Colletotrichum graminicolum (Ces.) Wilson on Avena species

67 Pages·05.703 MB·English

by  Moseman, John Gustav

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(CBS.) WlLSOtf OH AWU « f t 8S
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John Boater Mo semen
A filssortati®** Satsaittai to the
§ral«ate faowlty in Partial Pelfillaeat of
fhe lefmlreaeate for; tfeo Begree of
mm. muwm
of
Major iahjoot®* Pleat iathology
fr®f ■ Breading
Approved*
K m wW IlitllSta
lorn State Collage
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UMI Number: DP13387
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• A && • it
M
msm m counts
mmmmm * , « » . . . , * * # , , . * . * * . . . * * * * * i
wvtWK ©f Piiffiis»? tt.fsiAf»ii 3
xinxui* aso wtmm'. . ©
Source and Methods of Malntaiaiiig Cttltairss # » * , , . * * t
©f Inoculation * * . , * « * * * * * . « • * . * * .13
Foliage in o cu latio n ...................................................... 13
Seed i«©©ul»bi©.» . . . . » . . . . . . . . 14
loti infestation . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................... If
xiost feag* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Variability &t Fungus * . .................... 17
smxmmm, m$mm'»'* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i«
Msthods of Inseulatisa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I©
Foliage inoculation . . . . . . . . . .............................. li
Seed inoculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Soil laf#*tsM©« 33
lost Rang® . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Reactions of m riatiot of @*»®y®lal Atom species . • 28
leactions of mriotios » f ©th®r Airom^lioilos * . . , 4©
Cross isosalatisiis #» • # • » • * * . . . . . . . . . . 48
Variability of ftta§m................. 46
aiow ii© !........................ . . .. ........................... S3
«M U r AW OOSCUMXOat if
iifSM ftw eim eo
A ctiiisjw iif • si
T W O !
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1
tsmwmnm
Baring resent years yieaataimlip (Ces*) Wilson is
reported to have earn**# r n in damage-.he the oat erop.im several state*
la tii# laitei fhaies*. Some workers mm iter it as one of. tha ..major eat
disease* la the south oesbral region of this miotiry* ^.ergaiiitK has
been found to the north of this region, bat It ban aob cause# very await
damage in that area*
Testa 1 (10) 'report®# that Ur* #* C> lent first discovered anthrao-
aos© on eats at £»gra,. ferns,. in. 1044* later is that season It was
few# e» two to three ..per oent of. the. pleats in several field* 3.a the
State* ©wring the asast few years ..ttee^erjpfeaisM m i always observed,
bat it never ■ saw**# sbioJi #®®*g*-i» the fields .wreeye#*.
This sW f m i started dariat the »«w»#r.of If4ft* The previous
mmmr Ins* 1* 1* .Sosen-.nwl H* 9* .i.arphy observed that £*
can*®# soM' damage in the niurserie* at .As©*. and Kanawha, Acervull
of the faagas were mm m the ®t*l*&.#f w et.of the pleats in these
two aarserie#* When the plant* m tnrei • there were black lesions, on
the- stem at wMoh points.the steae..often broke* fine*, this- organ!a®
was heesmimg mere Important .and .ao-re prevalent -farther south, it was
aatlelpate# that it ..might likewise inoreas® la importance In Iowa*
&i.s «ta#y..«as planned.to del ©mine methods of incorporating
msisteaoe to this pathegea 'into sans* the first phase of the study
was w^setrte# with methods of iaoemlatlag oat plant* to determine their
.r*»i#taa«« or sasoepbibility*. After a reliable moths# of testing for
reslstaaee m s obtain®#, 'a. wide mage of eatwgexm plaam me evaluated.
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I
Since eross-inoeulation results obtained by other workers do not agree,
the 'ability of C* gri«l»lool»» Isolated from oats to infest other
cereal oreps was tested* the variability in fathogenielty of the fungus
was determined by eeapurtag ©sltnres taken fro® plants grown Is eleven
different state** At the sane time the possibility of physlologieal
specialization was examined*
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iwiif 0f psttissif jjcissAftw
The organism causing anthraonose ©a cereals k i first described
by 8*s*tl la It§® as Sleladluat 'griBaiaimlm 0®*» He found the fungus
oa the stems of Schlmeble* eras-galli (I.) Seauv. and Eta my* I** at
Tore®111, Italy*
Anthraenose was first mperted oa cereals la the United States
by Selby and lam s (18) la 1©QS* Ussy described this organism, which
they ©ailed Colletotrlohum eereal© lam s, as haring septate, dark
brows, to hyaline hyphaej 'ncervull forming dark brown to black, circular
to ©ml spots with few setae) setae dark brown te black with none
or one to two septai spirophores very short 1 'ted * I to I ma«y
©onldia averaging I® x S*§ mn*, spindle to boat-shaped, hyaline, two
to sevem 1 gutbulake. luring a plaafc-diseaae survey la the state
lies
of Ohio is Selby and. law s Observed the organism oa tee roots,
culms, leave* and spikes of the following plants* decals, cereale L.,
frftleua vulgar* (aestlvua) t*, f# spelta I**, tmm satlm. L., Hordeum
vulgar# b», Bactylis gloaemta %*§ fhlena prateasa L., Pea pratensia l»*
and Wwmms secalinus I* They found that the organism was capable of
fcUHag the heads of rye feHcwiag an early attack. In their survey
they found that oats ms the least affected of the cereal grains.
la 1914, Wilson (ft) made a eenpamtiv* study of ten species of
Colletotriohuia oa e®reals and grasses* Be concluded that the species
should be ©©whined as one species .defined mainly by spore sice and
shape., with no eonsiiefatlon of the host* So included Colletotrlehma
cereal® Manns In-the group which he ©ailed Colletotriohuia j.m«ial©oIuai
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4
(€©«*) Wilson#
tbm organism 1* distributed thwuglsottt the feeuperate son# of tho
world* Since it « i first observed by Cesati in Italy, it baa been
observed is almost ®v#fy eemmfcry where small train# aro grow* Selby
aadWaiuui (18) found it in Ohio in 1999* la 1911* Beckwith (I) observed
it ia the soil share wheat had been growing for several years ia Iforth
Dakota# A tm year* later fas'sow (11) reported finding it ©a Pria©#
Idm ris Island la Gsmia* la 1988* Sanford (1?) observed it ®a oats
in Alberta* Gamia and am wheat grown ia fcsh&tohewaa, Ci&mde* Winter
(25) reported that he found: it oa a ll the small grains la the plots
at lorn faiveralty, @ei»eay# losing and Wallner (i) earlier reported
fisting it oa ©ora la Weimuagr* Ghowdhury (8) working is India found
as anthraenose oa eors which ms capable of infecting sorghum, oats,
barley and setaria* la 1948* GasteUasl. (f) reported as ©ffaalsa. la
Iritrea, which he called Oolletotrichasa graminicolim, attacking a ll the
cereal grain#* The pf#»®»©# of the ©riaalsssi. has also been reported la.
most of the small-grain-producing states ia th# united State®.
fh# host mm$® of th# organ!#® is very aid## la their original
paper, Selby and laaas (18) reported th# organism ©a eight different
genera* By Oheeklag flat host indiee* (4, i, 10, 12, It, 20) it me
found to have h«tm reported oa 7B em m m im ltj iapertamt specie® la
44" genera.,
She .results tram ia»©ttlati»g plants by spraying thea with a
spore suspension of th# argaiils® have been reported by several workers*
Selby and laaas (18) were able to infect wheat plants ia the field by
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s
«f?«y4iig thera with ft spore suepeneiea of the orgaulsa* By this method
they obtained &n tafeetioa which was severe eoowgti to oause shriwHag
of grain, ftad -m general bla@J?»»|iig aw4 weakening. of 1*# stems. truehl
(0) Included only cndaa gras® end rye »s hosts ia hi® foliage i»®«-
lattioa *speriM»it&»« Sowever, tho culture® obtained frost oat# and
barley did not attaek■ either of those two host®* ftssea (If) reported
that he could obtain an inf cotton by spraying ■ ft spore suspension of
the ftmgws oa ©at seedling* placed eewraighfe ia a moist ©baaber at
tsnperatttres of SI. to IS»f , aad. then transferred to aa opes bench in
a gteeihottse maintained at the sans temperature* ' ■ the first signs of
the organ!®® fro® such an iaocnlatioa appeared ia about three days
and by flee days they were usually quit© ooasplonou#.* Sarlier he
reported (14) that inoculating the young shoots with a spore suspension
of 0# icrsmlaieelwa by ®«a«* of a hypodernle needle resulted la severe
killing of the upper stem tissue**
Both Sraohl («) and Bell (3) tried to iafeot several host plants
by lnoesG^ating the seeds# Braehl iaswrsod undamaged, surface steri­
lised seeds la a heavy #po-re suspension wader partial vacuum and then
planted then ia the grmwt»ma ia sterilised soil mintained at a '
bsaperatur#-of Positive Infection was determined by seedling
blight or -risible cortical iaaage to the lower internods® and. seminal
roots*, lie isolate® fro® sudan grace mused sever© Infection* oa
sudan grass and moderate iufeetiea ©a Imperial rye* 'the Isolates
from barley were afable to infeet any of the host® used'including
barley* &® isolates fro®, oats likewise were unable to infect any
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