exams, the fosy Leorning French Grommor is here to help. This easy-to-use guide takes you through all the basics you will need to speak and understand modern, Key points sum up all the important facts about a particular area of grammar, everyday French. to save you time when you are revising and help you focus on the main grammatical points. Newcomers can sometimes struggle with the technical terms they come across when they start to explore the grammar of a new language. fhe Eosy Leorning French Crammor explains how to get to grips with all the parts of speech you Key points y' + will need to know, using simple language and cutting out jargon. Wittr masculine singular nouns use un. y' i Witn feminine singular nouns use une. The text is divided into sections, each dealing with a particular area of y' r grammar. Each section can be studied individually, as numerous cross- y' witn plural nouns * use des. references in the text point you to relevant points in other sections of the book un, une and des change to de or d'in negative for further information. sentences. ( tne indefinite article is not usually used when you say what Every major section begins with an explanation of the area of grammar jobs people do, or in exclamations with quel. covered on the following pages. For quick reference, these definitions are also collected together on pages viii-xii in a glossary of essential grammar terms. lf you think you would like to continue with your French studies to a higher What is a verb? level, check out the Grammar Extra sections. These are intended for advanced A verb is a 'doing' word which describes what someone or something students who are interested in knowing a little more about the structures they does, what someone or something is, or what happens to them, for will come across beyond CCSE. exampfe, be, sing, live. Orammar Extra! lf you want to use an adjective after quelque chose, rien, quelqu'un and Each grammar point in the text is followed by simple examples of real French, personne, you link the words with de. complete with English translations, helping you understand the rules. quelqu'un d'important someone important Underlining has been used in examples throughout the text to highlight the quelque chose gl'int6ressant something interesting grammatical point being explained. rien d'amusant nothing funny l lf you are talking about a part of your body, you usually use a word like my or his in English, but in French you usually use the definite article. Finally, the supplement at the end of the book contains Verb Tables, where 93 Tourne la tete i gauche. Turn your head to the left. important French verbs (both regular and irregular) are declined in full. ll s'est cass6 le bras. He's broken his arm. Examples show you how to use these verbs in your own work. lf you are unsure of how a verb declines in French, you can look up the Verb Index on J'ai mal d la gorge. l've got a sore throat. pages 95-1 05 to find either the conjugation of the verb itself, or a cross- reference to a model verb, which will show you the patterns that verb follows. ln French, as with any foreign language, there are certain pitfalls which have to be avoided. Tips and Information notes throughout the text are useful We hope that you will enjoy using the Eosy Learning French Grqmmor and fnd it reminders of the things that often trip learners up. useful in the course of your study. CON|UNCTION a word such as and, window?' -'He did.' Also called GLOSSARY OF GRAMMAR TERMS becouse or but that links two words stressed pronoun. or phrases of a similar type or two ENDING a form added to a verb, for ABSTRACT NOUN a word used to example, wolk, have, be, go. Compare parts of a sentence, for example, example, go-> gogg and to refer to a quality, idea, feeling or with infinitive. Diqne and I hove been friends for adjectives and nouns depending on experience, rather than a physical CARDINAL NUMBER a number used yeors.; I left because I was bored. whether they refer to masculine, object for example, size, reoson, in counting, for example, onet seven/ CONSONANT a letter of the feminine, singular or plural things. hoppiness. Compare with concrete ninety. Compare with ordinal alphabet which is not a vowel, for EXCLAMATION a word, phrase or noun. number. example, b, f, m, s, y etc. Compare sentence that you use to show you ADf ECTIVE a 'describing' word that CLAUSE a group of words containing with vowel. are surprised, shocked, angry and so tells you more about a person or a verb. CONSTRUCTION an arrangement of on, for exampfe/ Wow!; How dore thing, such as their appearance, COMPARATIVE an adjective or words together in a phrase or you!; What o surprise! colour, size or other qualities, for adverb with -er on the end of it or sentence. FEMININE a form of noun, pronoun AveexDraVbmsE,pR laeBd, jaep crwetivtoteyrsd, boulurs euo,a thlblyeig r.u saeddv ewrbitsh ftmooor creeo xmoarmp a/perlsees, ipnse loofrwpolener,t, otlhefs insit g imtsh paootr r tiaosc nuttis,oends, CDEomFIpNaITreE wAiRthT ICinLdEe ftihneit ew oarrdti ctlhee.. oclilvra isnasgdej edb ceatiisvn egm ,at htshaciunt lgiisn eou.sr eidde tao trheafet ri st on oat that gives more information about more corefully. DEMONSTRATIVE ADTECTIVE one of FUTURE a verb tense used to talk when, where, how or in what COMPOUND NOUN a word for a the words this, thot, these and those about something that will happen or circumstances something happens, living being, thing or idea, which is used with a noun to point out a will be true. for example, quickly, happily now. made up of two or more words, for particular person or thing, for AGREE (to) to change word endings example, tin-opener, roilway stotion. example, this woman, thot dog. GorE aNdDjeEcRti vwe hies tfheemr inai nneo uonr, mpraosncouulinne. according to whether you are CONCRETE NOUN a word that refers DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN one of referring to masculine, feminine, to an object you can touch with your the words this, thqt, these and those IMPEMTIVE the form of a verb used singular or plural people or things. hand, rather than to a quality or used instead of a noun to point out when giving orders and instructions, AenGdRinEgEsM aEcNcoTr dcihnagn tgoin wg hweothredr you iCdoema,p faorre ewxaitmh paleb, sbtraallc, t mnaopu,n o.pples. ploeookps lefu no.r things, for example, Ihot fDoor netx agmo!ple, Shut the door!; Sit down!; are referring to masculine, feminine, CONDITIONAL a verb form used to DIRECT OBTECT a noun referring to IMPERFECT one of the verb tenses singular or plural people or things. talk about things that would happen the person or thing affected by the used to talk about the pasf especially APOSTROPHE s an ending ('s) added ocor nwdoituioldn sb, ef otrru eex aumndpeler ,c Ie wrtaoiunld help action described by a verb, for ihna pdepsecnriinpgtio onrs ,u saendd ttoo hsaapy pwehna, tf owras tsoo ma enoonuen otro ssohmowet hwinhgo boer lownhgas tto, wyohua tif yI ocuo uwldo. ultld is l iakles oo ru sneede dto, fsoary ethxea mwpinfdeo, wS.h eC womroptea rhee rw nitohm ien.d; iIr eshcutt ewxaasm spunlen,y I auts ethde t ow eweaklekn tdo. sCcohmoopl;a rIet for example, Danielle's dog, the object. with perfect. example, Could you give me the bill? doctor's wife, the book's cover. CONIUGATE (to) to give a verb DIRECT OBTECT PRONOUN a word IMPERSONAL VERB one which does ART|CLE a word like the, o and an, different endings according to such as me, him, us and them which not refer to a real person or thing which is used in front of a noun. See whether you are referring to I, you, is used instead of a noun to stand in and where the subject is represented also definite article, indefinite they and so on, and according to for the person or thing most directly by it, for example, lt's going to ioin; article and partitive article. whether you are referring to past affected by the action described by It's 10 o'clock AUXILIARY VERB a verb such as be, present or future, for example, I hove, the verb. Compare with indirect INDEFINITE ADIECTIVE one of a hove and do when it is used with a she had, they will hove. object pronoun. small group of adjectives used to talk main verb to form tenses, negatives CONfUGATION a group of verbs EMPHATIC PRONOUN a word used about people or things in a general and questions. which have the same endings as each instead of a noun when you want to way, without saying who or what BASE FORM the form of the verb other or change according to the emphasize something, for example, they are, for example, several, oll, without any endings added to it, for same pattern. ls this for me?; 'Who broke the every. INDEFINITE ARTICLE the words o and for example, Whsls hoppening?; PART OF SPEECH a word class, for person or thing. Compare with an. Compare with definite article. Who's coming? exampfe, noun, verb, odjective, singular. INDEFINITE PRONOUN a small INVARIABLE used to describe a form preposition, pronoun. POSSESSIVE ADf ECTIVE one of the group of pronouns such as which does not change. PARTITIVE ARTICLE the words sorne words m1q your, his, her, its, our or everything, nobody and something, IRREGULAR VERB a verb whose or eny, used to refer to part of a their, used with a noun to show that which are used to refer to people or forms do not follow a general pattern thing but not all of it, for example, , one person or thing belongs to things in a general way, without or the normal rules. Compare with Have you got Sny money?; l'm going another. saying exactly who or what they are. regular verb. to buy some breod. POSSESSIVE PRONOUN one of the INDIRECT OBf ECT a noun used with MASCULINE a form of noun, PASSIVE a form of the verb that is words mine, yours, hers, his, ours or verbs that take two objects. For pronoun or adjective that is used to used when the subject of the verb is theirs, used instead of a noun to example, in I gove the carrot to the refer to a living being, thing or idea the person or thing that is affected show that one person or thing robbit, the rqbbitis the indirect object that is not classed as feminine. by the action, for example t we were belongs to another. Canodm pcaarrreo tw isit hth ed idreircetc to obbjejecct.t. NEGATIVE a question or statement told. PfoRr;E wPiOthS, IiTnItOo No ri sf rao mw,o rwdh iscuhc his a uss aufa,lly which contains a word such as not, PAST PARTICIPLE a verb form which INDIRECT OBIECT PRONOUN when followed by a noun, pronoun or, in never or nothing, and is used to say is used to form perfect and a verb has two objects (a direct one Engfish, a word ending in -ing. and an indirect one), the indirect that something is not happening, is pluperfect tenses and passives, for Prepositions show how people and onbojuenc tt op rsohnoowu nth ies upseersdo inn soter athd eof a nI onet vterur ee aotr m ise aobt; sDenofn 'fto yro eux laomvep lme,e? epaxartmicippllee,s waoretc haelsdo, uswseudm a. sS aodmjeec tpivaesst, tsheinntgesn cree,l aftoer teox tahme prlees, t Sohfe t'sh eof home; thing the action is intended to NOUN a'naming'word for a living for exampfe, a broken watch. a tool fel cutting gross; lt's from Dovid. benefit or harm, for example, me in being, thing or idea, for example, PERFECT one of the verb tenses used PRESENT a verb form used to talk He gave me q book and Cqn you get womary desk, hoppiness, Andrew. to talk about the past especially about what is true at the moment me a towel? Compare with direct NUMBER used to say how many about actions that took place and what happens regularly, and what is object pronoun. things you are referring to or where were completed in the past. happening now, for example, /'m o INDIRECT QUESTION used to tell something comes in a sequence. See Compare with imperfect. student; I trqvel to college by train; l'm someone else about a question and also ordinal number and cardinal PERSON one of the three classes: the studvino lonauqses. introduced by a verb such as osk, tell number. first person (1, we), the second person PRESENT PARTICIPLE a verb form or wonder, for example, He osked me OBTECT a noun or pronoun which (you singular and you plural), and the ending in -ing which is used in whot the time wos; I wonder who he is. refers to a person or thing that is third person (he, she, it and they). English to form verb tenses, and INFINITIVE the form of the verb with affected by the action described by PERSONAL PRONOUN one of the which may be used as an adjective or fo in front of it and without any the verb. Compare with direct group of words including l, you and a noun, for example, What ore you endings added, for example, to wolk, obiect, indirect object and subject. they which are used to refer to doing?; the setting sun; Swimming is to hove, to be, to go. Compare with OBIECT PRONOUN one of the set of yourself, the people you are talking easy! base form. pronouns including me, him and to, or the people or things you are PRONOUN a word which you use INTERROGATIVE ADIECTIVE a them, which are used instead of the talking about. instead of a noun, when you do not question word used with a noun to noun as the object of a verb or need or want to name someone or ask who?, whqfT or which? for preposition. Compare with subject PLUPERFECT one of the verb tenses something directly, for example, lf, example, Whqt instruments do you pronoun. used to describe something that had you, none. ploy?; Which shoes do you like? ORDINAL NUMBER a number used happened or had been true at a PROPER NOUN the name of a point in the past, for example, /'of INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN one of to indicate where something comes person/ place, organization or thing. forqotten to finish mv homework. the words who, whose, whom, what in an order or sequence, for example, Proper nouns are always written with and which when they are used first, fifth, sixteenth. Compare with PLURAL the form of a word which is a capitaf letter, for example, Kevin, instead of a noun to ask questions, cardinal number. used to refer to more than one Glasgow, Europe, London Eye. QUESTION WORD a word such as described by the verb, for example, NOUNS why, where, who, which or how which My cqt doesn't drink milk. Compare is used to ask a question. with object. REFLEXIVE PRONOUN a word SUBTECT PRONOUN a word such as What is a noun? ending in -self or -selves, such as l, he, she and theywhich carries out A noun is a 'naming'word for a living being, thing or idea, for example, myself or themselves, which refers the action described by the verb. womont happiness, Andrew. back to the subject, for example, Pronouns stand in for nouns when it He hurt himself.; Toke care of ypunell. is clear who is being talked about, for REFLEXIVE VERB a verb where the example, My brother isn't here ot the Using nouns subject and object are the same, and moment. He'll be back in an hour. where the action 'reflects back' on Compare with object pronoun. D In French, all nouns are either masculine or feminine. This is called their the subject. A reflexive verb is used SUBTUNCTIVE a verb form used in gender. Even words for things have a gender. with a reflexive pronoun such as certain circumstances to express D Whenever you are using a noun, you need to know whether it is mascullne myself, yourself, herself, for example, some sort of feeling, or to show or feminine as this affects the form of other words used with it, such as: I wqshed myself.; He shaved himself. doubt about whether something will o adiectives that describe it REGULAR VERB a verb whose forms happen or whether something is o follow a general pattern or the true. lt is only used occasionally in articles (such as le or une) that go before it . normal rules. Compare with irregular modern English, for example, /f / pronouns (such as il or elle) that replace it verb. were you, I wouldn't bother.; So be it. t) For more informotion on Adjectives, Articles or Pronouns, see pages 25, 12 RELATIVE PRONOUN a word such as SUPERLATIVE an adlective or adverb and 42. thot, who or which, when it is used to with -esf on the end of it or mosf or link two parts of a sentence together. /eosf in front of it that is used to D You can find information about gender by looking the word up in a SENTENCE a group of words which compare people, things or actions, dictionary. When you come across a new noun, always learn the word for usually has a verb and a subject. In for example, thinnesL most quickly, the or o that goes with it to help you remember its gender. writing, a sentence has a capital leqst interesting. o le or un before a noun tells you it is masculine letter at the beginning and a full SYLIABLE consonant+vowel units o stop, question mark or exclamation that make up the sounds of a word, la or une before a noun tells you it is feminine mark at the end. for example, co-the-dral (3 sylloble), D We refer to something as singular when we are talking about just one of SINGULAR the form of a word which im-po-ssi-ble (4 syllobles). them, and as plural when we are talking about more than one. The singular is used to refer to one person or TENSE the form of a verb which is the form of the noun you will usually find when you look a noun up in the thing. Compare with plural. shows whether you are referring to dictionary. As in English, nouns in French change their form in the plural. STEM the main part of a verb to the past, present or future. ) Adjectives, articles and pronouns are also affected by whether a noun is which endings are added. VERB a 'doing'word which describes singular or plural. STRESSED PRONOUN used instead what someone or something does, of a noun when you want to what someone or something is, or emphasize something, for example, what happens to them, for example, ls this for me?; 'Who broke the be, sing, Iive. Remember that you have to use the right word for the, o and window?' -'Hs did.' Also called VOWEL one of the letters o, e, i, o or so on according to the gender of the French noun. emphatic pronoun. u. Compare with consonant. SUBIECT the noun in a sentence or phrase that refers to the person or thing that does the action described by the verb or is in the state 2 Nourus Nourus 3 Gender ',21 Nouns referring to animals tr Nouns referring to people > ln English we can choose between words like bull or cow, depending on the l Most nouns referring to men and boys are masculine. sex of the animal we are referring to. In French too there are sometimes separate words for male and female animals. un homme a man un taureau a bull un roi a king une vache a cow F Most nouns referring to women and girls are feminine. Sometimes, the same word with different endings is used for male and une fille a girl female animals. une reine a queen un chien a (male) dog ) When the same word is used to refer to either men/boys or women/girls, une chienne a (female) dog, a bitch its gender usually changes depending on the sex of the person it refers to. un camarade a (male) friend rrp une camarade a (female) friend When you do not know or care what sex the animal is, you can un Belge a Belgian (man) usually use the masculine form as a general word. une Belge a Belgian (woman) Words for other animals do not change according to the sex of the animal. Grammar Extn! Just learn the French word with its gender, which is always the same. poisson Some words for people have only one possible gender, whether they refer to a male un a fish or a female. une souns a mouse un b6b6 a (male or female) baby un guide a (male or female) guide 11] Nouns referring to thinqs une personne a (male or female) person ) ln English, we call all things - for example, toble, cor, book, apple - 'i( . ln une vedette a (male or female) star French, however, things are either masculine or feminine. As things do not divide into sexes the way humans and animals do, there are no physical D In English, we can sometimes make a word masculine or feminine by clues to help you with their gender in French. Try to learn the gender as changing the ending, for example, Englishngn and EnglishwpmsL or prince you learn the word. and princess. In French, very often the ending of a noun changes depending on whether it refers to a man or a woman. L There are lots of rules to help you: o words ending in -e are generally feminine (une boulangerie a baker's; un Anglais an Englishman une banque a bank) une Anglaise an Englishwoman o words ending in a consonant (any letter except e, e, i, o or u) are un prince a prince generally masculine (un a6ropo{ an airporf un film a film) une princcssc a princess D There are some exceptions to these rules, so it is best to check in a un employ6 a (male) employee dictionary if you are unsure. une employ6e a (female) employee + For more informotion on Masculine snd feminine forms of words, see poge 7. For further explanation of grammatical tems, please see pages viii-xii. 4 Nourus Nourus 5 ) These endings are often found on masculine nouns. -on I un champignon a mushroom Masculine ending Examples un ballon a ball le citrgn the lemon -age un villaqe a village BUN un voyagg a journey une maison a house un 6tage a floor la saison the season le fromage cheese BUT: > The following types of word are also masculine: une image a picture . names of the days of the week, and the months and seasons of the year une page a page le lundi Monday la plage the beach septembre prochain next September -ment un appartement a flat le printemps Spring un b6timent a building o the names of languages le ciment cement le frangais French un vGtement a garment le portugais Portuguese -olr un mirqL a mirror un couloir a corridor Tu apprends le frangais depuis How long have you been learning temps? le sqL the evening combien de French? o un mouchoir a handkerchief most metric weights and measures -sme le tourismc tourism un gramme a gramme le racisme racism un mdtre a metre un cadeau a present un kilomitre a kilometre un chapeau a hat o English nouns used in French un gdteeu a cake le football football le rideau the curtain un tee-shirt a tee-shirt BUT: un sandwich a sandwich la peau skin lleau water D These endings are often found on feminine nouns. -eu un leu a oame Feminine endinq Examples -ou un cheu a cabbage -anGe la chance luck, chance le genou the knee -anse une danse a dance -ence la patience patience -rel le cahier the exercise book -ense la d6fense defence un quaillel an area BUT: un escalier a staircase lc silence silence -ton une r6gion a region -tn un magas!4 a shop une addition a bill un jardin a garden une r6union a meeting un dessin a drawing la circulatlon traffic le vin the wine BUT: BUT: un avion a plane la fin the end -t6 une sp6cialit6 a speciality une main a hand -ti6 la moiti6 half BUT: un 6t6 a summer For further explanation of grammatical terms, please see pages viii-xii. le p6t6 p6t6