Table Of Content

LENGTH AREA VOLUME TIME ANGLE SPEED 1 furlong/fortnight 5 1.662 3 1024 m/s 1 mi/h 5 1.466 ft/s 5 0.4470 m/s 5 1.609 km/h 1 km/h 5 0.2778 m/s 5 0.6214 mi/h 1 mi/min 5 60 mi/h 5 88 ft/s 1 ft/s 5 0.3048 m/s 1 m/s 5 3.281 ft/s 1 rev/min 1rpm2 5 0.1047 rad/s 1 revolution 5 360° 5 2p rad 1° 5 0.01745 rad 5 p/180 rad 1 rad 5 57.30° 5 180°/p 1 y 5 365.24 d 5 3.156 3 107 s 1 d 5 86,400 s 1 h 5 3600 s 1 min 5 60 s 1 gallon 5 3.788 liters 1 ft3 5 0.02832 m3 5 28.32 liters 5 7.477 gallons 5 0.03531 ft3 5 61.02 in.3 1 liter 5 1000 cm3 5 1023 m3 1 ft 5 144 in.2 5 0.0929 m2 1 in.2 5 6.452 cm2 1 m2 5 104 cm2 5 10.76 ft2 1 cm2 5 0.155 in.2 1 light year 5 9.461 3 1015 m 1 nautical mile 5 6080 ft 1 Å 5 10210 m 5 1028 cm 5 1021 nm 1 mi 5 5280 ft 5 1.609 km 1 yd 5 91.44 cm 1 ft 5 30.48 cm 1 in. 5 2.540 cm 1 cm 5 0.3937 in. 1 m 5 3.281 ft 5 39.37 in. 1 km 5 1000 m 5 0.6214 mi 1 m 5 100 cm 5 1000 mm 5 106 mm 5 109 nm ACCELERATION MASS 1 kg has a weight of 2.205 lb when FORCE PRESSURE ENERGY (based on calorie) MASS–ENERGY EQUIVALENCE POWER 1 Btu/h 5 0.293 W 1 hp 5 746 W 5 550 ft # lb/s 1 W 5 1 J/s 1 eV 4 1.07421029 u 1 u 4 931.5 MeV 1 kg 4 8.988 3 1016 J 1 kWh 5 3.60 3 106 J 1 eV 5 1.602 3 10219 J 1 Btu 5 1055 J 5 252 cal 5 778 ft # lb 1 ft # lb 5 1.356 J 15° 1 cal 5 4.186 J 1 J 5 107 ergs 5 0.239 cal 1 mm Hg 5 1 torr 5 133.3 Pa 5 14.7 lb/in.2 5 2117 lb/ft2 1 atm 5 1.013 3 105 Pa 5 1.013 bar 1 lb/ft2 5 47.88 Pa 1 lb/in.2 5 6895 Pa 1 bar 5 105 Pa 1 Pa 5 1 N/m2 5 1.450 3 1024 lb/in.2 5 0.209 lb/ft2 1 lb 5 4.448 N 5 4.448 3 105 dyn 1 N 5 105 dyn 5 0.2248 lb g 5 9.80 m/s2 1 u 5 1.661 3 10227 kg 1 slug 5 14.59 kg 1 g 5 6.85 3 1025 slug 1 kg 5 103 g 5 0.0685 slug 1 mi/h # s 5 1.467 ft/s2 1 ft/s2 5 0.3048 m/s2 5 30.48 cm/s2 1 cm/s2 5 0.01 m/s2 5 0.03281 ft/s2 1 m/s2 5 100 cm/s2 5 3.281 ft/s2 Unit Conversion Factors College Physics This page intentionally left blank For users of the two-volume edition, Volume 1 includes Chapters 1–16 and Volume 2 includes Chapters 17–30. 1.6 Estimation 11 1.8 Vector Addition 19 *2.4 Forces in 1 Dimension 42 *2.4 The Moving Man 43 2.6 Lunar Lander 51 3.2 Maze Game 71 3.3 Projectile Motion 75 3.4 Ladybug Revolution, Motion in 2D 85 5.2 Lunar Lander 133 5.3 Forces in 1 Dimension, Friction, the Ramp 137 6.5 My Solar System 175 *7.7 The Ramp 212 10.5 Torque 307 11.3 Motion in 2D, *Masses & Springs 343 *11.5 Pendulum Lab 351 12.6 Fourier: Making Waves, Waves on a String 374 17.2 Balloons and Static Electricity, John Travoltage 549 17.7 Charges and Fields, Electric Field Hockey, Electric Field of Dreams 563 *18.2 Charges and Fields 587 18.9 Molecular Motors, Optical Tweezers and Applications, Stretching DNA 607 19.2 Conductivity, Ohm‘s Law, Resistance in a Wire 620 19.3 Battery Voltage 624 19.4 Battery-Resistor Circuit, Signal Circuit 630 19.5 Circuit Constructions Kit (DC Only) 633 20.2 Magnets and Compass, Magnets and Electromagnets 660 20.9 Faraday‘s Electromagnetic Lab 681 21.3 Faraday‘s Electromagnetic Lab, Faraday‘s Law, Generator 702 *22.3 Circuit Constructions Kit (AC+DC) 744 23.4 Radio Waves & Electromagnetic Fields 766 23.5 Microwaves 768 *24.5 Geometric Optics 819 25.3 Color Vision 841 *26.2 Wave Interference 865 26.5 Wave Interference 875 28.1 Photoelectric Effect 933 28.2 Neon Lights and Other Discharge Lamps 938 28.2 Blackbody Spectrum, The Greenhouse Effect 942 28.3 Rutherford Scattering 944 28.3 Models of the Hydrogen Atom 945 28.4 Lasers 951 28.7 Davisson-Germer: Electron Diffraction 957 28.7 Fourier: Making Waves, Quantum Wave Interference 959 29.5 Band Structure, Conductivity 989 29.6 Semiconductors, Conductivity 991 30.1 Simplified MRI 1006 30.3 Alpha Decay 1011 30.6 Nuclear Fission 1023 *Indicates an associated tutorial available in the MasteringPhysics Item Library. PhET Simulations Available in the Pearson eText and in the Study Area of MasteringPhysics This page intentionally left blank 1.1 Analyzing Motion by Using Diagrams 1.3 Predicting Motion from Graphs 1.4 Predicting Motion from Equations 1.5 Problem-Solving Strategies for Kinematics 1.6 Skier Races Downhill 1.8 Seat Belts Save Lives 1.9 Screeching to a Halt 1.11 Car Starts, then Stops 1.12 Solving Two-Vehicle Problems 1.13 Car Catches Truck 1.14 Avoiding a Rear-End Collision 2.1.1 Force Magnitudes 2.1.2 Skydiver 2.1.3 Tension Change 2.1.4 Sliding on an Incline 2.1.5 Car Race 2.2 Lifting a Crate 2.3 Lowering a Crate 2.4 Rocket Blasts Off 2.5 Truck Pulls Crate 2.6 Pushing a Crate up a Wall 2.7 Skier Goes down a Slope 2.8 Skier and Rope Tow 2.9 Pole-Vaulter Vaults 2.10 Truck Pulls Two Crates 2.11 Modified Atwood Machine 3.1 Solving Projectile Motion Problems 3.2 Two Balls Falling 3.3 Changing the x-Velocity 3.4 Projectile x- and y-Accelerations 3.5 Initial Velocity Components 3.6 Target Practice I 3.7 Target Practice II 4.1 Magnitude of Centripetal Acceleration 4.2 Circular Motion Problem Solving 4.3 Cart Goes over Circular Path 4.4 Ball Swings on a String 4.5 Car Circles a Track 4.6 Satellites Orbit 5.1 Work Calculations 5.2 Upward-Moving Elevator Stops 5.3 Stopping a Downward-Moving Elevator 5.4 Inverse Bungee Jumper 5.5 Spring-Launched Bowler 5.6 Skier Speed 5.7 Modified Atwood Machine 6.1 Momentum and Energy Change 6.2 Collisions and Elasticity 6.3 Momentum Conservation and Collisions 6.4 Collision Problems 6.5 Car Collision: Two Dimensions 6.6 Saving an Astronaut 6.7 Explosion Problems 6.8 Skier and Cart 6.9 Pendulum Bashes Box 6.10 Pendulum Person–Projectile Bowling 7.1 Calculating Torques 7.7 Rotational Kinematics 7.8 Rotoride: Dynamics Approach 7.9 Falling Ladder 7.10 Woman and Flywheel Elevator: Dynamics Approach 7.11 Race between a Block and a Disk 7.12 Woman and Flywheel Elevator: Energy Approach 7.13 Rotoride: Energy Approach 7.14 Ball Hits Bat 8.1 Characteristics of a Gas 8.2 Maxwell–Boltzmann Distribution: Conceptual Analysis 8.3 Maxwell–Boltzmann Distribution: Quantitative Analysis 8.4 State Variables and Ideal Gas Law 8.5 Work Done by a Gas 8.6 Heat, Internal Energy, and First Law of Thermodynamics 8.7 Heat Capacity 8.8 Isochoric Process 8.9 Isobaric Process 8.10 Isothermal Process 8.11 Adiabatic Process 8.12 Cyclic Process: Strategies 8.13 Cyclic Process: Problems 8.14 Carnot Cycle 9.3 Vibrational Energy 9.4 Two Ways to Weigh Young Tarzan 9.5 Ape Drops Tarzan 9.6 Releasing a Vibrating Skier I 9.7 Releasing a Vibrating Skier II 9.8 One- and Two-Spring Vibrating Systems 9.9 Vibro-Ride 9.10 Pendulum Frequency 9.11 Risky Pendulum Walk 10.1 Properties of Mechanical Waves 10.2 Speed of Waves on a String 10.4 Standing Waves on Strings 10.5 Tuning a Stringed Instrument: Standing Waves 10.6 String Mass and Standing Waves 10.7 Beats and Beat Frequency 10.8 Doppler Effect: Conceptual Introduction 10.9 Doppler Effect: Problems 11.1 Electric Force: Coulomb’s Law 11.2 Electric Force: Superposition Principle 11.3 Electric Force: Superposition Principle (Quantitative) 11.4 Electric Field: Point Charge 11.5 Electric Field Due to a Dipole 11.6 Electric Field: Problems 11.9 Motion of a Charge in an Electric Field: Introduction 11.10 Motion in an Electric Field: Problems 11.11 Electric Potential: Qualitative Introduction 12.1 DC Series Circuits (Qualitative) 12.2 DC Parallel Circuits 12.3 DC Circuit Puzzles 12.4 Using Ammeters and Voltmeters 12.5 Using Kirchhoff’s Laws 12.6 Capacitance 12.7 Series and Parallel Capacitors 12.8 R–C Circuit Time Constants 13.1 Magnetic Field of a Wire 13.2 Magnetic Field of a Loop 13.3 Magnetic Field of a Solenoid 13.4 Magnetic Force on a Particle 13.5 Magnetic Force on a Wire 13.6 Magnetic Torque on a Loop 13.7 Mass Spectrometer 13.8 Velocity Selector 13.9 Electromagnetic Induction 13.10 Motional emf 14.1 The R–L Circuit 14.3 The Driven Oscillator 15.1 Reflection and Refraction 15.2 Total Internal Reflection 15.3 Refraction Applications 15.4 Plane Mirrors 15.5 Spherical Mirrors: Ray Diagrams 15.6 Spherical Mirror: The Mirror Equation 15.7 Spherical Mirror: Linear Magnification 15.8 Spherical Mirror: Problems 15.9 Thin-Lens Ray Diagrams 15.10 Converging Lens Problems 15.11 Diverging Lens Problems 15.12 Two-Lens Optical Systems 16.1 Two-Source Interference: Introduction 16.2 Two-Source Interference: Qualitative Questions 16.3 Two-Source Interference: Problems 16.4 The Grating: Introduction and Qualitative Questions 16.5 The Grating: Problems 16.6 Single-Slit Diffraction 16.7 Circular Hole Diffraction 16.8 Resolving Power 16.9 Polarization 17.1 Relativity of Time 17.2 Relativity of Length 17.3 Photoelectric Effect 17.4 Compton Scattering 17.6 Uncertainty Principle 18.1 The Bohr Model 18.2 Spectroscopy 18.3 The Laser 19.1 Particle Scattering 19.2 Nuclear Binding Energy 19.3 Fusion 19.4 Radioactivity 19.5 Particle Physics ActivPhysics OnLine™ Activities www.masteringphysics.com Hugh D. Young is Emeritus Professor of Physics at Carnegie Mellon University. He earned both his undergraduate and gradu- ate degrees from that university. He earned his Ph.D. in funda- mental particle theory under the direction of the late Richard Cutkosky. He joined the faculty of Carnegie Mellon in 1956 and retired in 2004. He also had two visiting professorships at the University of California, Berkeley. Dr. Young’s career has centered entirely on undergraduate education. He has written several undergraduate-level textbooks, and in 1973 he became a coauthor with Francis Sears and Mark Zemansky for their well-known introductory texts. In addition to his authorship of Sears & Zemansky’s College Physics, he is also coauthor, with Roger Freedman, of Sears & Zemansky’s University Physics. Dr. Young earned a bachelor’s degree in organ performance from Carnegie Mellon in 1972 and spent several years as Associ- ate Organist at St. Paul’s Cathedral in Pittsburgh. He has played numerous organ recitals in the Pittsburgh area. Dr. Young and his wife, Alice, usually travel extensively in the summer, especially overseas and in the desert canyon country of southern Utah. About the Author Hugh D. Young Sears & Zemansky’s College Physics Hugh D. Young Carnegie Mellon University 9th Edition Publisher: Jim Smith Executive Editor: Nancy Whilton Editorial Manager: Laura Kenney Director of Development: Michael Gillespie Senior Development Editor: Margot Otway Editorial Assistant: Steven Le Associate Media Producer: Kelly Reed Managing Editor: Corinne Benson Production Project Manager: Beth Collins Production Management and Composition: PreMediaGlobal Proofreaders: Elka Block and Frank Purcell Interior Designers: Gary Hespenheide Design, Derek Bacchus Cover Designer: Derek Bacchus Illustrators: Rolin Graphics Senior Art Editor: Donna Kalal Photo Researcher: Eric Shrader Manufacturing Buyer: Jeff Sargent Senior Marketing Manager: Kerry Chapman Cover Photo Credit: Mike Kemp/Rubberball/Corbis Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within the text or on p. C-1. Copyright © 2012, 2007, 1991, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Addison- Wesley, 1301 Sansome Street, San Francisco, CA, 94111. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, 1900 E. Lake Ave., Glenview, IL 60025. For information regarding permissions, call (847) 486-2635. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. Mastering Physics® is a registered trademark, in the U.S. and/or other countries, of Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Young, Hugh D. Sears & Zemansky’s college physics.—9th ed. / Hugh D. Young. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-321-73317-7 (alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-321-73317-7 (alk. paper) 1. Physics—Textbooks. I. Sears, Francis Weston, 1898–1975. College physics. II. Title. III. Title: College physics. IV. Title: Sears and Zemansky’s college physics. QC23.2.Y68 2012 530—dc22 2010046658 College Physics—Complete Edition ISBN 10: 0-321-73317-7; ISBN 13: 978-0-321-73317-7 (Student edition) ISBN 10: 0-321-73315-0; ISBN 13: 978-0-321-73315-3 (Exam copy) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10—WBC—14 13 12 11 10 ix Chapter 0 Mathematics Review 0-1 Mechanics Chapter 1 Models, Measurements, and Vectors 1 Chapter 2 Motion along a Straight Line 29 Chapter 3 Motion in a Plane 68 Chapter 4 Newton’s Laws of Motion 99 Chapter 5 Applications of Newton’s Laws 128 Chapter 6 Circular Motion and Gravitation 161 Chapter 7 Work and Energy 188 Chapter 8 Momentum 231 Chapter 9 Rotational Motion 267 Chapter 10 Dynamics of Rotational Motion 294 Periodic Motion, Waves, and Fluids Chapter 11 Elasticity and Periodic Motion 333 Chapter 12 Mechanical Waves and Sound 365 Chapter 13 Fluid Mechanics 407 Thermodynamics Chapter 14 Temperature and Heat 441 Chapter 15 Thermal Properties of Matter 477 Chapter 16 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 516 Electricity and Magnetism Chapter 17 Electric Charge and Electric Field 545 Chapter 18 Electric Potential and Capacitance 582 Chapter 19 Current, Resistance, and Direct-Current Circuits 618 Chapter 20 Magnetic Field and Magnetic Forces 658 Chapter 21 Electromagnetic Induction 698 Chapter 22 Alternating Current 735 Chapter 23 Electromagnetic Waves and Propagation of Light 761 Light and Optics Chapter 24 Geometric Optics 803 Chapter 25 Optical Instruments 837 Chapter 26 Interference and Diffraction 862 Modern Physics Chapter 27 Relativity 899 Chapter 28 Photons, Electrons, and Atoms 932 Chapter 29 Atoms, Molecules, and Solids 971 Chapter 30 Nuclear and High-Energy Physics 1003 Appendix A The International System of Units A-1 Appendix B The Greek Alphabet A-3 Appendix C Periodic Table of the Elements A-4 Appendix D Unit Coversion Factors A-5 Appendix E Numerical Constants and Astronomical Data A-6 Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems A-8 Brief Contents Build Skills Problem-Solving Strategies coach students in how to approach specific types of problems. This text’s uniquely extensive set of Examples enables students to explore problem-solving challenges in exceptional detail. Consistent The Set Up / Solve / Reflect format, used in all Examples, encourages students to tackle problems thoughtfully rather than skipping to the math. Visual Most Examples employ a diagram— often a pencil sketch that shows what a student should draw. NEW! Video Tutor Solution for Every Example Each Example is explained and solved by an instructor in a Video Tutor solution provided in the Study Area of MasteringPhysics® and in the Pearson eText. NEW! Mathematics Review Tutorials MasteringPhysics offers an extensive set of assignable mathematics review tutorials, covering all the areas in which students typically have trouble. � � � � L earn basic and advanced skills that help solve a broad range of physics problems. NEW! Passage Problems, which use the same reading-passage format as most MCAT questions, develop students’ ability to apply physics to a real-world situation (often biological or biomedical in nature). NEW! Enhanced End-of-Chapter Problems in MasteringPhysics Select end-of-chapter problems will now offer additional support such as problem-solving strategy hints, relevant math review and practice, and links to the eText. These new enhanced problems bridge the gap between guided tutorials and traditional homework problems. � � � D evelop problem-solving confidence through a range of practice options—from guided to unguided. About 20% of the End-of-Chapter Problems are new or revised. These revisions are driven by detailed student-performance data gathered nationally through MasteringPhysics.® Problem difficulty is indicated by a three-dot ranking system based on data from MasteringPhysics. Build Confidence D eepen knowledge of physics by building connections to the real world. NEW! PhET Simulations and Tutorials 76 PhET simulations are provided in the Study Area of the MasteringPhysics® website and in the Pearson eText. In addition, MasteringPhysics contains 16 new, assignable PhET-based tutorials. NEW! Video Tutor Demonstrations and Tutorials “Pause and predict” demonstration videos of key physics concepts engage students by asking them to submit a prediction before seeing the outcome. These videos are available through the Study Area of MasteringPhysics and in the Pearson eText. A set of assignable tutorials based on these videos challenge students to transfer their understanding of the demonstration to a related problem situation. Biomedically Based End-of-Chapter Problems To serve biosciences students, the text offers a substantial number of problems based on biological and biomedical situations. ENHANCED! Applications of Physics Throughout the text, captioned photos apply physics to real situations, with particular emphasis on applications of biomedical and general interest. � � � Bring Physics to Life www.masteringphysics.com NEW! Pre-Built Assignments For every chapter in the book, MasteringPhysics now provides pre-built assignments that cover the material with a tested mix of tutorials and end-of-chapter problems of graded difficulty. Professors may use these assignments as-is or take them as a starting point for modification. Gradebook • Every assignment is graded automatically. • Shades of red highlight vulnerable students and challenging assignments. Gradebook Diagnostics This screen provides your favorite weekly diagnostics. With a single click, charts summarize the most difficult problems, vulnerable students, grade distribution, and even improvement in scores over the course. Class Performance on Assignment Click on a problem to see which step your students struggled with most, and even their most common wrong answers. Compare results at every stage with the national average or with your previous class. Make a Difference with MasteringPhysics ® M asteringPhysics is the most effective and widely used online science tutorial, homework, and assessment system available. � � � �