Collins COBUILD Dictionary of Idioms: Helping learners with real English

514 Pages·1995·77.1 MB·English

by  John Sinclair

roLLINS
COBUILD
DICTIONARYO F
� •
COUlNS
TIlEV NIVERSITY
OF
BIRMINCIIAM OJBUILD
HarperColliruPublishers
HarperCPoulblliinssh ers
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COBUILDIs atr:a demm ofW iUiColalmi nSso n&s Co. ud.
CHarperCollinPusb lishers ud1 995
FitpsullX ishe1d995
Reprinted
1997
1098765432
Alrli grhetssf n'Neodpa .r to fthis bookm aybe reproduscteodr,e d
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or
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Acknowledgements
Corpus
\1;'(>w oullidk teo ack nowledtghease s istanCe ofthe many hundroefd s
indiviandd ucaolmspa niwesh oh a\'kindley givenpe rmissfioorn
copyrmiagthetrt iobea lused inThe Bank ofE nglTihsewh r.i tten
sou rces indumdaen natiyonal and regionenwsapapersl in Britaanidn
overseas; magazine and periodical puabnUbodso hkpe urbsU;s hine rs
BrittahiUenn ,i tSetda taesn,Ad u strEaxltiean.ss piovkede anthas a
beenpro videbdyr adainotd e levbiroadcassitoinn g companresearchi es;
y/orket'sa tm anuyn iverands iottiheiesnr s titauntndiu omnesr;o us
indivciodnutarli bWueat rogtrr s1.t teoft uhleaml l.
Note
Entewroedr dtsh av.'e thave reason 10 belie\'eronst itultrea demaru
hanb eedne signalts�udcH h. rn,e itthheperr esennocareb sence
as oweve
ofs uchd esignatisohno ubel rde gardase afdfect ingthe
legalS taolfUa Snl yrademark .
Typeset byM ortonWo rd Processing lui.
Printed inGr eatB ritainhy
CaledoniIanlnema tional Book ManufactUring1J dG,la :;gowG,64
EditoriTaela m
FoundinEgd itor·in·Chief
JohnS inclair
EditoriDailr ector
GwynetFho x
EditoriMaaln ager
RosamunMdo on
Editors
Elizabeth JennWya tson
Potter
Miranda
Michael L!x Timewell John Todd
ComputSetra ff ofE nglish
The Bank
Tim Lane Jeremy Clear
Zoe James SueSm ith
Secretarial StafT
SueC rawley
Design and Production
MicheDlelvee reux
TedC arden
PublishMiannga ger JiMlclN air
DebbiSeey mour LynseRyo xburgh
Managing DirectoCro,l llDnisc tionaries
RichaTrhdo mas
Acknowledgements
Wew oulldi ket hanJka nBer adbufurrhy e irn valuaasbslies tiann ce
to
readitnhgro ugthht ee xtt hed ictioannadcr oyn unentaitln engg tohni t
of
Clare HNo�seM cGuinneLssu.i sPal ajaan.dM ike worked
Marson, Stocks
on dictioniatresya rstages.l y andwe woulldi ke thefomr
this in to thank
theciorn tribuWtieow nosu.l d like Yuma ndK eith
also to thank Deborah
Harvfoeryt heciorn tribuatnido ancsk.n owltehdgeeri esearcrh at
to
CoBUliLOn tiod ioimnspart ,i culairnse ttinugp t hCeo BUILO IdioTmess ting
Initiaatnii nvvees:ti gaItnitolone arnpeerrresp't ioofnis d ioamnsdt hwea y
inw hich learindeirosdm isc tionaries.
use
JulPiean eloapen dRo biRno senbreeratgdh dei ctiotneaxartsoy u r
Dr
infonnoannA tmse ricEangnl isahn.dt ,o getwhietLrhu ciGnlea ssmaannd
Debbie Phoeslnpeedro ,n m anyp oinProfestsosr. Malcolm Coulthard and
us
Malcolm commenotnetd he t exatn ds uggestiemdp rovemWeen ts.
Goodale
grtefulaly acknowledgteh eciorn tribuatnidao dnvsi ce.
all
Finalwe lthanky , othmere mberst hCeo omwte amfo rt hesiurp port,
of
commenatsn.dsug ges tiotnhsr ougthhopeur to ject.
Introduction
The COBUILDD ictioonaryfI d iomlsi,k eother Cooou.vdicIst basedi onaries.
ona nex tensistvuedy ofa large corpusof modem Englitsehx tasn,ds oi tis i na
uniqulXlSei tiotno d escriibdei omisnCWTeJl t EngliIsdhi omares oneo ft he
most interestandi ndgi fficpualrtto sf thEeng lish vocabulary. Theyare
Interestbeicnagu steh earey colowiWa rxl liveandl y.b ecauset hearey
linguicsutriico siAttit ehses. a me time,th eyare difficbue1cta utseh ehya ve
unpredictmaebalnei nogrsc ollocatioanndsgr ammara,n do ftehna vsepe cial
connotatiIodniso.mare s frequenntelglye ctine dgen eral dictionaarnidie ns
caslsroom teachibnegca.u set heya rec onsidemraedr giniatelm sw hichare
quainbtut n ots ignificant.Y etr esearchi ntIod iomss howtsh athte yh ave
importraonltes i nspoken languaagnedi nw ritiinngpa .r ticuliancr o nveying
evaluatainodni snd evelopoirmn agi ntainiinntge ractTihoen s.
COBUILD
DictionoIaIrdyi omsest so utt og ivdee taicolveedr aget hofe sep oints.
Aboutt hidsi ctionary
TheC osull.DDictoiflodniaormiyssp rimariinltye ndfoerdt eachersE nglish
Of
and Intennediate-advanlearnceerds , althouweG hh opteh amta nyo ther
peopwliel filnd ItI nteresting and useful Itdeals witahp proximately
. 4400
Engliisdhi omands . them witah r iccho llecotfieoxna mplwehsi ch
illustrates
are drawfrnom TheB ankof Engliasnhdw hicshh Owh owi dioarems used in
mil EngliTheres h. isa workbo-othke COB UlLD IdiomWso rkboo-tko
accompanyt hed ictionwarriyt,teb ny Goodal e.I ti sd esignefdo bro th
Malcolm
class wando rsekl f-studyco,nc eanntrda teosn 250 of the idiomse xplaiinne d
thed ictionary.
Whati sa ni diom?
An kiiomi sa s pecialk inodf p hrasIeti. sa gr oupd words whichha vae
differe ntm eaninwghe n usedtogether from theo nei tw oulhda ve the
if
meaningo feach word\.l lereta keni ndlvWuaIfl yIoyu.d on otk now thatth e
wordhsa vaes pecial metogethera,n ingy oum aywe ll misinterwphraett
somronei ssa yinorg b,e p uzzled by whyt heya res ayisnogm ethitnhgai ts
untruoerir rele vantF.o re xamplleearners, mighnto trecogn ize thei dioms
biteSOItU!OI Ie'S head offa ndou tin thR rold. They woulthde nh avper oblems
understandrienmga rsukcsh as 'Donb'itte m y headof fj ustb ecause you're bad
temperaendd'' Thewerey g)ingt op latyog ethande r thaltef tme outi nt he
coldy,o uk now(These'. examplarees taken from transcribed ronversaHons in
The ofE nglish.)
Bank
Idiomares typicamleltya phorical:t heya reef fectivmeeltayp horsw hichha ve
become 'fixeodr'' fossiliIznsoe mde' .cases iti sfa irlyeastyose e howt he
,
Idiomamteainci ngr elatteots h el itermaela ninForge.x ampiek.il tlwo bir ds
witone hsto nemeans 'achitwoe vet hinagtst he samet imeand' ,t hei magien
them etaphsourp portthsim se aningo.t her thel itemreaaln inmgasy
In cases,
maken ose nsea t For examplfTUIVee ,heaven and earthl iterdaelslcryi bes
all.
ana ctiwohni cihs p hysicailmposlsyi blIen.a fe w further cases. the metaphors
Int heI diomares peculiaarn,dt heitrru eorigins areu nknowsno.i ti sv ery
di.fflculttose e how owrh yt hIed iomhsa vcomee to hatvheei r
C\ll1'ent
meaningFso.re xamplteh.e raree severexapll anatioofn kicks thebucket and
raining cats and dogs,b utn onei sv erysa tisfactory. While we donot explain
idiohmi storiinthes i sd iction\.lale roycca.s ionalmlayk eco mmentst oe xplain
wordwsh icmhi ghptu zzllearneer s. or toe xplacomimn ona llusiwohnisc areh
often madei nth ec onteoxfat n i diom.
Thes copoef t hed ictionary
TheC ofllJILD Dictionary oafl iadrignoemu sm becorvoerfstkl hioem sw hich
peoplaree liketlory m d Ienv erydEanygl ishI.t i nclutdreasd itiEonngalli sh
I,
Idiomssu chs a<>p itlhlbeea nsanad red hIetalsor riinngc.l udneusm ab erof
expressiwohnsi ccha nb eco nsider'esedm i·idiosommse' v:e rcoym mon multi­
word metaphorssu cah st haceid tesatn db rownipeo inmtes;t aphorical
proverbs salsel veryi :clhoud. has as ilver alndin iintngor pae nnyi.n jOar
poundco;m mon similes such asw hitesalu!ets aan do lads t hhilels; and some
otheerx pressiwohnisc hha veas trongp ragmatmieca ninsgu,c ahs famous
laswords t andt hatthswe ay thcoeokie crumbWlese. h avede liberatelayv oided
lnc1udingo thekri ndosr fixexepdres sions ucha sin facta nda tleast, or
greetiangnsd o therf ixefdo rmulsauec a<>h howdo youd oa nd excuse me. Many
of thesaree vercoym mon,b utt hey are dealwti tihn d etaiinourl general
dictionasruiceahs st, he C olliCnosB UIELnDg liDsihc tionary.
Some of the idiomsi nt heCo BUIDWi ctionoafIr dyi omalsos appeairno ther
CoBurwdictionarthieerset, h ebcyua tno nlbye gi venv erbryi ef entrioesf,t en
withouetx amplOthere s. idiomisnt heD ictionoafIr dyi omares toio nfrequent
to bei ncludiened v etnh el argest Cooou.odictionary.
Phrasal verbs - fixecdo mbinatoifov nesr bsa ndp articslesu,c ahs g ivuep p,u t
off.a ndth rowout - aredeah witihn t hCe osuu.oDictioofPhrn aasalr y Verbs.
Howeveexrp,r essiownhsi careh combinatioofnvse rbsp,a rticandl eflXeds , or
semi-fIXneodu nph raseares consider10e dbe Idiomrsa ththane r phrasal
verbsT.h imesa ns thayto uwil l finexdp ressisoucnhsa sg ivupe the ghoPsUtt.
SOInMI1e r:I! their stroke,a nd throthe wbaby out withthe bathwaur int he
COSUIDLDi ctionoafrJyd iormast,h thera ni nt hDei ctiono(aPhrasalr y Verbs.
Idioms and corpora
CoBUILD has baelewasnasocia yteds witthhe use ofco rporian l exicography.
All ourd ictionagramriesmars,, andu sagebo oks arebased onour
examinationosft hee videnicenlarge computer-hecolrdp oroafE nglisthe xts.
Sinc1e99 1we, havbeee n \.\.'Orklnwgi tThh eB anko fEngiisThh.i nso w
contain2s1 1mi lliwoordns , andi tis m adeu pfr om substanhtoikiailn gofs
Britiands hA mericEanngl istogetherh witshm allhero ldinogsfo ther
varietofi Eensg lisThh.et extinst heco rpusr angfer onme wspapers,
magazinfeisc,t ionn,o na·nfdi ctot transciroinb ed conversations and
broadcasting.
The COSU1LDDictioonfIa driyo mrse presents whatw eh avlearnee d about
IdiomisnT heBank of EngliOnes h.o ft hefir.>t lXlintst obe made ist haitd ioms
are comparatively Infrequande nItt,is o nlbyy h avinagv erlayrwe corpust hat
we havesu fficient evtoi ddeensccrei bied iomacscura telayn dw ith
confidencNeea.r lyo net hidrd.t heI diomIsnt hidsi ctionocacruyrl esso ften
than oncep er1 0m illiwoordsn oft hec orpuTsh.ek lloms inth e highest
frequencyband occur ino urd ataat l easotn cpeer twom illiwoordns of
EnglishH.o wevetro,s etth em atteri nperspec tive, onlayfew ofth eseoc cura s
frequentlya s aofn yt heword s we havmea rkefOdr freq uency int he COSUlLD
EngUsDhi ctionMaorrye.de tailiendf ormataiboonut th efreq uency bandiss
giveonnpage xvii.
AnothlXleirn ti sth ata lthouIgdhi omasr eo ftende scribaesd "fIXed'. atrhee y
typicanlolfIXedty atal l. Manyi diomhsa vet woo rm orea lternativefon n s,
withoaunty c hangIenm eaninfog:r examplebur,n your bridges andb urnyour
bootor sup, tlr eantearandise tManuS.o metimteshe,s ediffere nlfo nns reflect
differences bBertiwteiaesnnhd A m ericaEnn glisfohr: e xamplburen,yo ur
bridges isused Inb othv arietiwehse,r eatsh ef orbumm your boats isu seodn ly
inB ritiEsnhgl ishI.nm anycases , thereare severdailff erevnetr bwsh icahm
be used ina ni diofmo:er x ampl'es,ii tsth' e vermosbt commonly fowx1 int he
idiosmi ont t hefeanncdse owe, havge iven thtihsemaina sform, butv erbs
sucahs ' staayn'd' bec'a nb eused insteaodf 'sit'.are Tshleirgech hangest In
meaninbgu.tthe se changaree s predictfraobml teh eusual meaninogsf t he
verbwsh ichha veb eesnu bstitSuitmeidl.a prrleyp,o sitor isoynnst acxa n
varyf:o erx amplhea,ve yourback to the wall andh aveyourbac k against tire
wall, or lesometheiln g iyounr bonesa ndh avael eeliyouinnr g bones .
TheCO BU1IJ)Dictionadryl dlomssh owtsh eskei ndosr variatlliosnt,thi en g
mC\ior variattihoe�n nsn tantg ofe acehn try, ainndd icatainnyg
differences inu sagbee tweveanr iatiWoen alsos . Indicate caswehse rteh e
form oft hei dioimsv erWlSyt ablea ndw es howt her angoer possiwborldei ngs.
Forexampltheree ,are nofixed wordast aU int he idiowashm your dirtyl inm
inpubiWlecdeaJ. withI tatthe head word dirtandy ,w e the rangeor
discuss
alternatfiovrem s,
A thirpodi nti st haitd iomhsa veo ftebenen associatedw itcohn versation and
informall anguaHgeo.w ever,t he evidenicnThee Banko fE nglissuhggests
that they are also vercyo mmoni nj ournalism and magazinesw,h erwer iters
are seekinmga keth eira rticandl esst orimeosr ev iviidn,t erestainndg .
to
appealtoi ntghe irr eadeIrdsi.o ms oafrteeused n byb othj ournalistsa nd
politiciasa snhso rthawnady so rexpressoipnign ioonrcs o nveyirnge ady·
madee valuatiWohnisls.eu chu seo fi diomso fItesnc riticainzdde ids missed
as 'clicshueg'g,e sttihngat th esp eakeorr w ritehra sn othiInngte restionrg
origitnoa ls iaty ,alsoi strue thaitd iomhesl pspeaker s andwr itertsobe fluent
and tog etth eiorp inioancsr osesf fectively.
Thee xamplients h eCO BUIl.D DictiOnaroryl diomares authentaincd,
aU drawn
froThem BankorEngliWshhe.r en ecessa ryw,e h avee dittedh ems lightltyo
makethem easiteor howevemostr ,are citiendth eir orifogrimnsa.l
read;
Idiomares often used infa irlcoym plexw aysi nco ntext:, andso theeaxmples
chosenare oftenm uch longtehra inn o theCro nuUdDi ctionairnoi resd,e tro
demonstrattheif su llFyor.i nstance,
Tire twsoilk sw ent inttoa tlwihkteshpos sei trotnhsaw ter en ovt&y fa rapan
in termqfs t lreipro lidemands.t ical allt iire'and s crossiangllt ifrse
Dotting
may takesome time.h owewr.
The idiaoppearsm int hes econsde ntence ort hee xamplOen.I toswn, this
sentence\-I louolmdy g ivaep artiianls igihnttth oe meaningo ft hekl lomt:h at
thep rocess is time-coru;uminTgh.e sentencaed dcso ntexwth ich
frrst
reinforthcee s that 'dottintgh ei 'asn dc rossitnhge t 'isn'v oldevaelsi ng
fact
with raththane r them ainp arofta pieceo fw ork.
details
Idiomsp,r agmatiancds, c ontext
Pragmatics ist hestu dy oft hew ayi nw hicpeho plues elanguage toa chieve
differengto alsfo-re xamplinem akinsugg gestioro ns int hankiinng .
offers,
exrespsing emotioannsdo pinioonrsi .nm aking commibnlednitosm.hsa ve
importpragmaatnitc functiionnl sa nguage. Becauhsaev fetha eiyrg leyn eral
meaningtsh,eyare less oftenused pureltyoco nveyfactuaJ informatainodn
moreo ftento conveayt titTuhdeey.t yplcacolnJvye ye valuatitohneyares :
used as wayso fexespsringappr ovaJa nda dmiratioordn i,s appraonvda l
idiomaym havcoen notatiaonndspragma tic meaningsw hich
criticism. An
are noto bviotuospe oplweh oa re witthh aItd ioma,n ds ot her eal
wtfamiliar
meaningof ast atememnaty be misseSdi.m ilasormleyo,n em ayu sea ni diom
withorealizuitn g itw ilbel i nterpretase dc ritiocrda ils approavinndg .
therefuonrien tentiocnaaulstlehy ew rong reacttihoepn e risnot nh earey
talking CoBlJl1..DDicUoofIn dairoymg si vese xpligcuiitd anocnet his
to.The
area, ino rdetor h ellepa rnerso fE ngli(sahn thde irt eacherusn)d erstand
Idiommso ref ulalnyd be abltoe useth em moreco nfidently.
Ina ddititonoc onveying evaliudaitoimhosan vsoe,th erfu nctioinnstex ts and
�teracti!'Oorn se.x ample, aIrdeui soemds gi vee mphasoirst oo rganize
to
dISCOUrsoe,rm conveying thoarrefusalsn ks .W heret hesusese are shown in
ourd ataw,em entitohne mex pliciitnlt yh edi ctioneaxrpyl anations.
.1
Peoplofteen usei diomIsno rdetor c reaats ee nsoef 'camaradweirtithhee '
peoplteh eya res peakitnoog r w ritifnogri :d iommsa kelan guage seem more
livealnydi nteresmtoirnefrig e.n dlandy morei nformBaecla.u seorthls,
Idiomasr ege neralcloyn sideirnefdo nnanda lare oftenl abelleads ' infonna('
or' colloquIlnage lner'a l dictionaorfEi nesg liIsnhtact. , idiomares often used
incon textsw hicareh notr ealliyn formaatal l Iln.t hidsi ctionwaerh ya,v e
onllya belalse' dI nfortmhaolse'i diomwsh icareh very infonnaaln dw hich
mightca use offence ifused inthe wronsgi tuatiAso nagenerals . rule,learners
shouldc arefhuolw t heusey idiomsi nf onnacoln textsa ndi nf ormal
be
writing.
Britiasnhd A merican idioms
Theraree somed istinctbieotnwse etnh ei diomusse di nB ritish Enandg lish
thei diomuss eidn A mericaEnn gliaslht,h outghhem ajoriotfiy d iomares
common botvha rietWiees .h avcoev eredb otBrhi tisahn dA mericaind ioms
to
inth isd ictionaanrdwy e,s howw hereth erea rev ariations inf onno rusage .
Forexamplsep,ea kerosfB ritiEsnhg lisasyh t hapte optakele things int heir
stridew,h ereassp eakeorfAs m ericEanng lisasyh t hetakey things inst ride.
The situiastc ioomnp licabetceadu sekl iom usage changesr apidSloym.e
idioarems notu seidn A mericaEnn gils -hon as tickyw icket andch alka nd
cheese- whereoatsh earers rareulsyed i nB ritiEsnghl is-hl ive highon the1wg
and spin yourwhe els.H owevemra,n yoth er idiomsw hic..h..'ere originally
Americhaanv eb ecomefa shionaibnlB er itiEsnhg liishnpa, r ticular in
journalism ort hem ediaOt.he rA mericiadni ombseco me knownt oB ritish
speakebresc auosfethe influeonfAce m ericacnu ltufroeer,x amprumsle and
musicIn .so me cases, 'American' idiomares nowso commoni nB ritish
Englitshha ittw oulbed wrontgo l abelthem ason1 y -ore vemna lru-yu seidn
AmericaEnn gliEsvhe.n t hougsohm e peopmlaey t hinokft hesied iomass
Americanth,e yare nowm uchm orew idelknyown andused.
situatwiiotnhA ustralEinaglni sihs also complicatseidn,cA eu stralian
The
EngliIsnhc ludbesot h' Britainsdh' 'A mericIadni'o mWse. h aven ota ttempted
int hidsi ctionaryto givgeu idanocneA ustralEinaglni shan,d w hen\.\.'e
commentt haatn i diomi son luys eidn B ritiEsnhg liosrho ruuys eidn
AmericaEnn gliswhe,are neithienrc ludnionreg x cludAiunsgtralian
EngliWseh .h a\'eh,o weveri.n cludefedw Aau stralEinaglni sihd ioms which
our evidences uggests areu semdo rew idelnyo wW.e havet akean similar
approacwhi tho thevra rietofi Eensgl ish.
Finally ...
Sincwee p ublisohuerd COBUll.Ddictionarpye,o pmhlaaenv ywe r itteton
flrst
usw itcho mmentasn da dviceT.h ihsa sp roveidn valuaabnldwe e,h ave
benefited greatlfroym It.W e are alwaypsleased to hefroamr theu serofs o ur
dictionaandr i..es'e.., w oulbed delighttoe headr from youY.o uc ane -mauisla t
[email protected].
We hopet hayto uf intdh eCoB UIW DictionoafIr dyi omusefuls, eastyo use, and
abovalel i nterestWien lg.o ofokr ward hteaor infrogm youw ityourh
reactiaonndss uggestions.
RosamundM oon, Manager
Editorial
CoeUIW
Instioft uReseartceh andD evelopment
UniversoiftByi nningham Research Park
Vincent
Drive
BirminghBa1m52SQ
Great Britain
vii
How tofin d idiom
an
Tof inadni dioimnt he DictioonfIa driyo mysO.ls lho uld
COBUILD go
straight tot hien daetxt heen odf t hdei ctionarcyo.n taeinsn trfoire s
This
everlye xicali ne veirdyi oimnt hdei ctioannadirt y , you
word shows
undewrh ichhe adwoirntd h dei ctioynoauwr iylfi ln dt hied iotmh at
YOU
arleo okfoirnS.ge pea ge43 3o Cthdei ctiofnoamrro yri en formaotni on
howt o thien dex.
use
AlthouygOhlc lafi nn di diobmysl ookiantgt hmea in may
text first, you
finidht a rdelro cate Ytoheumm a.yn oktn owwh afto nn oifdlihoem
to Is
giviennt htee xatn.dy oum ay thaitt variations.
not reallz.e has
Byu sitnhgie n dex you bea ble immedialtfetlihydei oims
first, will to see
coverient dh dei ctiownhaarfotyr ,mi itsgi veni na.n dw herteof inidIt n
thmea itne xt.
HeadwordIsn t hed ictionary
The ideinotmr iinte hsme a idni ctiotneaxrty araet teaacchhae d
to
headworwdh,i cihsn ormaolnloeyf t hel exicwaolr disnt hied iom.
Headwoarrdaresranged alpbeticalhla yT.h iiss helypo fui nidd ioamss
to
easialsposy s iblFeo.re xamptlheie,n dex teylolut hastp itlhel
will beans
isu ndetrhh ee adword betahnesnn.ee dtY oofi nud t hhee adworbeda ns
int hmea idni ctioinita str hyhe:e adwobetwerend beana nd bear.
battle
bay
bead
be-all
beam
bean
beans
bm
beast
beat
beaver
bock
bed
Notteh att hweo rwed choosaesh eadwoirsad pluraolr a v erb
if noun
partictihpetlnhe he,e adword wbei ilnlt hafto rrma,t htehraI nnt he
also
fononft hneo uonr v erTbhis. isw hy isu ndebearn s
base spilbealns 1M
rathtehrab ne an.
Generatlhlweyo ,rwe d choosea sh eadworanod u nfo: re xamprlocek,
is
thebo ot isu ndetrhn eo ubno ata sh eadworadn,ds ion tIM Jencei sunde r
fence.t hearrete w on ountsh,en thheaed wordi st hfeir snto ufno:r
U
example, cats andd ogsi su ndetrhh ee adwocartsda nd costa n
itsra ining
arm anda kgundearr m. thIed iom conntoan iounnsts h,ea nna djective
U
isc hosfeoner:x ample, isu ndetrhhe ea dworeda sayn d
go easy on SQt1U!One
inblack and whitei sunder blackH.t he idicoom ntanionn osu nosr
adjectives, then hteahdew ord be eitheavr e robra na dverb.
will
Theraerf eo umra ienx ceptitootn hsig se nerrualle :
Thew orcdh oseansh eadwoirnsdo rmaal ly woridn t hei diom:
1. fixed
thaItsi ,nt e vevarri es.In somcasese, thoen lnyo uinn t hied iom
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