Table Of Content

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. ser62060_38_ind_pI1-I28.indd I.26 11/9/10 2:30 PM Ninth Edition College Physics Raymond A. Serway | Emeritus, James Madison University Chris Vuille | Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Australia • Brazil • Canada • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. ser62060_00_fm_pi-xxxi.indd i 11/9/10 2:27 PM College Physics, Ninth Edition . 2012, 2009, 2006 by Raymond A. Serway Serway/Vuille ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means Publisher: Charles Hartford graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, Development Editor: Ed Dodd recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, Associate Developmental Editor: Brandi or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Kirksey Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior Editorial Assistant: Brendan Killion written permission of the publisher. Senior Media Editor: Rebecca Berardy Schwartz For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Marketing Manager: Nicole Mollica Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706 Marketing Coordinator: Kevin Carroll For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all requests online at cengage.com/permissions. Content Project Manager: Cathy Brooks Further permissions questions can be emailed to Art Director: Cate Rickard Barr We dedicate this book to our wives, children, grandchildren, relatives, and friends who have provided so much love, support, and understanding through the years, and to the students for whom this book was written. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. ser62060_00_fm_pi-xxxi.indd i 11/9/10 2:27 PM ■ Contents Overview PART 1 | Mechanics Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 7 Rotational Motion and the Law of Chapter 2 Motion in One Dimension 25 Gravity 198 Chapter 3 Vectors and Two-Dimensional Motion 56 Chapter 8 Rotational Equilibrium and Rotational Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion 86 Dynamics 235 Chapter 5 Energy 124 Chapter 9 Solids and Fluids 277 Chapter 6 Momentum and Collisions 167 PART 2 | Thermodynamics Chapter 10 Thermal Physics 331 Chapter 12 The Laws of Thermodynamics 395 Chapter 11 Energy in Thermal Processes 362 PART 3 | Vibrations and Waves Chapter 13 Vibrations and Waves 437 Chapter 14 Sound 473 PART 4 | Electricity and Magnetism Chapter 15 Electric Forces and Electric Fields 513 Chapter 19 Magnetism 648 Chapter 16 Electrical Energy and Capacitance 548 Chapter 20 Induced Voltages and Inductance 688 Chapter 17 Current and Resistance 590 Chapter 21 Alternating-Current Circuits and Chapter 18 Direct-Current Circuits 616 Electromagnetic Waves 723 PART 5 | Light and Optics Chapter 22 Ref ection and Refraction of Light 761 Chapter 24 Wave Optics 824 Chapter 23 Mirrors and Lenses Chapter 25 Optical Instruments 859 PART 6 | Modern Physics Chapter 26 Relativity 885 Chapter 29 Nuclear Physics 957 Chapter 27 Quantum Physics 911 Chapter 30 Nuclear Energy and Elementary Chapter 28 Atomic Physics 934 Particles 982 APPENDIX A: Mathematics Review A.1 APPENDIX E: MCAT Skill Builder Study Guide A.22 APPENDIX B: An Abbreviated Table Answers to Quick Quizzes, Example Questions, Odd- of Isotopes A.14 Numbered Multiple-Choice Questions, Conceptual Questions, and Problems A.52 APPENDIX C: Some Useful Tables A.19 Index I.1 APPENDIX D: SI Units A.21 iv Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. ser62060_00_fm_pi-xxxi.indd iv 11/17/10 8:51 AM ■ Contents ABOUT THE AUTHORS viii 6.3 C ollisions 175 PREFACE ix 6.4 G lancing Collisions 182 ENGAGING APPLICATIONS xxiv 6.5 R ocket Propulsion 184 TO THE STUDENT xxvi Summary 187 MCAT TEST PREPARATION GUIDE xxx CHAPTER 7 Rotational Motion and the Law of Gravity 198 PART 1 | Mechanics 7.1 A ngular Speed and Angular Acceleration 198 CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1 7.2 R otational Motion Under Constant Angular Acceleration 202 7.3 R elations Between Angular 1.1 S tandards of Length, Mass, and Time 1 and Linear Quantities 203 1.2 T he Building Blocks of Matter 4 7.4 C entripetal Acceleration 207 1.3 D imensional Analysis 5 7.5 N ewtonian Gravitation 214 1.4 U ncertainty in Measurement and Significant Figures 7 7.6 K epler’s Laws 221 1.5 Conversion of Units 10 Summary 224 1.6 E stimates and Order-of-Magnitude Calculations 12 1.7 C oordinate Systems 14 CHAPTER 8 Rotational Equilibrium and Rotational 1.8 T rigonometry 15 1.9 P roblem-Solving Strategy 17 Dynamics 235 Summary 18 8.1 T orque 236 8.2 T orque and the Two Conditions for Equilibrium 240 CHAPTER 2 Motion in One Dimension 25 8.3 T he Center of Gravity 241 2.1 D isplacement 26 8.4 E xamples of Objects in Equilibrium 244 2.2 V elocity 27 8.5 R elationship Between Torque and Angular Acceleration 247 2.3 Acceleration 33 8.6 R otational Kinetic Energy 254 2.4 Motion Diagrams 35 8.7 A ngular Momentum 257 2.5 One-Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration 36 Summary 261 2.6 F reely Falling Objects 43 Summary 47 CHAPTER 9 Solids and Fluids 277 9.1 S tates of Matter 277 CHAPTER 3 Vectors and Two-Dimensional 9.2 D ensity and Pressure 279 Motion 56 9.3 T he Deformation of Solids 282 9.4 V ariation of Pressure with Depth 288 3.1 Vectors and Their Properties 56 9.5 P ressure Measurements 292 3.2 C omponents of a Vector 58 9.6 B uoyant Forces and Archimedes’ Principle 293 3.3 D isplacement, Velocity, and Acceleration in Two Dimensions 62 9.7 F luids in Motion 299 3.4 Motion in Two Dimensions 63 9.8 O ther Applications of Fluid Dynamics 305 3.5 Relative Velocity 71 9.9 S urface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscous Fluid Flow 308 Summary 75 9.10 T ransport Phenomena 315 Summary 319 CHAPTER 4 The Laws of Motion 86 4.1 Forces 87 4.2 Newton’s First Law 88 PART 2 | Thermodynamics 4.3 Newton’s Second Law 89 4.4 Newton’s Third Law 95 CHAPTER 10 Thermal Physics 331 4.5 Applications of Newton’s Laws 98 10.1 T emperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics 332 4.6 Forces of Friction 105 10.2 T hermometers and Temperature Scales 333 Summary 112 10.3 T hermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids 337 10.4 M acroscopic Description of an Ideal Gas 343 CHAPTER 5 Energy 124 10.5 The Kinetic Theory of Gases 348 5.1 W ork 124 Summary 354 5.2 K inetic Energy and the Work–Energy Theorem 129 5.3 G ravitational Potential Energy 132 CHAPTER 11 Energy in Thermal Processes 362 5.4 S pring Potential Energy 140 11.1 Heat and Internal Energy 362 5.5 S ystems and Energy Conservation 145 11.2 S pecific Heat 365 5.6 P ower 147 11.3 Calorimetry 367 5.7 W ork Done by a Varying Force 152 11.4 Latent Heat and Phase Change 369 Summary 154 11.5 E nergy Transfer 375 11.6 G lobal Warming and Greenhouse Gases 385 CHAPTER 6 Momentum and Collisions 167 Summary 386 6.1 M omentum and Impulse 167 6.2 C onservation of Momentum 172 v Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. ser62060_00_fm_pi-xxxi.indd v 11/9/10 2:27 PM vi | Contents CHAPTER 12 The Laws of Thermodynamics 395 16.6 C apacitance 562 16.7 T he Parallel-Plate Capacitor 563 12.1 Work in Thermodynamic Processes 395 16.8 Combinations of Capacitors 565 12.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics 398 16.9 E nergy Stored in a Charged Capacitor 571 12.3 Thermal Processes 401 16.10 Capacitors with Dielectrics 573 12.4 H eat Engines and the Second Law of Thermodynamics 410 Summary 579 12.5 E ntropy 418 12.6 Human Metabolism 424 CHAPTER 17 Current and Resistance 590 Summary 427 17.1 Electric Current 590 17.2 A Microscopic View: Current and Drift Speed 593 PART 3 | Vibrations and Waves 17.3 C urrent and Voltage Measurements In Circuits 595 17.4 R esistance, Resistivity, and Ohm’s Law 596 CHAPTER 13 Vibrations and Waves 437 17.5 Temperature Variation of Resistance 599 17.6 Electrical Energy and Power 601 13.1 Hooke’s Law 437 17.7 S uperconductors 604 13.2 Elastic Potential Energy 441 17.8 Electrical Activity in the Heart 605 13.3 C omparing Simple Harmonic Motion with Uniform Circular Summary 608 Motion 445 13.4 P osition, Velocity, and Acceleration as a Function of Time 449 CHAPTER 18 Direct-Current Circuits 616 13.5 M otion of a Pendulum 451 13.6 D amped Oscillations 454 18.1 Sources of emf 616 13.7 Waves 455 18.2 Resistors in Series 617 13.8 F requency, Amplitude, and Wavelength 458 18.3 Resistors in Parallel 620 13.9 The Speed of Waves on Strings 459 18.4 K irchhoff’s Rules and Complex DC Circuits 625 13.10 I nterference of Waves 461 18.5 RC Circuits 629 13.11 R eflection of Waves 462 18.6 Household Circuits 633 Summary 463 18.7 E lectrical Safety 634 18.8 C onduction of Electrical Signals by Neurons 635 CHAPTER 14 Sound 473 Summary 638 14.1 Producing a Sound Wave 473 CHAPTER 19 Magnetism 648 14.2 Characteristics of Sound Waves 474 14.3 T he Speed of Sound 476 19.1 M agnets 648 14.4 E nergy and Intensity 19.2 Earth’s Magnetic Field 650 of Sound Waves 478 19.3 M agnetic Fields 652 14.5 Spherical and Plane Waves 481 19.4 M agnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor 655 14.6 The Doppler Effect 482 19.5 T orque on a Current Loop and Electric Motors 658 14.7 I nterference of Sound Waves 488 19.6 M otion of a Charged Particle in a Magnetic Field 661 14.8 Standing Waves 489 19.7 M agnetic Field of a Long, Straight Wire and Ampère’s 14.9 Forced Vibrations and Resonance 494 Law 664 14.10 S tanding Waves in Air Columns 495 19.8 M agnetic Force Between Two Parallel Conductors 667 14.11 Beats 499 19.9 Magnetic Fields of Current Loops and Solenoids 669 14.12 Q uality of Sound 500 19.10 M agnetic Domains 673 14.13 T he Ear 502 Summary 675 Summary 503 CHAPTER 20 Induced Voltages and Inductance 688 20.1 Induced emf and Magnetic Flux 688 PART 4 | Electricity and Magnetism 20.2 F araday’s Law of Induction and Lenz’s Law 691 20.3 M otional emf 697 CHAPTER 15 Electric Forces and Electric Fields 513 20.4 Generators 701 15.1 P roperties of Electric Charges 514 20.5 S elf-Inductance 705 15.2 Insulators and Conductors 515 20.6 RL Circuits 707 15.3 Coulomb’s Law 517 20.7 E nergy Stored in a Magnetic Field 711 15.4 The Electric Field 522 Summary 712 15.5 E lectric Field Lines 526 15.6 C onductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium 529 CHAPTER 21 Alternating-Current Circuits 15.7 The Millikan Oil-Drop Experiment 531 and Electromagnetic Waves 723 15.8 The Van de Graaff Generator 532 21.1 Resistors in an AC Circuit 723 15.9 E lectric Flux and Gauss’s Law 533 21.2 Capacitors in an AC Circuit 727 Summary 539 21.3 I nductors in an AC Circuit 728 21.4 T he RLC Series Circuit 730 CHAPTER 16 Electrical Energy and Capacitance 548 21.5 Power in an AC Circuit 734 16.1 P otential Difference and Electric Potential 548 21.6 Resonance in a Series RLC Circuit 735 16.2 E lectric Potential and Potential Energy Due to Point 21.7 T he Transformer 737 Charges 555 21.8 Maxwell’s Predictions 739 16.3 Potentials and Charged Conductors 558 21.9 H ertz’s Confirmation of Maxwell’s Predictions 740 16.4 E quipotential Surfaces 559 21.10 Production of Electromagnetic Waves by an Antenna 741 16.5 Applications 560 21.11 Properties of Electromagnetic Waves 742 Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. ser62060_00_fm_pi-xxxi.indd vi 11/11/10 8:12 AM | Contents vii 21.12 The Spectrum of Electromagnetic Waves 746 CHAPTER 27 Quantum Physics 911 21.13 T he Doppler Effect for Electromagnetic Waves 750 27.1 B lackbody Radiation and Planck’s Hypothesis 911 Summary 750 27.2 T he Photoelectric Effect and the Particle Theory of Light 913 27.3 X-Rays 916 27.4 D iffraction of X-Rays by Crystals 918 PART 5 | Light and Optics 27.5 The Compton Effect 920 27.6 T he Dual Nature of Light and Matter 922 CHAPTER 22 Reflection and Refraction of Light 761 27.7 T he Wave Function 925 27.8 T he Uncertainty Principle 926 22.1 The Nature of Light 761 Summary 928 22.2 Reflection and Refraction 762 22.3 The Law of Refraction 767 CHAPTER 28 Atomic Physics 934 22.4 D ispersion and Prisms 771 22.5 The Rainbow 774 28.1 Early Models of the Atom 934 22.6 Huygens’ Principle 775 28.2 A tomic Spectra 935 22.7 T otal Internal Reflection 777 28.3 T he Bohr Model 937 Summary 780 28.4 Q uantum Mechanics and the Hydrogen Atom 942 28.5 T he Exclusion Principle and the Periodic Table 945 CHAPTER 23 Mirrors and Lenses 790 28.6 Characteristic X-Rays 947 28.7 A tomic Transitions and Lasers 949 23.1 Flat Mirrors 790 Summary 951 23.2 I mages Formed by Concave Mirrors 793 23.3 C onvex Mirrors and Sign Conventions 795 CHAPTER 29 Nuclear Physics 957 23.4 Images Formed by Refraction 801 23.5 A tmospheric Refraction 804 29.1 Some Properties of Nuclei 957 23.6 Thin Lenses 805 29.2 Binding Energy 960 23.7 Lens and Mirror Aberrations 814 29.3 Radioactivity 962 Summary 815 29.4 The Decay Processes 965 29.5 Natural Radioactivity 971 CHAPTER 24 Wave Optics 824 29.6 N uclear Reactions 971 29.7 M edical Applications of Radiation 973 24.1 Conditions for Interference 824 Summary 976 24.2 Y oung’s Double-Slit Experiment 825 24.3 Change of Phase Due to Reflection 829 CHAPTER 30 Nuclear Energy and Elementary 24.4 I nterference in Thin Films 830 Particles 982 24.5 U sing Interference to Read CDs and DVDs 835 24.6 D iffraction 836 30.1 N uclear Fission 982 24.7 S ingle-Slit Diffraction 837 30.2 Nuclear Fusion 986 24.8 T he Diffraction Grating 839 30.3 E lementary Particles and the Fundamental Forces 989 24.9 P olarization of Light Waves 842 30.4 P ositrons and Other Antiparticles 990 Summary 849 30.5 Classification of Particles 990 30.6 C onservation Laws 992 CHAPTER 25 Optical Instruments 859 30.7 T he Eightfold Way 995 30.8 Q uarks and Color 995 25.1 The Camera 859 30.9 E lectroweak Theory and the Standard Model 997 25.2 The Eye 860 30.10 The Cosmic Connection 999 25.3 T he Simple Magnifier 865 30.11 Unanswered Questions in Cosmology 1000 25.4 T he Compound Microscope 866 30.12 Problems and Perspectives 1003 25.5 T he Telescope 868 Summary 1004 25.6 R esolution of Single-Slit and Circular Apertures 871 25.7 The Michelson Interferometer 876 Summary 877 APPENDIX A: Mathematics Review A.1 APPENDIX B: An Abbreviated Table PART 6 | Vibrations and Waves of Isotopes A.14 CHAPTER 26 Relativity 885 APPENDIX C: Some Useful Tables A.19 26.1 Galilean Relativity 885 26.2 The Speed of Light 886 APPENDIX D: SI Units A.21 26.3 E instein’s Principle of Relativity 888 26.4 Consequences of Special Relativity 889 APPENDIX E: MCAT Skill Builder Study Guide A.22 26.5 Relativistic Momentum 897 26.6 R elative Velocity in Special Relativity 898 Answers to Quick Quizzes, Example Questions, Odd-Numbered 26.7 R elativistic Energy and the Equivalence of Mass and Energy 899 Multiple-Choice Questions, Conceptual Questions, and Problems A.52 26.8 General Relativity 903 Summary 905 Index I.1 Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. ser62060_00_fm_pi-xxxi.indd vi 11/9/10 2:27 PM ■ About the Authors Raymond A. Serway earned his undergraduate degree in physics at Utica College in 1959, his masters degree in physics at the University of Colorado in 1961, and his doctorate in physics at Illinois Institute of Technology in 1967. He is currently Emeri- tus Professor of Physics at James Madison University. In 1990, he received the Madison Scholar Award at James Madison University, where he taught for 17 years. Dr. Serway began his teaching career at Clarkson University, where he conducted research and taught from 1967 to 1980. He was the recipient of the Distinguished Teaching Award at Clarkson University in 1977 and the Alumni Achievement Award from Utica College in 1985. As Guest Scientist at the IBM Research Laboratory in Zurich, Switzerland, he worked with K. Alex Müller, 1987 Nobel Prize recipient. Dr. Serway also was a visiting scientist at Argonne National Laboratory, where he collaborated with his mentor and friend, the late Sam Marshall. Early in his career, he was employed as a research scien- tist at Rome Air Development Center from 1961 to 1963 and at IIT Research Institute from 1963 to 1967. Dr. Serway is also the coauthor of Physics for Scientists and Engineers, eighth edition, Principles of Physics: A Calculus-Based Text, fourth edition, Essentials of College Physics, Modern Physics, third edition, and the high school textbook Physics, pub- lished by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. In addition, Dr. Serway has published more than 40 research papers in the field of condensed matter physics and has given more than 60 presentations at professional meetings. Dr. Serway and his wife Elizabeth enjoy traveling, playing golf, fishing, gardening, singing in the church choir, and especially spending quality time with their four children, nine grandchildren, and a recent great grandson. Chris Vuille is an associate professor of physics at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical Uni- versity (ERAU), Daytona Beach, Florida, the world’s premier institution for aviation higher education. He received his doctorate in physics from the University of Flor- ida in 1989 and moved to Daytona after a year at ERAU’s Prescott, Arizona, campus. Although he has taught courses at all levels, including postgraduate, his primary inter- est has been instruction at the level of introductory physics. He has received several awards for teaching excellence, including the Senior Class Appreciation Award (three times). He conducts research in general relativity and quantum theory, and was a par- ticipant in the JOVE program, a special three-year NASA grant program during which he studied neutron stars. His work has appeared in a number of scientific journals, and he has been a featured science writer in Analog Science Fiction/Science Fact mag- azine. In addition to this textbook, he is coauthor of Essentials of College Physics. Dr. Vuille enjoys tennis, swimming, and playing classical piano, and he is a former chess champion of St. Petersburg and Atlanta. In his spare time he writes fiction and goes to the beach. His wife, Dianne Kowing, is an optometrist for a local Veterans’ Administra- tion clinic. His daughter, Kira Vuille-Kowing, is a recent meteorology/communications graduate of ERAU and of her father’s first-year physics course. He has two sons, Chris- topher, a cellist and pilot, and James, avid reader of Disney comics. viii Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. ser62060_00_fm_pi-xxxi.indd vi 11/9/10 2:27 PM

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College Physics (9th Edition) PDF

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by  Raymond A. Serway
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Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. ser62060_38_ind_pI1-I28.indd I.26 11/9/10 2:30 PM Ninth Edition College Physics Raymond A. Serway | Emeritus, James Madison University Chris Vuille | Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Australia • Brazil • Canada • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. ser62060_00_fm_pi-xxxi.indd i 11/9/10 2:27 PM College Physics, Ninth Edition . 2012, 2009, 2006 by Raymond A. Serway Serway/Vuille ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means Publisher: Charles Hartford graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, Development Editor: Ed Dodd recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, Associate Developmental Editor: Brandi or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Kirksey Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior Editorial Assistant: Brendan Killion written permission of the publisher. Senior Media Editor: Rebecca Berardy Schwartz For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Marketing Manager: Nicole Mollica Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706 Marketing Coordinator: Kevin Carroll For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all requests online at cengage.com/permissions. Content Project Manager: Cathy Brooks Further permissions questions can be emailed to Art Director: Cate Rickard Barr We dedicate this book to our wives, children, grandchildren, relatives, and friends who have provided so much love, support, and understanding through the years, and to the students for whom this book was written. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. ser62060_00_fm_pi-xxxi.indd i 11/9/10 2:27 PM ■ Contents Overview PART 1 | Mechanics Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 7 Rotational Motion and the Law of Chapter 2 Motion in One Dimension 25 Gravity 198 Chapter 3 Vectors and Two-Dimensional Motion 56 Chapter 8 Rotational Equilibrium and Rotational Chapter 4 The Laws of Motion 86 Dynamics 235 Chapter 5 Energy 124 Chapter 9 Solids and Fluids 277 Chapter 6 Momentum and Collisions 167 PART 2 | Thermodynamics Chapter 10 Thermal Physics 331 Chapter 12 The Laws of Thermodynamics 395 Chapter 11 Energy in Thermal Processes 362 PART 3 | Vibrations and Waves Chapter 13 Vibrations and Waves 437 Chapter 14 Sound 473 PART 4 | Electricity and Magnetism Chapter 15 Electric Forces and Electric Fields 513 Chapter 19 Magnetism 648 Chapter 16 Electrical Energy and Capacitance 548 Chapter 20 Induced Voltages and Inductance 688 Chapter 17 Current and Resistance 590 Chapter 21 Alternating-Current Circuits and Chapter 18 Direct-Current Circuits 616 Electromagnetic Waves 723 PART 5 | Light and Optics Chapter 22 Ref ection and Refraction of Light 761 Chapter 24 Wave Optics 824 Chapter 23 Mirrors and Lenses Chapter 25 Optical Instruments 859 PART 6 | Modern Physics Chapter 26 Relativity 885 Chapter 29 Nuclear Physics 957 Chapter 27 Quantum Physics 911 Chapter 30 Nuclear Energy and Elementary Chapter 28 Atomic Physics 934 Particles 982 APPENDIX A: Mathematics Review A.1 APPENDIX E: MCAT Skill Builder Study Guide A.22 APPENDIX B: An Abbreviated Table Answers to Quick Quizzes, Example Questions, Odd- of Isotopes A.14 Numbered Multiple-Choice Questions, Conceptual Questions, and Problems A.52 APPENDIX C: Some Useful Tables A.19 Index I.1 APPENDIX D: SI Units A.21 iv Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. ser62060_00_fm_pi-xxxi.indd iv 11/17/10 8:51 AM ■ Contents ABOUT THE AUTHORS viii 6.3 C ollisions 175 PREFACE ix 6.4 G lancing Collisions 182 ENGAGING APPLICATIONS xxiv 6.5 R ocket Propulsion 184 TO THE STUDENT xxvi Summary 187 MCAT TEST PREPARATION GUIDE xxx CHAPTER 7 Rotational Motion and the Law of Gravity 198 PART 1 | Mechanics 7.1 A ngular Speed and Angular Acceleration 198 CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1 7.2 R otational Motion Under Constant Angular Acceleration 202 7.3 R elations Between Angular 1.1 S tandards of Length, Mass, and Time 1 and Linear Quantities 203 1.2 T he Building Blocks of Matter 4 7.4 C entripetal Acceleration 207 1.3 D imensional Analysis 5 7.5 N ewtonian Gravitation 214 1.4 U ncertainty in Measurement and Significant Figures 7 7.6 K epler’s Laws 221 1.5 Conversion of Units 10 Summary 224 1.6 E stimates and Order-of-Magnitude Calculations 12 1.7 C oordinate Systems 14 CHAPTER 8 Rotational Equilibrium and Rotational 1.8 T rigonometry 15 1.9 P roblem-Solving Strategy 17 Dynamics 235 Summary 18 8.1 T orque 236 8.2 T orque and the Two Conditions for Equilibrium 240 CHAPTER 2 Motion in One Dimension 25 8.3 T he Center of Gravity 241 2.1 D isplacement 26 8.4 E xamples of Objects in Equilibrium 244 2.2 V elocity 27 8.5 R elationship Between Torque and Angular Acceleration 247 2.3 Acceleration 33 8.6 R otational Kinetic Energy 254 2.4 Motion Diagrams 35 8.7 A ngular Momentum 257 2.5 One-Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration 36 Summary 261 2.6 F reely Falling Objects 43 Summary 47 CHAPTER 9 Solids and Fluids 277 9.1 S tates of Matter 277 CHAPTER 3 Vectors and Two-Dimensional 9.2 D ensity and Pressure 279 Motion 56 9.3 T he Deformation of Solids 282 9.4 V ariation of Pressure with Depth 288 3.1 Vectors and Their Properties 56 9.5 P ressure Measurements 292 3.2 C omponents of a Vector 58 9.6 B uoyant Forces and Archimedes’ Principle 293 3.3 D isplacement, Velocity, and Acceleration in Two Dimensions 62 9.7 F luids in Motion 299 3.4 Motion in Two Dimensions 63 9.8 O ther Applications of Fluid Dynamics 305 3.5 Relative Velocity 71 9.9 S urface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscous Fluid Flow 308 Summary 75 9.10 T ransport Phenomena 315 Summary 319 CHAPTER 4 The Laws of Motion 86 4.1 Forces 87 4.2 Newton’s First Law 88 PART 2 | Thermodynamics 4.3 Newton’s Second Law 89 4.4 Newton’s Third Law 95 CHAPTER 10 Thermal Physics 331 4.5 Applications of Newton’s Laws 98 10.1 T emperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics 332 4.6 Forces of Friction 105 10.2 T hermometers and Temperature Scales 333 Summary 112 10.3 T hermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids 337 10.4 M acroscopic Description of an Ideal Gas 343 CHAPTER 5 Energy 124 10.5 The Kinetic Theory of Gases 348 5.1 W ork 124 Summary 354 5.2 K inetic Energy and the Work–Energy Theorem 129 5.3 G ravitational Potential Energy 132 CHAPTER 11 Energy in Thermal Processes 362 5.4 S pring Potential Energy 140 11.1 Heat and Internal Energy 362 5.5 S ystems and Energy Conservation 145 11.2 S pecific Heat 365 5.6 P ower 147 11.3 Calorimetry 367 5.7 W ork Done by a Varying Force 152 11.4 Latent Heat and Phase Change 369 Summary 154 11.5 E nergy Transfer 375 11.6 G lobal Warming and Greenhouse Gases 385 CHAPTER 6 Momentum and Collisions 167 Summary 386 6.1 M omentum and Impulse 167 6.2 C onservation of Momentum 172 v Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. ser62060_00_fm_pi-xxxi.indd v 11/9/10 2:27 PM vi | Contents CHAPTER 12 The Laws of Thermodynamics 395 16.6 C apacitance 562 16.7 T he Parallel-Plate Capacitor 563 12.1 Work in Thermodynamic Processes 395 16.8 Combinations of Capacitors 565 12.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics 398 16.9 E nergy Stored in a Charged Capacitor 571 12.3 Thermal Processes 401 16.10 Capacitors with Dielectrics 573 12.4 H eat Engines and the Second Law of Thermodynamics 410 Summary 579 12.5 E ntropy 418 12.6 Human Metabolism 424 CHAPTER 17 Current and Resistance 590 Summary 427 17.1 Electric Current 590 17.2 A Microscopic View: Current and Drift Speed 593 PART 3 | Vibrations and Waves 17.3 C urrent and Voltage Measurements In Circuits 595 17.4 R esistance, Resistivity, and Ohm’s Law 596 CHAPTER 13 Vibrations and Waves 437 17.5 Temperature Variation of Resistance 599 17.6 Electrical Energy and Power 601 13.1 Hooke’s Law 437 17.7 S uperconductors 604 13.2 Elastic Potential Energy 441 17.8 Electrical Activity in the Heart 605 13.3 C omparing Simple Harmonic Motion with Uniform Circular Summary 608 Motion 445 13.4 P osition, Velocity, and Acceleration as a Function of Time 449 CHAPTER 18 Direct-Current Circuits 616 13.5 M otion of a Pendulum 451 13.6 D amped Oscillations 454 18.1 Sources of emf 616 13.7 Waves 455 18.2 Resistors in Series 617 13.8 F requency, Amplitude, and Wavelength 458 18.3 Resistors in Parallel 620 13.9 The Speed of Waves on Strings 459 18.4 K irchhoff’s Rules and Complex DC Circuits 625 13.10 I nterference of Waves 461 18.5 RC Circuits 629 13.11 R eflection of Waves 462 18.6 Household Circuits 633 Summary 463 18.7 E lectrical Safety 634 18.8 C onduction of Electrical Signals by Neurons 635 CHAPTER 14 Sound 473 Summary 638 14.1 Producing a Sound Wave 473 CHAPTER 19 Magnetism 648 14.2 Characteristics of Sound Waves 474 14.3 T he Speed of Sound 476 19.1 M agnets 648 14.4 E nergy and Intensity 19.2 Earth’s Magnetic Field 650 of Sound Waves 478 19.3 M agnetic Fields 652 14.5 Spherical and Plane Waves 481 19.4 M agnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor 655 14.6 The Doppler Effect 482 19.5 T orque on a Current Loop and Electric Motors 658 14.7 I nterference of Sound Waves 488 19.6 M otion of a Charged Particle in a Magnetic Field 661 14.8 Standing Waves 489 19.7 M agnetic Field of a Long, Straight Wire and Ampère’s 14.9 Forced Vibrations and Resonance 494 Law 664 14.10 S tanding Waves in Air Columns 495 19.8 M agnetic Force Between Two Parallel Conductors 667 14.11 Beats 499 19.9 Magnetic Fields of Current Loops and Solenoids 669 14.12 Q uality of Sound 500 19.10 M agnetic Domains 673 14.13 T he Ear 502 Summary 675 Summary 503 CHAPTER 20 Induced Voltages and Inductance 688 20.1 Induced emf and Magnetic Flux 688 PART 4 | Electricity and Magnetism 20.2 F araday’s Law of Induction and Lenz’s Law 691 20.3 M otional emf 697 CHAPTER 15 Electric Forces and Electric Fields 513 20.4 Generators 701 15.1 P roperties of Electric Charges 514 20.5 S elf-Inductance 705 15.2 Insulators and Conductors 515 20.6 RL Circuits 707 15.3 Coulomb’s Law 517 20.7 E nergy Stored in a Magnetic Field 711 15.4 The Electric Field 522 Summary 712 15.5 E lectric Field Lines 526 15.6 C onductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium 529 CHAPTER 21 Alternating-Current Circuits 15.7 The Millikan Oil-Drop Experiment 531 and Electromagnetic Waves 723 15.8 The Van de Graaff Generator 532 21.1 Resistors in an AC Circuit 723 15.9 E lectric Flux and Gauss’s Law 533 21.2 Capacitors in an AC Circuit 727 Summary 539 21.3 I nductors in an AC Circuit 728 21.4 T he RLC Series Circuit 730 CHAPTER 16 Electrical Energy and Capacitance 548 21.5 Power in an AC Circuit 734 16.1 P otential Difference and Electric Potential 548 21.6 Resonance in a Series RLC Circuit 735 16.2 E lectric Potential and Potential Energy Due to Point 21.7 T he Transformer 737 Charges 555 21.8 Maxwell’s Predictions 739 16.3 Potentials and Charged Conductors 558 21.9 H ertz’s Confirmation of Maxwell’s Predictions 740 16.4 E quipotential Surfaces 559 21.10 Production of Electromagnetic Waves by an Antenna 741 16.5 Applications 560 21.11 Properties of Electromagnetic Waves 742 Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. ser62060_00_fm_pi-xxxi.indd vi 11/11/10 8:12 AM | Contents vii 21.12 The Spectrum of Electromagnetic Waves 746 CHAPTER 27 Quantum Physics 911 21.13 T he Doppler Effect for Electromagnetic Waves 750 27.1 B lackbody Radiation and Planck’s Hypothesis 911 Summary 750 27.2 T he Photoelectric Effect and the Particle Theory of Light 913 27.3 X-Rays 916 27.4 D iffraction of X-Rays by Crystals 918 PART 5 | Light and Optics 27.5 The Compton Effect 920 27.6 T he Dual Nature of Light and Matter 922 CHAPTER 22 Reflection and Refraction of Light 761 27.7 T he Wave Function 925 27.8 T he Uncertainty Principle 926 22.1 The Nature of Light 761 Summary 928 22.2 Reflection and Refraction 762 22.3 The Law of Refraction 767 CHAPTER 28 Atomic Physics 934 22.4 D ispersion and Prisms 771 22.5 The Rainbow 774 28.1 Early Models of the Atom 934 22.6 Huygens’ Principle 775 28.2 A tomic Spectra 935 22.7 T otal Internal Reflection 777 28.3 T he Bohr Model 937 Summary 780 28.4 Q uantum Mechanics and the Hydrogen Atom 942 28.5 T he Exclusion Principle and the Periodic Table 945 CHAPTER 23 Mirrors and Lenses 790 28.6 Characteristic X-Rays 947 28.7 A tomic Transitions and Lasers 949 23.1 Flat Mirrors 790 Summary 951 23.2 I mages Formed by Concave Mirrors 793 23.3 C onvex Mirrors and Sign Conventions 795 CHAPTER 29 Nuclear Physics 957 23.4 Images Formed by Refraction 801 23.5 A tmospheric Refraction 804 29.1 Some Properties of Nuclei 957 23.6 Thin Lenses 805 29.2 Binding Energy 960 23.7 Lens and Mirror Aberrations 814 29.3 Radioactivity 962 Summary 815 29.4 The Decay Processes 965 29.5 Natural Radioactivity 971 CHAPTER 24 Wave Optics 824 29.6 N uclear Reactions 971 29.7 M edical Applications of Radiation 973 24.1 Conditions for Interference 824 Summary 976 24.2 Y oung’s Double-Slit Experiment 825 24.3 Change of Phase Due to Reflection 829 CHAPTER 30 Nuclear Energy and Elementary 24.4 I nterference in Thin Films 830 Particles 982 24.5 U sing Interference to Read CDs and DVDs 835 24.6 D iffraction 836 30.1 N uclear Fission 982 24.7 S ingle-Slit Diffraction 837 30.2 Nuclear Fusion 986 24.8 T he Diffraction Grating 839 30.3 E lementary Particles and the Fundamental Forces 989 24.9 P olarization of Light Waves 842 30.4 P ositrons and Other Antiparticles 990 Summary 849 30.5 Classification of Particles 990 30.6 C onservation Laws 992 CHAPTER 25 Optical Instruments 859 30.7 T he Eightfold Way 995 30.8 Q uarks and Color 995 25.1 The Camera 859 30.9 E lectroweak Theory and the Standard Model 997 25.2 The Eye 860 30.10 The Cosmic Connection 999 25.3 T he Simple Magnifier 865 30.11 Unanswered Questions in Cosmology 1000 25.4 T he Compound Microscope 866 30.12 Problems and Perspectives 1003 25.5 T he Telescope 868 Summary 1004 25.6 R esolution of Single-Slit and Circular Apertures 871 25.7 The Michelson Interferometer 876 Summary 877 APPENDIX A: Mathematics Review A.1 APPENDIX B: An Abbreviated Table PART 6 | Vibrations and Waves of Isotopes A.14 CHAPTER 26 Relativity 885 APPENDIX C: Some Useful Tables A.19 26.1 Galilean Relativity 885 26.2 The Speed of Light 886 APPENDIX D: SI Units A.21 26.3 E instein’s Principle of Relativity 888 26.4 Consequences of Special Relativity 889 APPENDIX E: MCAT Skill Builder Study Guide A.22 26.5 Relativistic Momentum 897 26.6 R elative Velocity in Special Relativity 898 Answers to Quick Quizzes, Example Questions, Odd-Numbered 26.7 R elativistic Energy and the Equivalence of Mass and Energy 899 Multiple-Choice Questions, Conceptual Questions, and Problems A.52 26.8 General Relativity 903 Summary 905 Index I.1 Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. ser62060_00_fm_pi-xxxi.indd vi 11/9/10 2:27 PM ■ About the Authors Raymond A. Serway earned his undergraduate degree in physics at Utica College in 1959, his masters degree in physics at the University of Colorado in 1961, and his doctorate in physics at Illinois Institute of Technology in 1967. He is currently Emeri- tus Professor of Physics at James Madison University. In 1990, he received the Madison Scholar Award at James Madison University, where he taught for 17 years. Dr. Serway began his teaching career at Clarkson University, where he conducted research and taught from 1967 to 1980. He was the recipient of the Distinguished Teaching Award at Clarkson University in 1977 and the Alumni Achievement Award from Utica College in 1985. As Guest Scientist at the IBM Research Laboratory in Zurich, Switzerland, he worked with K. Alex Müller, 1987 Nobel Prize recipient. Dr. Serway also was a visiting scientist at Argonne National Laboratory, where he collaborated with his mentor and friend, the late Sam Marshall. Early in his career, he was employed as a research scien- tist at Rome Air Development Center from 1961 to 1963 and at IIT Research Institute from 1963 to 1967. Dr. Serway is also the coauthor of Physics for Scientists and Engineers, eighth edition, Principles of Physics: A Calculus-Based Text, fourth edition, Essentials of College Physics, Modern Physics, third edition, and the high school textbook Physics, pub- lished by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. In addition, Dr. Serway has published more than 40 research papers in the field of condensed matter physics and has given more than 60 presentations at professional meetings. Dr. Serway and his wife Elizabeth enjoy traveling, playing golf, fishing, gardening, singing in the church choir, and especially spending quality time with their four children, nine grandchildren, and a recent great grandson. Chris Vuille is an associate professor of physics at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical Uni- versity (ERAU), Daytona Beach, Florida, the world’s premier institution for aviation higher education. He received his doctorate in physics from the University of Flor- ida in 1989 and moved to Daytona after a year at ERAU’s Prescott, Arizona, campus. Although he has taught courses at all levels, including postgraduate, his primary inter- est has been instruction at the level of introductory physics. He has received several awards for teaching excellence, including the Senior Class Appreciation Award (three times). He conducts research in general relativity and quantum theory, and was a par- ticipant in the JOVE program, a special three-year NASA grant program during which he studied neutron stars. His work has appeared in a number of scientific journals, and he has been a featured science writer in Analog Science Fiction/Science Fact mag- azine. In addition to this textbook, he is coauthor of Essentials of College Physics. Dr. Vuille enjoys tennis, swimming, and playing classical piano, and he is a former chess champion of St. Petersburg and Atlanta. In his spare time he writes fiction and goes to the beach. His wife, Dianne Kowing, is an optometrist for a local Veterans’ Administra- tion clinic. His daughter, Kira Vuille-Kowing, is a recent meteorology/communications graduate of ERAU and of her father’s first-year physics course. He has two sons, Chris- topher, a cellist and pilot, and James, avid reader of Disney comics. viii Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. ser62060_00_fm_pi-xxxi.indd vi 11/9/10 2:27 PM

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